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Arabacı G, Cakir BS, Parris BA. The effect of high-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC and fluid abilities on goal neglect. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:1073-1086. [PMID: 38519612 PMCID: PMC11147841 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Goal neglect refers to when an aspect of task instructions is not utilised due to increased competition between goal representations, an attentional limit theoretically linked to working memory. In an attempt to alleviate goal neglect and to investigate the association between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-supported working memory and goal neglect, we used high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left DLPFC whilst participants completed the letter-monitoring task, a measure of goal neglect, and an N3-back task, a working memory task known to be affected by rTMS of the left DLPFC, following 20 min of active and sham stimulation (run on separate days). We found increased accuracy on the N3-back task in addition to decreased goal neglect in the active compared to sham condition when controlling for age and fluid abilities (as assessed by matrix reasoning performance). Furthermore, analysis showed that active stimulation improvements on both the N3-back and letter-monitoring tasks were greater for those with higher fluid abilities. These findings provide support for the link between the DLPFC-support working memory and goal neglect. Increased performance on the N3-back task also supports the literature reporting a link between left DLPFC and verbal working memory. Results are evaluated in the context of potential use to alleviate symptoms of disorders related to goal neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arabacı
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK.
| | - Batuhan S Cakir
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK
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Brandt-Rauf PW, Ayaz H. Occupational Health and Neuroergonomics: The Future of Wearable Neurotechnologies at the Workplace. J Occup Environ Med 2024; 66:456-460. [PMID: 38829949 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Brandt-Rauf
- From the School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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3
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Eysel UT, Jancke D. Induction of excitatory brain state governs plastic functional changes in visual cortical topology. Brain Struct Funct 2024; 229:531-547. [PMID: 38041743 PMCID: PMC10978694 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02730-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult visual plasticity underlying local remodeling of the cortical circuitry in vivo appears to be associated with a spatiotemporal pattern of strongly increased spontaneous and evoked activity of populations of cells. Here we review and discuss pioneering work by us and others about principles of plasticity in the adult visual cortex, starting with our study which showed that a confined lesion in the cat retina causes increased excitability in the affected region in the primary visual cortex accompanied by fine-tuned restructuring of neuronal function. The underlying remodeling processes was further visualized with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging that allowed a direct tracking of retinal lesion-induced reorganization across horizontal cortical circuitries. Nowadays, application of noninvasive stimulation methods pursues the idea further of increased cortical excitability along with decreased inhibition as key factors for the induction of adult cortical plasticity. We used high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), for the first time in combination with VSD optical imaging, and provided evidence that TMS-amplified excitability across large pools of neurons forms the basis for noninvasively targeting reorganization of orientation maps in the visual cortex. Our review has been compiled on the basis of these four own studies, which we discuss in the context of historical developments in the field of visual cortical plasticity and the current state of the literature. Overall, we suggest markers of LTP-like cortical changes at mesoscopic population level as a main driving force for the induction of visual plasticity in the adult. Elevations in excitability that predispose towards cortical plasticity are most likely a common property of all cortical modalities. Thus, interventions that increase cortical excitability are a promising starting point to drive perceptual and potentially motor learning in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf T Eysel
- Department of Neurophysiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jancke
- Optical Imaging Group, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Pan WG, Hu XY, Zhu DD, Li L, Bao F, Ren L, Mao PX, Ma X, Ren YP, Tang YL. The cognitive effects of adjunctive repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for late-onset depression: a randomized controlled trial with 4 week follow-up. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1240261. [PMID: 37614650 PMCID: PMC10442575 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1240261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Cognitive impairment is common and linked to poor outcomes in patients with late-onset depression (LOD). The cognitive effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for LOD are not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of rTMS on cognitive function in elderly patients with LOD. Methods In total, 58 elderly patients (aged 60 to 75 years) with depression were enrolled and randomly assigned to an active rTMS group or a sham group. The participants received active or sham rTMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 4 weeks, 5 days a week, at a frequency of 10 Hz rTMS and 120% of the motor threshold (MT). Cognitive function was assessed using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) at baseline, the end of the 4 week treatment period, and at the 4 week follow-up. Results The active rTMS group showed significant improvements in immediate memory and attention scores on the RBANS compared to the sham group. However, no significant differences were observed between the two groups in other cognitive domains assessed by the RBANS. No serious adverse events related to rTMS treatment were observed. Conclusion Treatment with 120% MT rTMS was associated with improvement in cognitive defects related to the active phase of LOD. These findings suggest that rTMS could provide early improvements in cognitive function in clinical settings for elderly patients with LOD.Clinical trial registration: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=40698, identifier ChiCTR1900024445.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-gang Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-yue Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Xicheng District Pingan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-di Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-xian Mao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-ping Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-lang Tang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GE, United States
- Mental Health Service Line, Atlanta VA Medical Center, Decatur, GE, United States
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Li Y, Pang J, Wang J, Wang W, Bo Q, Lei L, Wang X, Wang M. High-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC improves the response inhibition control of young healthy participants: an ERP combined 1H-MRS study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1144757. [PMID: 37275686 PMCID: PMC10233929 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1144757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Unlike the effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treating neuropsychiatric diseases, little is known about how personal factors might account for the disparity of results from studies of cognition and rTMS. In this study, we investigated the effects of high-frequency rTMS on response inhibition control and explored the time course changes in cognitive processing and brain metabolic mechanisms after rTMS using event-related potentials (ERPs) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS). Methods Participants were all right-handed and were naive to rTMS and the Go/NoGo task. Twenty-five healthy young participants underwent one 10 Hz rTMS session per day in which stimulation was applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and a homogeneous participant group of 25 individuals received a sham rTMS treatment for 1 week. A Go/NoGo task was performed, an electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded, and 1H-MRS was performed. Results The results revealed that there was a strong trend of decreasing commission errors of NoGo stimuli by high frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC, whereas there was no significant difference between before and after rTMS treatment with respect to these parameters in the sham rTMS group. High-frequency rTMS significantly increased the amplitude of NoGo-N2 but not Go-N2, Go-P3, or NoGo-P3. The myo-inositol /creatine complex (MI/Cr) ratio, indexing cerebral metabolism, in the left DLPFC was decreased in the rTMS treated group. Discussion This observation supports the view that high-frequency rTMS over the left DLPFC has the strong tendency of reducing commission errors behaviorally, increase the amplitude of NoGo-N2 and improve the response inhibition control of healthy young participants. The results are consistent with the excitatory properties of high frequency rTMS. We suggest that the increase in the NoGo-N2 amplitude may be related to the increased excitability of the DLPFC-anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neural loop. Metabolic changes in the DLPFC may be a possible mechanism for the improvement of the response inhibition control of rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jianmin Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Harrison International Peace Hospital, Hengshui, Hebei, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qianlan Bo
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Licun Lei
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiayue Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Brain Aging and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Neurology, Hebei Hospital of Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Advances in applications of head mounted devices (HMDs): Physical techniques for drug delivery and neuromodulation. J Control Release 2023; 354:810-820. [PMID: 36709924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Head-mounted medical devices (HMDs) are disruptive inventions representing laboratories and clinical institutions worldwide are climbing the apexes of brain science. These complex devices are inextricably linked with a wide range knowledge containing the Physics, Imaging, Biomedical engineering, Biology and Pharmacology, particularly could be specifically designed for individuals, and finally exerting integrated bio-effect. The salient characteristics of them are non-invasive intervening in human brain's physiological structures, and alterating the biological process, such as thermal ablating the tumor, opening the BBB to deliver drugs and neuromodulating to enhance cognitive performance or manipulate prosthetic. The increasing demand and universally accepted of them have set off a dramatic upsurge in HMDs' studies, seminal applications of them span from clinical use to psychiatric disorders and neurological modulation. With subsequent pre-clinical studies and human trials emerging, the mechanisms of transcranial stimulation methods of them were widely studied, and could be basically came down to three notable approach: magnetic, electrical and ultrasonic stimulation. This review provides a comprehensive overviews of their stimulating mechanisms, and recent advances in clinic and military. We described the potential impact of HMDs on brain science, and current challenges to extensively adopt them as promising alternative treating tools.
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Dai J, Wang H, Yang L, Wang C, Cheng S, Zhang T, Ma J, Wen Z, Cao X, Hu W. The neuroelectrophysiological and behavioral effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on executive vigilance under a continuous monotonous condition. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:910457. [PMID: 36161182 PMCID: PMC9489920 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.910457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A prolonged period of vigilance task will lead to vigilance decrement and a drop in cognitive efficiency. Although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can be used to improve cognitive performance following vigilance decrement, the findings in this area of study are inconsistent. This study aims to identify the neuroelectrophysiological and behavioral effects of tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on executive vigilance under a continuous monotonous condition. We recruited 29 participants who randomly received 30 min active or sham tDCS before the vigilance task (anode electrode at the left DLPFC, cathode electrode at the right supraorbital area). Participants completed four sessions of vigilance task and five sessions of self-report sleepiness, Oddball task, and Go/Nogo task, for a total of about 5 h. EEG was acquired in real-time throughout the experiment. Repeated measures of ANOVA were utilized to analyze the evolution of each metric with task-on-time. The results demonstrated that subjective arousal state, vigilance performance, event-related potentials (ERPs), and EEG power were significantly affected by time on task. Brain stimulation did not significantly affect the evolution of subjective and objective executive vigilance performance, but significantly modulated spontaneous activity in the alpha and beta bands across the entire brain. The continuous enhancement of the prefrontal cortex increased P2 amplitude for the Oddball task, which was associated with the enhancement of the early stage of information processing. P3 amplitude had a temporary enhancement effect, which significantly decreased following a cognitive fatigue. tDCS had a continuous enhancement effect on N2 amplitude for the Go/Nogo task, which was associated with the enhanced inhibition of distracting stimuli. Together, the current data suggest that anodal tDCS over left DLPFC possibly enhances the early stage of relevant information processing and the inhibitory control of distracting stimuli during a continuous and monotonous vigilance task.
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Kayser KC, Puig VA, Estepp JR. Predicting and mitigating fatigue effects due to sleep deprivation: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:930280. [PMID: 35992930 PMCID: PMC9389006 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.930280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The deleterious effects of insufficient sleep have been well-established in the literature and can lead to a wide range of adverse health outcomes. Some of the most replicated findings demonstrate significant declines in cognitive functions such as vigilance and executive attention, psychomotor and cognitive speed, and working memory. Consequently, these decrements often lead individuals who are in a fatigued state to engage in substandard performance on everyday tasks. In the interest of curtailing these effects, prior work has attempted to identify mechanisms that predict fatigue onset and develop techniques to mitigate its negative consequences. Nonetheless, these results are often confounded by variables such as an individual’s resistance to fatigue, sleep history, and unclear distinctions about whether certain performance decrements are present due to fatigue or due to other confounding factors. Similar areas of research have provided approaches to produce models for the prediction of cognitive performance decrements due to fatigue through the use of multi-modal recording and analysis of fatigue-related responses. Namely, gathering and combining response information from multiple sources (i.e., physiological and behavioral) at multiple timescales may provide a more comprehensive representation of what constitutes fatigue onset in the individual. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the relevant literature on the topic of fatigue-related performance effects with a special emphasis on a variety of physiological and behavioral response variables that have shown to be sensitive to changes in fatigue. Furthermore, an increasing reliance on sleep loss, meant to assist in meeting the demands of modern society, has led to an upsurge in the relevance of identifying dependable countermeasures for fatigued states. As such, we will also review methods for the mitigation of performance effects due to fatigue and discuss their usefulness in regulating these effects. In sum, this review aims to inspire future work that will create opportunities to detect fatigue and mitigate its effects prior to the onset of cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie C. Kayser
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
| | - Vannia A. Puig
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
| | - Justin R. Estepp
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Justin R. Estepp,
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Antal A, Luber B, Brem AK, Bikson M, Brunoni AR, Cohen Kadosh R, Dubljević V, Fecteau S, Ferreri F, Flöel A, Hallett M, Hamilton RH, Herrmann CS, Lavidor M, Loo C, Lustenberger C, Machado S, Miniussi C, Moliadze V, Nitsche MA, Rossi S, Rossini PM, Santarnecchi E, Seeck M, Thut G, Turi Z, Ugawa Y, Venkatasubramanian G, Wenderoth N, Wexler A, Ziemann U, Paulus W. Non-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2022; 7:146-165. [PMID: 35734582 PMCID: PMC9207555 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The available data frame with a wide parameter space of tES does not allow an overarching protocol recommendation. Established engineering risk-management procedures with regard to manufacturing should be followed. Consensus among experts is that tES for neuroenhancement is safe as long as tested protocols are followed.
Attempts to enhance human memory and learning ability have a long tradition in science. This topic has recently gained substantial attention because of the increasing percentage of older individuals worldwide and the predicted rise of age-associated cognitive decline in brain functions. Transcranial brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial magnetic (TMS) and transcranial electric (tES) stimulation, have been extensively used in an effort to improve cognitive functions in humans. Here we summarize the available data on low-intensity tES for this purpose, in comparison to repetitive TMS and some pharmacological agents, such as caffeine and nicotine. There is no single area in the brain stimulation field in which only positive outcomes have been reported. For self-directed tES devices, how to restrict variability with regard to efficacy is an essential aspect of device design and function. As with any technique, reproducible outcomes depend on the equipment and how well this is matched to the experience and skill of the operator. For self-administered non-invasive brain stimulation, this requires device designs that rigorously incorporate human operator factors. The wide parameter space of non-invasive brain stimulation, including dose (e.g., duration, intensity (current density), number of repetitions), inclusion/exclusion (e.g., subject’s age), and homeostatic effects, administration of tasks before and during stimulation, and, most importantly, placebo or nocebo effects, have to be taken into account. The outcomes of stimulation are expected to depend on these parameters and should be strictly controlled. The consensus among experts is that low-intensity tES is safe as long as tested and accepted protocols (including, for example, dose, inclusion/exclusion) are followed and devices are used which follow established engineering risk-management procedures. Devices and protocols that allow stimulation outside these parameters cannot claim to be “safe” where they are applying stimulation beyond that examined in published studies that also investigated potential side effects. Brain stimulation devices marketed for consumer use are distinct from medical devices because they do not make medical claims and are therefore not necessarily subject to the same level of regulation as medical devices (i.e., by government agencies tasked with regulating medical devices). Manufacturers must follow ethical and best practices in marketing tES stimulators, including not misleading users by referencing effects from human trials using devices and protocols not similar to theirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Antal
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Corresponding author at: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anna-Katharine Brem
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marom Bikson
- Biomedical Engineering at the City College of New York (CCNY) of the City University of New York (CUNY), NY, USA
| | - Andre R. Brunoni
- Departamento de Clínica Médica e de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation (SIN), Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roi Cohen Kadosh
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Veljko Dubljević
- Science, Technology and Society Program, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Shirley Fecteau
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Florinda Ferreri
- Unit of Neurology, Unit of Clinical Neurophysiology, Study Center of Neurodegeneration (CESNE), Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Standort Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roy H. Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph S. Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology and the Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Collen Loo
- School of Psychiatry and Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales; The George Institute; Sydney, Australia
| | - Caroline Lustenberger
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Machado
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
- Laboratory of Physical Activity Neuroscience, Neurodiversity Institute, Queimados-RJ, Brazil
| | - Carlo Miniussi
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC and Centre for Medical Sciences - CISMed, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Vera Moliadze
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at TU, Dortmund, Germany
- Dept. Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo M. Rossini
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Brain Connectivity Lab, IRCCS-San Raffaele-Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Precision Neuroscience and Neuromodulation Program, Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Margitta Seeck
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Thut
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Psychology and Neuroscience, EEG & Epolepsy Unit, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Turi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | | | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
- Future Health Technologies, Singapore-ETH Centre, Campus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore
| | - Anna Wexler
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology and Stroke, University of Tübingen, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of of Neurology, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany
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Nanoparticle-Mediated Signaling for Aptamer-Based Multiplexed Detection of Cortisol and Neuropeptide Y in Serum. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10050153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Multiplexed profiling of the expression of neurochemical biomarkers of stress, for periodic assessment to enable augmentation of human performance, requires wash-free detection platforms that exhibit reproducible signals from samples in biological matrices. However, alterations in aptamer conformation after binding to targets, such as cortisol, are minimal based on NMR spectra, and the methylene blue signaling is blocked by serum proteins. Hence, in this study, we explore aptamer derivatization with magnetic nanoparticles that are conjugated with multiple methylene blue moieties, to amplify signals and alter the net charge configuration for repulsing serum proteins, so that the aptamer conformation upon target recognition can lead to a signal ON assay in serum media. Based on this, a microchip platform with addressable electrodes that are immobilized with selective aptamer receptors is developed for multiplexed detection of cortisol (1–700 ng/mL) and neuropeptide Y (5–1000 pg/mL) in patient-derived serum samples, which is validated by immunoassays. We envision the application of this sensor for profiling a wider array of human performance biomarkers under stress-related events to develop stress augmentation methodologies.
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Accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation broadly ameliorates symptoms and cognition in Alzheimer's disease: A randomized controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2021; 15:35-45. [PMID: 34752934 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in associative memory (AM) are the earliest and most prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and demonstrate a clear cause of distress for patients and their families. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to determine AM enhancements following accelerated intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) in patients with AD. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled design, iTBS was administered to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of patients with AD for 14 days. Measurements included AM (primary outcome) and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Patients were evaluated at baseline, following the intervention (week 2), and 8 weeks after treatment cessation (week 10). RESULTS Sixty patients with AD were initially enrolled; 47 completed the trial. The active group displayed greater AM improvements compared with the sham group at week 2 (P = 0.003), which was sustained at week 10. Furthermore, higher Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at baseline were associated with greater AM improvements at weeks 2 and 10. For the independent iTBS group, this correlation predicted improvements in AM (P < 0.001) and identified treatment responders with 92% accuracy. Most of the neuropsychological tests were markedly improved in the active group. In particular, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and MMSE in the active group increased by 2.8 and 2.3 points, respectively, at week 2, while there was no marked change in the sham group. CONCLUSION In the present study, accelerated iTBS of the DLPFC demonstrated an effective and well-tolerated complementary treatment for patients with AD, especially for individuals with relatively high MMSE scores.
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12
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Nikooharf Salehi E, Jaydari Fard S, Jaberzadeh S, Zoghi M. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Reduces the Negative Impact of Mental Fatigue on Swimming Performance. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:327-336. [PMID: 34433377 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1962238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The issue of using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to improve sport performance has recently been a topic of interest for researchers. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tDCS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) on mental fatigue and physical performance in professional swimmers. Fifteen professional swimmers were randomly assigned in a single-blinded, randomized, counterbalanced order to sham, anodal and cathodal stimulation conditions. Mental fatigue was induced by using a 60-min modified Stroop color-word task. Subjective ratings of mental fatigue were measured before and after the stroop task. The results showed that only anodal tDCS of the left DLPFC reduces adverse effects of mental fatigue in 50-meter swimming performance, whereas cathodal stimulation had no significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Nikooharf Salehi
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Jaydari Fard
- Institute for Social Science Research, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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13
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Sherwood MS, McIntire L, Madaris AT, Kim K, Ranganath C, McKinley RA. Intensity-Dependent Changes in Quantified Resting Cerebral Perfusion With Multiple Sessions of Transcranial DC Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:679977. [PMID: 34456695 PMCID: PMC8397582 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.679977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to the left prefrontal cortex has been shown to produce broad behavioral effects including enhanced learning and vigilance. Still, the neural mechanisms underlying such effects are not fully understood. Furthermore, the neural underpinnings of repeated stimulation remain understudied. In this work, we evaluated the effects of the repetition and intensity of tDCS on cerebral perfusion [cerebral blood flow (CBF)]. A cohort of 47 subjects was randomly assigned to one of the three groups. tDCS of 1- or 2-mA was applied to the left prefrontal cortex on three consecutive days, and resting CBF was quantified before and after stimulation using the arterial spin labeling MRI and then compared with a group that received sham stimulation. A widespread decreased CBF was found in a group receiving sham stimulation across the three post-stimulation measures when compared with baseline. In contrast, only slight decreases were observed in the group receiving 2-mA stimulation in the second and third post-stimulation measurements, but more prominent increased CBF was observed across several brain regions including the locus coeruleus (LC). The LC is an integral region in the production of norepinephrine and the noradrenergic system, and an increased norepinephrine/noradrenergic activity could explain the various behavioral findings from the anodal prefrontal tDCS. A decreased CBF was observed in the 1-mA group across the first two post-stimulation measurements, similar to the sham group. This decreased CBF was apparent in only a few small clusters in the third post-stimulation scan but was accompanied by an increased CBF, indicating that the neural effects of stimulation may persist for at least 24 h and that the repeated stimulation may produce cumulative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aaron T. Madaris
- Infoscitex, Inc., Beavercreek, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Kamin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - R. Andy McKinley
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH, United States
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14
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Feltman KA, Hayes AM, Bernhardt KA, Nwala E, Kelley AM. Viability of tDCS in Military Environments for Performance Enhancement: A Systematic Review. Mil Med 2021; 185:e53-e60. [PMID: 31735955 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usz189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) as a method of cognitive enhancement in both diseased and healthy individuals has gained popularity. Its potential for enhancing cognition in healthy individuals has gained the interest of the military. However, before it being implemented into military training or operational settings, further work is needed to determine its efficacy and safety. Although a considerable amount of literature exists, few studies have specifically evaluated its use in enhancing cognition relative to operational, military tasks. Therefore, in a first step to evaluate its efficacy, we completed a systematic literature review of studies using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), a type of tES, to enhance cognitive processes in healthy individuals. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify literature published between 2008 and 2018 that used a method of tES for cognitive enhancement. As part of a larger literature review effort, 282 articles were initially retrieved. These were then screened to identify articles meeting predetermined criteria, to include those using various methods of tES, resulting in 44 articles. Next, the articles were screened for those using tDCS or high-definition tDCS, resulting in 34 articles for review and information extraction. RESULTS Of the 34 articles reviewed, 28 reported some degree of enhancement (eg, improved accuracy on tasks and reduced reaction times). Areas of cognitive enhancements included executive functioning, creativity/cognitive flexibility, attention/perception, decision-making, memory, and working memory. However, the precise outcomes of enhancement varied given the range in tasks that were used to assess the constructs. Additionally, the stimulation parameters in terms of intensity applied, duration of stimulation, and brain region targeted for stimulation varied. CONCLUSIONS The conclusions to be drawn from this systematic literature review include the identification of a brain region for targeting with stimulation to enhance a broad range of cognitive constructs applicable to military tasks, as well as stimulation parameters for duration and intensity. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was most frequently targeted in the studies that found enhanced performance across several cognitive constructs. Stimulation intensities of 2 mA and durations of 20 minutes or longer appeared frequently as well. Although several parameters were identified, further work is required before this type of technology can be recommended for operational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Feltman
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
| | - Amanda M Hayes
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Kyle A Bernhardt
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 100 ORAU Way, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
| | - Emmanuel Nwala
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
| | - Amanda M Kelley
- U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory, 6901 Farrel Road, Fort Rucker, AL 36362
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15
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Cheng JX, Zhao X, Qiu J, Jiang Y, Ren J, Sun S, Wang R, Su C. Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on performance and recovery sleep during acute sleep deprivation: a pilot study. Sleep Med 2021; 79:124-133. [PMID: 33524838 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies claimed that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) improves cognition in neuropsychiatric patients with cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, organic hypersomnia, etc, but few studies evaluated the effects of tDCS on cognitive improvement following sleep deprivation. The objective of this study was to determine whether tDCS (anode on the left DLPFC and cathode on the right DLPFC with a 2-mA current for 30 min) improves cognition following sleep deprivation. METHODS Seven participants received active tDCS and eight participants received sham tDCS when their cognition declined during at least 30 h of sleep deprivation. All participants completed the psychomotor vigilance task, Trail Making Tests A and B, digit cancellation test, Stroop color word test, the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised and a procedural game every 2 h during the sleep deprivation and after recovery sleep. RESULTS Compared to the sham stimulation, active tDCS (anode on the left DLPFC and cathode on the right DLPFC at a 2-mA current for 30 min) had beneficial effects on attention, memory, executive function, processing speed, and the ability to inhibit cognitive interference, and improved in subjective drowsiness and fatigue following sleep deprivation. The lasting effect of a single tDCS on cognition during sleep deprivation was greater than 2 h. In all participants, tDCS did not disturb recovery sleep, and cognitive performance recovered to the baseline levels after recovery sleep. CONCLUSIONS The study results indicate that tDCS can improve cognition following sleep deprivation and does not disturb recovery sleep or cognitive performance after recovery sleep. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms might be related to the modulation of the corticothalamic pathway. We believe that tDCS can be applied in the treatment of sleep disorders involving sleepiness. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR2000029420. DATE OF REGISTRATION 2020-1-31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Xiang Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Xianchao Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yingcong Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jiafeng Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Shuyu Sun
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Changjun Su
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
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16
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McIntire LK, McKinley RA, Goodyear C, McIntire JP. The Effects of Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Sleep Time and Efficiency. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:357. [PMID: 33192380 PMCID: PMC7481387 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A single session of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been shown to increase arousal in healthy participants for up to 24 h post-stimulation. However, little is known about the effects of tDCS on subsequent sleep in this population. Based on previous clinical studies, we hypothesized that anodal stimulation to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) would produce higher arousal with decreased sleep time and stimulation to the primary motor cortex (M1) would have the converse effect. Thirty-six active duty military were randomized into one of three groups (n = 12/group); active anodal tDCS over the lDLPFC, active anodal tDCS over left M1, or sham tDCS. Participants answered questionnaires 3 times a day and wore a wrist activity monitor (WAM) to measure sleep time and efficiency for 3 weeks. On weeks 2 and 3 (order counterbalance), participants received stimulation at 1800 h before 26 h of sustained wakefulness testing (sleep deprived) and at 1800 h without sleep deprivation (non-sleep deprived). There were no significant effects for the non-sleep deprived portion of testing. For the sleep deprived portion of testing, there were main effects of group and night on sleep time. The DLPFC group slept less than the other groups on the second and third night following stimulation. There is no negative effect on mood or sleep quality from a single dose of tDCS when participants have normal sleep patterns (i.e., non-sleep deprived portion of testing). The results suggest that stimulation may result in faster recovery from fatigue caused by acute periods of sleep deprivation, as their recovery sleep periods were less.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K McIntire
- Infoscitex, Inc., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - R Andy McKinley
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Applied Neuroscience Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Chuck Goodyear
- Infoscitex, Inc., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - John P McIntire
- Air Force Research Laboratory/Security and Intelligence Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, United States
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17
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18
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Effects of High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Theta Burst Stimulation for Modulating the Posterior Parietal Cortex. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2019; 25:972-984. [PMID: 31397255 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Noninvasive brain stimulation methods, including high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) and theta burst stimulation (TBS) have emerged as novel tools to modulate and explore brain function. However, the relative efficacy of these newer stimulation approaches for modulating cognitive functioning remains unclear. This study investigated the cognitive effects of HD-tDCS, intermittent TBS (iTBS) and prolonged continuous TBS (ProcTBS) and explored the potential of these approaches for modulating hypothesized functions of the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC). METHODS Twenty-two healthy volunteers attended four experimental sessions in a cross-over experimental design. In each session, participants either received HD-tDCS, iTBS, ProcTBS or sham, and completed cognitive tasks, including a divided attention task, a working memory maintenance task and an attention task (emotional Stroop test). RESULTS The results showed that compared to sham, HD-tDCS, iTBS and ProcTBS caused significantly faster response times on the emotional Stroop task. The effect size (Cohen's d) was d = .32 for iTBS (p < .001), .21 for ProcTBS (p = .01) and .15 for HD-tDCS (p = .044). However, for the performance on the divided attention and working memory maintenance tasks, no significant effect of stimulation was found. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation techniques, including TBS, may have greater efficacy for modulating cognition compared with HD-tDCS, and extend existing knowledge about specific functions of the left PPC.
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19
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Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Mir H, Alawar H, Babiloni F, Al-Nashash H. Vigilance Decrement and Enhancement Techniques: A Review. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080178. [PMID: 31357524 PMCID: PMC6721323 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the first comprehensive review on vigilance enhancement using both conventional and unconventional means, and further discusses the resulting contradictory findings. It highlights the key differences observed between the research findings and argues that variations of the experimental protocol could be a significant contributing factor towards such contradictory results. Furthermore, the paper reveals the effectiveness of unconventional means of enhancement in significant reduction of vigilance decrement compared to conventional means. Meanwhile, a discussion on the challenges of enhancement techniques is presented, with several suggested recommendations and alternative strategies to maintain an adequate level of vigilance for the task at hand. Additionally, this review provides evidence in support of the use of unconventional means of enhancement on vigilance studies, regardless of their practical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Shargie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Usman Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hasan Mir
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hamad Alawar
- Dubai Police Headquarters, Dubai 1493, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Dept. Molecular Medicine, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Davis SE, Smith GA. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Use in Warfighting: Benefits, Risks, and Future Prospects. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:114. [PMID: 31105538 PMCID: PMC6499187 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique which provides unique potential to directly improve human capability on a temporary, at needs, basis. The purpose of this paper is to consider the utility of tDCS through analysis of the potential risks and benefits in the context of defence service personnel. First, we look at the potential benefits, focusing primarily on warfighter survivability and enriching cognition quality in support of command and control. Second, we look at the potential detriments to tDCS military use, focusing on adverse effects, safety considerations, and risk. Third, we examine how the level of risk can be mitigated through military doctrine development focusing on safety parameters and exclusion criteria. Finally, we explore the future prospects of military tDCS use, particularly in terms of addressing gaps in the literature so that tDCS can be used ethically and efficaciously at the level of individual personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Davis
- Joint and Operational Analysis Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Edinburgh, SA, Australia
| | - Glen A Smith
- Institute of Integrated and Intelligent Systems, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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21
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High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves neurocognitive function in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:851-856. [PMID: 30795490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) present widespread and significant neurocognitive impairments during all stages of the disorder. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used to improve clinical outcomes in common psychiatric diseases, such as depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and BD. Whether rTMS can improve cognitive function in BD patients remains unclear. The present study explored the regulatory effects of rTMS on cognitive function in patients with BD. METHODS Fifty-two eligible subjects with BD were randomly assigned to receive active or sham rTMS via high-speed magnetic stimulator with a figure-of-eight coil for 10 consecutive days. In the active rTMS group, a total of 25,000 stimuli were applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at 110% of the motor threshold. The sham group received corresponding sham stimulation. Clinical manifestations and cognitive functions were assessed using a modified 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), and the MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery (MCCB). RESULTS Ten consecutive days of high-frequency active rTMS improved scores on the Wechsler Memory Scale-III Spatial Span, and the MCCB Category Fluency subtest, without intolerable adverse effects. No significant differences in HDRS or YMRS scores were found between groups. LIMITATIONS No follow-up after the intervention. The effect of the drug on cognitive function in subjects was not excluded. CONCLUSIONS Short-term rTMS can improve cognitive function in BD patients.
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22
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Miller E, Morel A, Redlicka J, Miller I, Saluk J. Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Therapies of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:475-483. [PMID: 29119933 PMCID: PMC6018194 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666171109132650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive impairment is one of the most important clinical features of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). Conducted research shows that up to 65 percent of MS patients have cognitive deficits such as episodic memory, sustained attention, reduced verbal fluency; however, the cognitive MS domain is information processing speed. It is the first syndrome of cognitive dysfunction and the most widely affected in MS. Occasionally these impairments occur even before the appearance of physical symptoms. Methods Therefore, this review focused on the current status of our knowledge about possible methods of treatment cognitive impairment in MS patients including novel strategies. Research and online content was performed using Medline and EMBASE databases. Results The most recent research suggests that cognitive impairment is correlated with brain lesion volume and brain atrophy. The examination of the cognitive impairment is usually based on particular neuropsychological batteries. However, it can be not enough to make a precise diagnosis. This creates a demand to find markers that might be useful for identifying patients with risk of cognitive impairment at an early stage of the disease. Currently the most promising methods consist of neuroimaging indicators, such as diffusion tensor imaging, the magnetization transfer ratio, and N-acetyl aspartate levels. Diagnosis problems are strictly connected with treatment procedures. There are two main cognitive therapies: pharmacological (disease modifying drugs (DMD), symptomatic treatments) and non-pharmacological interventions that are focused on psychological and physical rehabilitation. Some trials have shown a positive association between physical activity and the cognitive function. Conclusion This article is an overview of the current state of knowledge related to cognition impairment treatment in MS. Additionally, novel strategies for cognitive impairments such as cryostimulation and other complementary methods are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Neurorehabilitation Ward, 3rd General Hospital in Lodz, Lodz, Milionowa 14, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Morel
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection. University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, Lodz, Poland
| | - Justyna Redlicka
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.,Neurorehabilitation Ward, 3rd General Hospital in Lodz, Lodz, Milionowa 14, Poland
| | - Igor Miller
- Department of Physical Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection. University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, Lodz, Poland
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23
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Mizrak E, Kim K, Roberts B, Ragland DJ, Carter C, Ranganath C. Impact of oscillatory tDCS targeting left prefrontal cortex on source memory retrieval. Cogn Neurosci 2018; 9:194-207. [DOI: 10.1080/17588928.2018.1512480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eda Mizrak
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kamin Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Cameron Carter
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Department of Psychology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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24
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Habich A, Klöppel S, Abdulkadir A, Scheller E, Nissen C, Peter J. Anodal tDCS Enhances Verbal Episodic Memory in Initially Low Performers. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:542. [PMID: 29163115 PMCID: PMC5681927 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in encoding and retrieval of episodic memories, and thus, is frequently targeted in non-invasive brain stimulation paradigms, aiming for its functional modulation. Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), that boosts neuronal excitability in stimulated cortical areas, has been found to increase cognitive skills differentially, depending on the initial performance. We hypothesize that the benefit of tDCS on verbal episodic memory can be extrapolated from the participants’ baseline performance. In the present randomized, double-blind, parallel group study, healthy young adults (n = 43) received either real anodal or sham tDCS over their left DLPFC during the encoding phase of a verbal episodic memory task. Forty words were presented visually thrice with immediate vocal retrieval after each block and an additional delayed recall. We conducted a moderation analysis to test the modulating effect of initial episodic memory retrieval, adjusted for primacy and recency effects, on delayed recall under real or sham stimulation. Despite the absence of a significantly beneficial tDCS effect at the group level, we found that the number of remembered midlist words in the first retrieval significantly moderated the stimulation effect in such a way that initially low performers experienced the highest gain from real stimulation. These results suggest that anodal tDCS to the left DLPFC improves memory functions only so far. While only marginal stimulation-induced gains occur in cognitively unimpaired populations, greater stimulation benefits might be expected in individuals with clinically relevant deficiencies in the verbal episodic memory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annegret Habich
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Klöppel
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ahmed Abdulkadir
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Scheller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Peter
- University Hospital of Old Age Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Transcranial direct current stimulation versus caffeine as a fatigue countermeasure. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1070-1078. [PMID: 28851554 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the efficacy of using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to remediate the deleterious effects of fatigue induced by sleep deprivation and compare these results to caffeine, a commonly used fatigue countermeasure. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Based on previous research, tDCS of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can modulate attention and arousal. The authors hypothesize that tDCS can be an effective fatigue countermeasure. METHODS Five groups of ten participants each received either active tDCS and placebo gum at 1800, caffeine gum with sham tDCS at 1800, active tDCS and placebo gum at 0400, caffeine gum with sham tDCS at 0400, or sham tDCS with placebo gum at 1800 and 0400 during 36-h of sustained wakefulness. Participants completed a vigilance task, working memory task, psychomotor vigilance task (PVT), and a procedural game beginning at 1800 h and continued every two hours throughout the night until 1900 the next day. RESULTS tDCS dosed at 1800 provided 6 h of improved attentional accuracy and reaction times compared to the control group. Caffeine did not produce an effect. Both tDCS groups also had an improved effect on mood. Participants receiving tDCS reported feeling more vigor, less fatigue, and less bored throughout the night compared to the control and caffeine groups. CONCLUSIONS We believe tDCS could be a powerful fatigue countermeasure. The effects appear to be comparable or possibly more beneficial than caffeine because they are longer lasting and mood remains more positive.
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Jelić MB, Filipović SR, Milanović SD, Stevanović VB, Konstantinović L. Bilateral sequential motor cortex stimulation and skilled task performance with non-dominant hand. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:814-822. [PMID: 28340430 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To check whether bilateral sequential stimulation (BSS) of M1 with theta burst stimulation (TBS), using facilitatory protocol over non-dominant M1 followed by inhibitory one over dominant M1, can improve skilled task performance with non-dominant hand more than either of the unilateral stimulations do. Both, direct motor cortex (M1) facilitatory non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) and contralateral M1 inhibitory NIBS were shown to improve motor learning. METHODS Forty right-handed healthy subjects were divided into 4 matched groups which received either ipsilateral facilitatory (intermittent TBS [iTBS] over non-dominant M1), contralateral inhibitory (continuous TBS [cTBS] over dominant M1), bilateral sequential (contralateral cTBS followed by ipsilateral iTBS), or placebo stimulation. Performance was evaluated by Purdue peg-board test (PPT), before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 30min after (T2) an intervention. RESULTS In all groups and for both hands, the PPT scores increased at T1 and T2 in comparison to T0, showing clear learning effect. However, for the target non-dominant hand only, immediately after BSS (at T1) the PPT scores improved significantly more than after either of unilateral interventions or placebo. CONCLUSION M1 BSS TBS is an effective intervention for improving motor performance. SIGNIFICANCE M1 BSS TBS seems as a promising tool for motor learning improvement with potential uses in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan B Jelić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, ul. Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša R Filipović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, ul. Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sladjan D Milanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, ul. Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vuk B Stevanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, ul. Dr Subotića 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ljubica Konstantinović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Rehabilitation, ul. Dr. Subotića 8, Belgrade, Serbia; Klinika za Rehabilitaciju "Dr Miroslav Zotović", ul. Sokobanjska 13, Belgrade, Serbia
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Giordano J, Bikson M, Kappenman ES, Clark VP, Coslett HB, Hamblin MR, Hamilton R, Jankord R, Kozumbo WJ, McKinley RA, Nitsche MA, Reilly JP, Richardson J, Wurzman R, Calabrese E. Mechanisms and Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325816685467. [PMID: 28210202 PMCID: PMC5302097 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816685467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The US Air Force Office of Scientific Research convened a meeting of researchers in the fields of neuroscience, psychology, engineering, and medicine to discuss most pressing issues facing ongoing research in the field of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and related techniques. In this study, we present opinions prepared by participants of the meeting, focusing on the most promising areas of research, immediate and future goals for the field, and the potential for hormesis theory to inform tDCS research. Scientific, medical, and ethical considerations support the ongoing testing of tDCS in healthy and clinical populations, provided best protocols are used to maximize safety. Notwithstanding the need for ongoing research, promising applications include enhancing vigilance/attention in healthy volunteers, which can accelerate training and support learning. Commonly, tDCS is used as an adjunct to training/rehabilitation tasks with the goal of leftward shift in the learning/treatment effect curves. Although trials are encouraging, elucidating the basic mechanisms of tDCS will accelerate validation and adoption. To this end, biomarkers (eg, clinical neuroimaging and findings from animal models) can support hypotheses linking neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral effects. Dosage can be optimized using computational models of current flow and understanding dose–response. Both biomarkers and dosimetry should guide individualized interventions with the goal of reducing variability. Insights from other applied energy domains, including ionizing radiation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and low-level laser (light) therapy, can be prudently leveraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Giordano
- Department of Neurology and Biochemistry, Neuroethics Studies Program, Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marom Bikson
- Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily S Kappenman
- San Diego State University, Department of Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Vincent P Clark
- Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - H Branch Coslett
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan Jankord
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | | | - R Andrew McKinley
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environmental and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Jessica Richardson
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Rachel Wurzman
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward Calabrese
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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McIntire L, Andy McKinley R, Nelson J, Goodyear C. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Versus Caffeine to Sustain Wakefulness at Night When Dosing at Start-of-Shift. ADVANCES IN NEUROERGONOMICS AND COGNITIVE ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41691-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Nelson J, McKinley RA, Phillips C, McIntire L, Goodyear C, Kreiner A, Monforton L. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on Multitasking Throughput Capacity. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:589. [PMID: 27965553 PMCID: PMC5126079 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multitasking has become an integral attribute associated with military operations within the past several decades. As the amount of information that needs to be processed during these high level multitasking environments exceeds the human operators' capabilities, the information throughput capacity reaches an asymptotic limit. At this point, the human operator can no longer effectively process and respond to the incoming information resulting in a plateau or decline in performance. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a non-invasive brain stimulation technique known as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to a scalp location over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (lDLPFC) to improve information processing capabilities during a multitasking environment. Methods: The study consisted of 20 participants from Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (16 male and 4 female) with an average age of 31.1 (SD = 4.5). Participants were randomly assigned into two groups, each consisting of eight males and two females. Group one received 2 mA of anodal tDCS and group two received sham tDCS over the lDLPFC on their testing day. Results: The findings indicate that anodal tDCS significantly improves the participants' information processing capability resulting in improved performance compared to sham tDCS. For example, the multitasking throughput capacity for the sham tDCS group plateaued near 1.0 bits/s at the higher baud input (2.0 bits/s) whereas the anodal tDCS group plateaued near 1.3 bits/s. Conclusion: The findings provided new evidence that tDCS has the ability to augment and enhance multitasking capability in a human operator. Future research should be conducted to determine the longevity of the enhancement of transcranial direct current stimulation on multitasking performance, which has yet to be accomplished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Nelson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH, USA
| | | | - Chandler Phillips
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State UniversityDayton, OH, USA
| | - Lindsey McIntire
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH, USA
| | - Chuck Goodyear
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH, USA
| | - Aerial Kreiner
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force BaseOH, USA
| | - Lanie Monforton
- Department of Biomedical, Industrial, and Human Factors Engineering, Wright State UniversityDayton, OH, USA
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Mitchell RLC, Vidaki K, Lavidor M. The role of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in semantic processing: A transcranial direct current stimulation study. Neuropsychologia 2016; 91:480-489. [PMID: 27553267 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For complex linguistic strings such as idioms, making a decision as to the correct meaning may require complex top-down cognitive control such as the suppression of incorrect alternative meanings. In the study presented here, we used transcranial direct current stimulation to test the hypothesis that a domain general dorsolateral prefrontal cognitive control network is involved in constraining the complex processing involved. Specifically, we sought to test prominent theoretical stances on the division of labour across dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in the left- and right-hemispheres of the brain, including the role of salience and fine vs. coarse semantic coding. 32 healthy young adult participants were randomly allocated to one of two stimulation montage groups (LH anodal/RH cathodal or RH anodal/LH cathodal). Participants were tested twice, completing a semantic decision task after either receiving active or sham stimulation. The semantic decision task required participants to judge the relatedness of an idiom and a target word. The target word was figuratively related, literally related, or unrelated to the idiom. Control non-literal non-idiomatic sentences were also included that only had a literal meaning. The results showed that left-hemisphere dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is highly involved in processing figurative language, whereas both left- and right- dorsolateral prefrontal cortex contributed to literal language processing. In comparison, semantic processing for the non-idiomatic control sentences did not require domain general cognitive control as it relates to suppression of the rejected alternative meaning. The results are discussed in terms of the interplay between need for domain general cognitive control in understanding the meaning of complex sentences, hemispheric differences in semantic processing, and salience detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L C Mitchell
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
| | - Kleio Vidaki
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK
| | - Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Israel; The Gonda Brain Research Centre, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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Impey D, de la Salle S, Knott V. Assessment of anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on MMN-indexed auditory sensory processing. Brain Cogn 2016; 105:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Neuromodulation of conditioned placebo/nocebo in heat pain: anodal vs cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Pain 2016; 156:1342-1347. [PMID: 25806605 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Placebo and nocebo play an important role in clinical practice and medical research. Modulating placebo/nocebo responses using noninvasive brain stimulation methods, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), has the potential to harness these effects to therapeutic benefit in a clinical setting. In this study, we assessed the effect of anodal and cathodal tDCS over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (rDLPFC) on conditioned placebo/nocebo cue response to heat pain. Two matched groups of healthy volunteers were subjected to an identical session of conditioning, during which low and high cues (abstract images) were associated with low and high pain levels, respectively. Twenty-minute 2-mA tDCS (either anodal or cathodal) over the rDLPFC was applied. The influence of tDCS current polarity (anodal vs cathodal) on placebo and nocebo was assessed, using subjects' pain ratings in response to identical pain preceded by the conditioned high or low cues. The duration of cue presentation varied to allow either fully conscious or subliminal processing. Significant placebo and nocebo effects in the anodal but not the cathodal group were elicited with the conditioning paradigm. This study provides evidence of a possibility to modulate the conditioned placebo and nocebo effect by changing the excitability of the rDLPFC using tDCS.
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1807-1818. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4580-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Sachdeva A, Kumar K, Anand KS. Non Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers - Current Perspectives. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:VE01-VE06. [PMID: 26393186 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/13392.6186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cognition refers to the mental processes involved in thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving. Cognitive dysfunctions are an integral part of neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in healthy ageing. Cognitive Enhancers are molecules that help improve aspects of cognition like memory, intelligence, motivation, attention and concentration. Recently, Non Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers have gained popularity as effective and safe alternative to various established drugs. Many of these Non Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers seem to be more efficacious compared to currently available Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers. This review describes and summarizes evidence on various Non Pharmacological Cognitive Enhancers such as physical exercise, sleep, meditation and yoga, spirituality, nutrients, computer training, brain stimulation, and music. We also discuss their role in ageing and different neuro-psychiatric disorders, and current status of Cochrane database recommendations. We searched the Pubmed database for the articles and reviews having the terms 'non pharmacological and cognitive' in the title, published from 2000 till 2014. A total of 11 results displayed, out of which 10 were relevant to the review. These were selected and reviewed. Appropriate cross-references within the articles along with Cochrane reviews were also considered and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Sachdeva
- Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry and Drug De-addiction, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi, India
| | - Kuldip Kumar
- Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjang Hospital , New Delhi, India
| | - Kuljeet Singh Anand
- Professor, Head of the Department, Department of Neurology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital , New Delhi, India
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The Right Angular Gyrus Combines Perceptual and Response-related Expectancies in Visual Search: TMS-EEG Evidence. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:816-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gholami-Boroujeny S, Mekonnen A, Batkin I, Bolic M. Theoretical Analysis of the Effect of Temperature on Current Delivery to the Brain During tDCS. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:509-14. [PMID: 25686527 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current simulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique that has become increasingly popular as a potential therapeutic method for a variety of brain disorders. Since the treatment outcome may depend on the current density delivered to the brain cortical region, a significant challenge is to control the current dose reaching the cortical region. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS This study aims to investigate the effect of temperature on current delivery to the brain. We devised a method for modulating the amount of current delivered to the brain by changing the temperature of the scalp. We developed analytical and numerical models that describe the relationship between temperature and electrical properties of the scalp based on the following mechanisms: ion mobility and blood perfusion in scalp. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The current delivery to brain was investigated by changing the temperature between two electrodes that are attached to the surface of the scalp, within a tolerable physiological range. Results show that by increasing the temperature between two electrodes, a higher portion of current is shunted via the scalp and the proportion of the current that penetrates the scalp and skull into brain is decreased. On the other hand, cooling the area between two electrodes on the scalp increases the current delivery to the cortical region of the brain. Our results show that cooling the scalp during tDCS can be considered as a possible way to effectively control the current delivery to the brain and increase the efficacy of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gholami-Boroujeny
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N6N5.
| | - Abeye Mekonnen
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N6N5
| | - Izmail Batkin
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N6N5
| | - Miodrag Bolic
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N6N5
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Neurostimulation Devices for Cognitive Enhancement: Toward a Comprehensive Regulatory Framework. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-014-9225-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Nelson JT, Tepe V. Neuromodulation research and application in the U.S. Department of Defense. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:247-52. [PMID: 25468072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern neuromodulatory techniques for military applications have been explored for the past decade, with an intent to optimize operator performance and, ultimately, to improve overall military effectiveness. In light of potential military applications, some researchers have voiced concern about national security agency involvement in this area of research, and possible exploitation of research findings to support military objectives. The aim of this article is to examine the U.S. Department of Defense's interest in and application of neuromodulation. METHODS We explored articles, cases, and historical context to identify critical considerations of debate concerning dual use (i.e., national security and civilian) technologies, specifically focusing on non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS). DISCUSSION We review the background and recent examples of DoD-sponsored neuromodulation research, framed in the more general context of research that aims to optimize and/or rehabilitate human performance. We propose that concerns about military exploitation of neuromodulatory science and technology are not unique, but rather are part of a larger philosophic debate pertaining to military application of human performance science and technology. We consider unique aspects of the Department of Defense research enterprise--which includes programs crucial to the advancement of military medicine--and why it is well-situated to fund and perform such research. We conclude that debate concerning DoD investment in human performance research must recognize the significant potential for dual use (civilian, medical) benefit as well as the need for civilian scientific insight and influence. Military interests in the health and performance of service members provide research funding and impetus to dual use applications that will benefit the civilian community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Nelson
- Research Imaging Institute, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas.
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Jelić MB, Milanović SD, Filipović SR. Differential effects of facilitatory and inhibitory theta burst stimulation of the primary motor cortex on motor learning. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1016-23. [PMID: 25281475 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the differential effects on motor learning of two types of theta burst stimulation (TBS), the excitatory intermittent TBS (iTBS) and inhibitory continuous TBS (cTBS), if TBS is applied in an early stage of learning process. METHODS Thirty right handed healthy people were randomly allocated into one of the three groups according to the intervention applied, iTBS, cTBS or placebo. The interventions and measurements targeted the non-dominant side. The reaction time task (RTT) and Purdue pegboard task (PPT) were used. Measurements and motor tasks were carried out at baseline (T0), immediately after the intervention (T1), and 30 min later (T2). RESULTS Compared to placebo, following cTBS M1 excitability went down and PPT learning was slowed. Following iTBS M1 excitability increased temporarily and PPT learning pattern changed, but learning was not improved. The MEP and PPT changes induced during the T0-T1 time interval correlated significantly. CONCLUSIONS The early consolidation of the learned material was much more influenced by the TBS induced promotion/suppression of the M1 functional plasticity reserves than by the absolute level of the M1 activation. SIGNIFICANCE The results may help to better define the use of TBS in promotion of motor learning in neurorehabilitation and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan B Jelić
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sladjan D Milanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Saša R Filipović
- University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurophysiology, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of transcranial magnetic stimulation-induced intracortical dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13553-8. [PMID: 25187557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405508111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is widely used in clinical interventions and basic neuroscience. Additionally, it has become a powerful tool to drive plastic changes in neuronal networks. However, highly resolved recordings of the immediate TMS effects have remained scarce, because existing recording techniques are limited in spatial or temporal resolution or are interfered with by the strong TMS-induced electric field. To circumvent these constraints, we performed optical imaging with voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) in an animal experimental setting using anaesthetized cats. The dye signals reflect gradual changes in the cells' membrane potential across several square millimeters of cortical tissue, thus enabling direct visualization of TMS-induced neuronal population dynamics. After application of a single TMS pulse across visual cortex, brief focal activation was immediately followed by synchronous suppression of a large pool of neurons. With consecutive magnetic pulses (10 Hz), widespread activity within this "basin of suppression" increased stepwise to suprathreshold levels and spontaneous activity was enhanced. Visual stimulation after repetitive TMS revealed long-term potentiation of evoked activity. Furthermore, loss of the "deceleration-acceleration" notch during the rising phase of the response, as a signature of fast intracortical inhibition detectable with VSD imaging, indicated weakened inhibition as an important driving force of increasing cortical excitability. In summary, our data show that high-frequency TMS changes the balance between excitation and inhibition in favor of an excitatory cortical state. VSD imaging may thus be a promising technique to trace TMS-induced changes in excitability and resulting plastic processes across cortical maps with high spatial and temporal resolutions.
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Parasuraman R, McKinley RA. Using noninvasive brain stimulation to accelerate learning and enhance human performance. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:816-824. [PMID: 25141590 DOI: 10.1177/0018720814538815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluate the effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation, in particular, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), for accelerating learning and enhancing human performance on complex tasks. BACKGROUND Developing expertise in complex tasks typically requires extended training and practice. Neuroergonomics research has suggested new methods that can accelerate learning and boost human performance. TDCS is one such method. It involves the application of a weak DC current to the scalp and has the potential to modulate brain networks underlying the performance of a perceptual, cognitive, or motor task. METHOD Examples of tDCS studies of declarative and procedural learning are discussed. This mini-review focuses on studies employing complex simulations representative of surveillance and security operations, intelligence analysis, and procedural learning in complex monitoring. RESULTS The evidence supports the view that tDCS can accelerate learning and enhance performance in a range of complex cognitive tasks. Initial findings also suggest that such benefits can be retained over time, but additional research is needed on training schedules and transfer of training. CONCLUSION Noninvasive brain stimulation can accelerate skill acquisition in complex tasks and may provide an alternative or addition to other training methods.
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Luber B. Neuroenhancement by noninvasive brain stimulation is not a net zero-sum proposition. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:127. [PMID: 25071479 PMCID: PMC4085567 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Luber
- Division of Brain Stimulation, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University Durham, NC, USA
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Wölwer W, Lowe A, Brinkmeyer J, Streit M, Habakuck M, Agelink MW, Mobascher A, Gaebel W, Cordes J. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) Improves Facial Affect Recognition in Schizophrenia. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:559-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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McIntire LK, McKinley RA, Goodyear C, Nelson J. A comparison of the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and caffeine on vigilance and cognitive performance during extended wakefulness. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:499-507. [PMID: 25047826 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation from extended duty hours is a common complaint for many occupations. Caffeine is one of the most common countermeasures used to combat fatigue. However, the benefits of caffeine decline over time and with chronic use. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the pre-frontal cortex at 2 mA for 30 min to remediate the effects of sleep deprivation and to compare the behavioral effects of tDCS with those of caffeine. METHODS Three groups of 10 participants each received either active tDCS with placebo gum, caffeine gum with sham tDCS, or sham tDCS with placebo gum during 30 h of extended wakefulness. RESULTS Our results show that tDCS prevented a decrement in vigilance and led to better subjective ratings for fatigue, drowsiness, energy, and composite mood compared to caffeine and control in sleep-deprived individuals. Both the tDCS and caffeine produced similar improvements in latencies on a short-term memory task and faster reaction times in a psychomotor task when compared to the placebo group. Interestingly, changes in accuracy for the tDCS group were not correlated to changes in mood; whereas, there was a relationship for the caffeine and sham groups. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that tDCS could be a useful fatigue countermeasure and may be more beneficial than caffeine since boosts in performance and mood last several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Andy McKinley
- 711th HPW, Applied Neuroscience Branch, 2510 Fifth Street, Bldg 840, USA.
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45
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Lindén H, Hagen E, Lęski S, Norheim ES, Pettersen KH, Einevoll GT. LFPy: a tool for biophysical simulation of extracellular potentials generated by detailed model neurons. Front Neuroinform 2014; 7:41. [PMID: 24474916 PMCID: PMC3893572 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrical extracellular recordings, i.e., recordings of the electrical potentials in the extracellular medium between cells, have been a main work-horse in electrophysiology for almost a century. The high-frequency part of the signal (≳500 Hz), i.e., the multi-unit activity (MUA), contains information about the firing of action potentials in surrounding neurons, while the low-frequency part, the local field potential (LFP), contains information about how these neurons integrate synaptic inputs. As the recorded extracellular signals arise from multiple neural processes, their interpretation is typically ambiguous and difficult. Fortunately, a precise biophysical modeling scheme linking activity at the cellular level and the recorded signal has been established: the extracellular potential can be calculated as a weighted sum of all transmembrane currents in all cells located in the vicinity of the electrode. This computational scheme can considerably aid the modeling and analysis of MUA and LFP signals. Here, we describe LFPy, an open source Python package for numerical simulations of extracellular potentials. LFPy consists of a set of easy-to-use classes for defining cells, synapses and recording electrodes as Python objects, implementing this biophysical modeling scheme. It runs on top of the widely used NEURON simulation environment, which allows for flexible usage of both new and existing cell models. Further, calculation of extracellular potentials using the line-source-method is efficiently implemented. We describe the theoretical framework underlying the extracellular potential calculations and illustrate by examples how LFPy can be used both for simulating LFPs, i.e., synaptic contributions from single cells as well a populations of cells, and MUAs, i.e., extracellular signatures of action potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Lindén
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway ; Department of Computational Biology, School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Hagen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway
| | - Szymon Lęski
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway ; Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eivind S Norheim
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway
| | - Klas H Pettersen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway ; CIGENE, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway
| | - Gaute T Einevoll
- Department of Mathematical Sciences and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences Ås, Norway
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46
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Fröhlich F, Schmidt SL. Rational design of transcranial current stimulation (TCS) through mechanistic insights into cortical network dynamics. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:804. [PMID: 24324427 PMCID: PMC3840633 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial current stimulation (TCS) is a promising method of non-invasive brain stimulation to modulate cortical network dynamics. Preliminary studies have demonstrated the ability of TCS to enhance cognition and reduce symptoms in both neurological and psychiatric illnesses. Despite the encouraging results of these studies, the mechanisms by which TCS and endogenous network dynamics interact remain poorly understood. Here, we propose that the development of the next generation of TCS paradigms with increased efficacy requires such mechanistic understanding of how weak electric fields (EFs) imposed by TCS interact with the nonlinear dynamics of large-scale cortical networks. We highlight key recent advances in the study of the interaction dynamics between TCS and cortical network activity. In particular, we illustrate an interdisciplinary approach that bridges neurobiology and electrical engineering. We discuss the use of (1) hybrid biological-electronic experimental approaches to disentangle feedback interactions; (2) large-scale computer simulations for the study of weak global perturbations imposed by TCS; and (3) optogenetic manipulations informed by dynamic systems theory to probe network dynamics. Together, we here provide the foundation for the use of rational design for the development of the next generation of TCS neurotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA ; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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47
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Luber B, Lisanby SH. Enhancement of human cognitive performance using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 3:961-70. [PMID: 23770409 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we review the usefulness of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in modulating cortical networks in ways that might produce performance enhancements in healthy human subjects. To date over sixty studies have reported significant improvements in speed and accuracy in a variety of tasks involving perceptual, motor, and executive processing. Two basic categories of enhancement mechanisms are suggested by this literature: direct modulation of a cortical region or network that leads to more efficient processing, and addition-by-subtraction, which is disruption of processing which competes or distracts from task performance. Potential applications of TMS cognitive enhancement, including research into cortical function, rehabilitation therapy in neurological and psychiatric illness, and accelerated skill acquisition in healthy individuals are discussed, as are methods of optimizing the magnitude and duration of TMS-induced performance enhancement, such as improvement of targeting through further integration of brain imaging with TMS. One technique, combining multiple sessions of TMS with concurrent TMS/task performance to induce Hebbian-like learning, appears to be promising for prolonging enhancement effects. While further refinements in the application of TMS to cognitive enhancement can still be made, and questions remain regarding the mechanisms underlying the observed effects, this appears to be a fruitful area of investigation that may shed light on the basic mechanisms of cognitive function and their therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Luber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, USA; Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, USA.
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48
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Parasuraman R, Galster S. Sensing, assessing, and augmenting threat detection: behavioral, neuroimaging, and brain stimulation evidence for the critical role of attention. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:273. [PMID: 23781194 PMCID: PMC3679495 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapidly identifying the potentially threatening movements of other people and objects—biological motion perception and action understanding—is critical to maintaining security in many civilian and military settings. A key approach to improving threat detection in these environments is to sense when less than ideal conditions exist for the human observer, assess that condition relative to an expected standard, and if necessary use tools to augment human performance. Action perception is typically viewed as a relatively “primitive,” automatic function immune to top-down effects. However, recent research shows that attention is a top-down factor that has a critical influence on the identification of threat-related targets. In this paper we show that detection of motion-based threats is attention sensitive when surveillance images are obscured by other movements, when they are visually degraded, when other stimuli or tasks compete for attention, or when low-probability threats must be watched for over long periods of time—all features typical of operational security settings. Neuroimaging studies reveal that action understanding recruits a distributed network of brain regions, including the superior temporal cortex, intraparietal cortex, and inferior frontal cortex. Within this network, attention modulates activation of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and middle temporal gyrus. The dorsal frontoparietal network may provide the source of attention-modulation signals to action representation areas. Stimulation of this attention network should therefore enhance threat detection. We show that transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) at 2 mA accelerates perceptual learning of participants performing a challenging threat-detection task. Together, cognitive, neuroimaging, and brain stimulation studies provide converging evidence for the critical role of attention in the detection and understanding of threat-related intentional actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Parasuraman
- Center of Excellence in Neuroergonomics, Technology and Cognition, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
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49
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Di Stasi LL, McCamy MB, Catena A, Macknik SL, Cañas JJ, Martinez-Conde S. Microsaccade and drift dynamics reflect mental fatigue. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2389-98. [PMID: 23675850 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our eyes are always in motion. Even during periods of relative fixation we produce so-called 'fixational eye movements', which include microsaccades, drift and tremor. Mental fatigue can modulate saccade dynamics, but its effects on microsaccades and drift are unknown. Here we asked human subjects to perform a prolonged and demanding visual search task (a simplified air traffic control task), with two difficulty levels, under both free-viewing and fixation conditions. Saccadic and microsaccadic velocity decreased with time-on-task whereas drift velocity increased, suggesting that ocular instability increases with mental fatigue. Task difficulty did not influence eye movements despite affecting reaction times, performance errors and subjective complexity ratings. We propose that variations in eye movement dynamics with time-on-task are consistent with the activation of the brain's sleep centers in correlation with mental fatigue. Covariation of saccadic and microsaccadic parameters moreover supports the hypothesis of a common generator for microsaccades and saccades. We conclude that changes in fixational and saccadic dynamics can indicate mental fatigue due to time-on-task, irrespective of task complexity. These findings suggest that fixational eye movement dynamics have the potential to signal the nervous system's activation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro L Di Stasi
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
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50
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Voytek B, Gazzaley A. Stimulating the aging brain. Ann Neurol 2013; 73:1-3. [PMID: 23378322 DOI: 10.1002/ana.23790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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