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Hirabayashi T, Nagai Y, Hori Y, Hori Y, Oyama K, Mimura K, Miyakawa N, Iwaoki H, Inoue KI, Suhara T, Takada M, Higuchi M, Minamimoto T. Multiscale chemogenetic dissection of fronto-temporal top-down regulation for object memory in primates. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5369. [PMID: 38987235 PMCID: PMC11237144 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Visual object memory is a fundamental element of various cognitive abilities, and the underlying neural mechanisms have been extensively examined especially in the anterior temporal cortex of primates. However, both macroscopic large-scale functional network in which this region is embedded and microscopic neuron-level dynamics of top-down regulation it receives for object memory remains elusive. Here, we identified the orbitofrontal node as a critical partner of the anterior temporal node for object memory by combining whole-brain functional imaging during rest and a short-term object memory task in male macaques. Focal chemogenetic silencing of the identified orbitofrontal node downregulated both the local orbitofrontal and remote anterior temporal nodes during the task, in association with deteriorated mnemonic, but not perceptual, performance. Furthermore, imaging-guided neuronal recordings in the same monkeys during the same task causally revealed that orbitofrontal top-down modulation enhanced stimulus-selective mnemonic signal in individual anterior temporal neurons while leaving bottom-up perceptual signal unchanged. Furthermore, similar activity difference was also observed between correct and mnemonic error trials before silencing, suggesting its behavioral relevance. These multifaceted but convergent results provide a multiscale causal understanding of dynamic top-down regulation of the anterior temporal cortex along the ventral fronto-temporal network underpinning short-term object memory in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Hirabayashi
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Yuji Nagai
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yuki Hori
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kei Oyama
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Mimura
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Naohisa Miyakawa
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Iwaoki
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Inoue
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Suhara
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiko Takada
- Center for the Evolutionary Origins of Human Behavior, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Makoto Higuchi
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takafumi Minamimoto
- Advanced Neuroimaging Center, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
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Sloane KL, Hamilton RH. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Ameliorate Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment. Brain Sci 2024; 14:614. [PMID: 38928614 PMCID: PMC11202055 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14060614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a common and disabling condition with few effective therapeutic options. After stroke, neural reorganization and other neuroplastic processes occur in response to ischemic injury, which can result in clinical improvement through spontaneous recovery. Neuromodulation through transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising intervention to augment underlying neuroplasticity in order to improve cognitive function. This form of neuromodulation leverages mechanisms of neuroplasticity post-stroke to optimize neural reorganization and improve function. In this review, we summarize the current state of cognitive neurorehabilitation post-stroke, the practical features of tDCS, its uses in stroke-related cognitive impairment across cognitive domains, and special considerations for the use of tDCS in the post-stroke patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Sloane
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Roy H. Hamilton
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Khandelwal P, Duong MT, Sadaghiani S, Lim S, Denning AE, Chung E, Ravikumar S, Arezoumandan S, Peterson C, Bedard M, Capp N, Ittyerah R, Migdal E, Choi G, Kopp E, Loja B, Hasan E, Li J, Bahena A, Prabhakaran K, Mizsei G, Gabrielyan M, Schuck T, Trotman W, Robinson J, Ohm DT, Lee EB, Trojanowski JQ, McMillan C, Grossman M, Irwin DJ, Detre JA, Tisdall MD, Das SR, Wisse LEM, Wolk DA, Yushkevich PA. Automated deep learning segmentation of high-resolution 7 Tesla postmortem MRI for quantitative analysis of structure-pathology correlations in neurodegenerative diseases. IMAGING NEUROSCIENCE (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 2:1-30. [PMID: 39301426 PMCID: PMC11409836 DOI: 10.1162/imag_a_00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Postmortem MRI allows brain anatomy to be examined at high resolution and to link pathology measures with morphometric measurements. However, automated segmentation methods for brain mapping in postmortem MRI are not well developed, primarily due to limited availability of labeled datasets, and heterogeneity in scanner hardware and acquisition protocols. In this work, we present a high-resolution dataset of 135 postmortem human brain tissue specimens imaged at 0.3 mm3 isotropic using a T2w sequence on a 7T whole-body MRI scanner. We developed a deep learning pipeline to segment the cortical mantle by benchmarking the performance of nine deep neural architectures, followed by post-hoc topological correction. We evaluate the reliability of this pipeline via overlap metrics with manual segmentation in 6 specimens, and intra-class correlation between cortical thickness measures extracted from the automatic segmentation and expert-generated reference measures in 36 specimens. We also segment four subcortical structures (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus), white matter hyperintensities, and the normal appearing white matter, providing a limited evaluation of accuracy. We show generalizing capabilities across whole-brain hemispheres in different specimens, and also on unseen images acquired at 0.28 mm3 and 0.16 mm3 isotropic T2*w fast low angle shot (FLASH) sequence at 7T. We report associations between localized cortical thickness and volumetric measurements across key regions, and semi-quantitative neuropathological ratings in a subset of 82 individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) continuum diagnoses. Our code, Jupyter notebooks, and the containerized executables are publicly available at the project webpage (https://pulkit-khandelwal.github.io/exvivo-brain-upenn/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulkit Khandelwal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Tran Duong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shokufeh Sadaghiani
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sydney Lim
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda E. Denning
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eunice Chung
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sadhana Ravikumar
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sanaz Arezoumandan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claire Peterson
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Madigan Bedard
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Noah Capp
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ranjit Ittyerah
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elyse Migdal
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Emily Kopp
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bridget Loja
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Eusha Hasan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jiacheng Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Alejandra Bahena
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karthik Prabhakaran
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Gabor Mizsei
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marianna Gabrielyan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Theresa Schuck
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Winifred Trotman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Robinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Daniel T. Ohm
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Edward B. Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Corey McMillan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Murray Grossman
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - David J. Irwin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - John A. Detre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - M. Dylan Tisdall
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sandhitsu R. Das
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - David A. Wolk
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Paul A. Yushkevich
- Penn Image Computing and Science Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Liu Y, Yang L, Yan H, Feng C, Jiang W, Li W, Lei Y, Pang L, Liang M, Guo W, Luo S. Increased functional connectivity coupling with supplementary motor area in blepharospasm at rest. Brain Res 2023; 1817:148469. [PMID: 37355150 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the abnormalities of brain function in blepharospasm (BSP) and to illustrate its neural mechanisms by assuming supplementary motor area (SMA) as the entry point. METHODS Twenty-five patients with BSP and 23 controls underwent resting-state functional MRI, seed-based functional connectivity (FC), correlation analysis, receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis, and support vector machine (SVM) were applied to process the data. RESULTS Patients showed that the left medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), left lingual gyrus, right cerebellar crus I, and right lingual gyrus/cerebellar crus I had enhanced FC with the left SMA, whereas the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) had enhanced FC with the right SMA relative to controls. The FC between the left MPFC and left SMA was positively correlated with symptomatic severity. The ROC analysis verified that the abnormal FCs demonstrated in this study can separate patients and controls at high sensitivity and specificity. SVM analysis exhibited that combined FCs of the left SMA were optimal for distinguishing patients and control group at the accuracy of 89.58%, with sensitivity of 92.00% and specificity of 86.96%. CONCLUSIONS Several brain networks partake in the neurobiology of BSP. SMA plays a vital role in several brain networks and might be the key pathogenic factor in BSP. SIGNIFICANCE Providing novel evidence for the engagement of the MPFC in the motor symptoms of BSP, enhancing credibility of the thesis that SMA regulates the neurobiology of BSP, and providing ideas of screening susceptible population of BSP using neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China; Department of Neurology, Yancheng City No. 1 People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Haohao Yan
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Changqiang Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenyan Jiang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenmei Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Yiwu Lei
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Lulu Pang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Meilan Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Wenbin Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, and National Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
| | - Shuguang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China.
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Michalko D, Marko M, Riečanský I. Response modularity moderates how executive control aids fluent semantic memory retrieval. Memory 2023:1-8. [PMID: 36945859 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2023.2191902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTEmerging work in semantic cognition has begun to elucidate the interaction between the structure of semantic memory and processes mediating goal-directed memory retrieval. Despite having essential implications for basic and applied research, these objectives remain neglected in both the assessment and interpretation of semantic verbal fluency (SVF) tasks. To test the association between semantic structure and the controlled processes underlying verbal fluency, we assessed how the degree of partitioning (modularity) of SVF responses into semantic clusters moderates the relationship of retrieval fluency with working memory and interference control capacities. We found that working memory capacity predicted retrieval fluency in individuals whose SVF responses were arranged in fine-grained semantic clusters (high modularity), whereas interference control was more predictive of retrieval fluency for individuals who delivered responses of low modularity. Our data support the presumed role of working memory and interference control in SVF and provide novel evidence that relative demands on these capacities are predicted by the organisation of semantic knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drahomír Michalko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Eick CM, Ambrus GG, Kovács G. Inhibition of the occipital face area modulates the electrophysiological signals of face familiarity: A combined cTBS-EEG study. Cortex 2021; 141:156-167. [PMID: 34052777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The occipital face area (OFA) is hierarchically one of the first stages of the face processing network. It has originally been thought to be involved in early, structural processing steps, but currently more and more studies challenge this view and propose that it also takes part in higher level face processing, such as identification and recognition. Here we tested whether the OFA is involved in the initial steps of recognition memory and plays a causal role in the differential processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces. We used an offline, inhibitory continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS) protocol over the right OFA and the vertex as control site. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recording of event-related potentials (ERPs), elicited by visually presented familiar (famous) and unfamiliar faces was performed before and after stimulation. We observed a difference in ERPs for famous and unfamiliar faces in a time-window corresponding to the N250 component. Importantly, this difference was significantly increased by cTBS of the right OFA, suggesting its causal role in the differential processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces. The enhancement occurred focally, at electrodes close to the right hemispheric cTBS site, as well as over similar occipito-temporal sites of the contralateral hemisphere. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing the causal role of the rOFA in the differential processing of familiar and unfamiliar faces, using combined cTBS and EEG recording methods. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of familiar face representations, supported by an extensive, bilateral network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta M Eick
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany.
| | - Géza G Ambrus
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neurosciences, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany
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7
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Lo SY, King JT, Lin CT. How Does Gender Stereotype Affect the Memory of Advertisements? A Behavioral and Electroencephalography Study. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1580. [PMID: 32765363 PMCID: PMC7381247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown equivocal results about whether atypical or unusual events, compared with typical ones, facilitate or inhibit memory. We suspect that the indefinite findings could be partly due to the recall task used in these studies, as the participants might have used inference instead of recall in their responses. In the present study, we tested the recognition memory for real (Experiment 1) and fabricated (Experiment 2) advertisements, which could be congruent or incongruent with gender stereotypes. In congruent advertisements, a female endorser presented a traditionally considered feminine product or a male endorser presented a traditionally considered masculine product, whereas the gender-product type matching reversed in incongruent advertisements. The results of both behavioral experiments revealed that the participants’ memory performance for stereotype-incongruent advertisements was higher than for congruent ones. In the event-related potential (ERP) recordings in Experiment 3, larger positive amplitudes were found for stereotype-incongruent advertisements than for congruent advertisements on the left parietal sites, suggesting a deeper encoding process for stereotype-incongruent information than for stereotype-congruent information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yu Lo
- Institute of Communication Studies, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tai King
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Teng Lin
- CIBCI Lab, Australia Artificial Intelligence Institute (AAII), FEIT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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The occipital face area is causally involved in identity-related visual-semantic associations. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1483-1493. [PMID: 32342226 PMCID: PMC7286950 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02068-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Faces are processed in a network of areas within regions of the ventral visual stream. However, familiar faces typically are characterized by additional associated information, such as episodic memories or semantic biographical information as well. The acquisition of such non-sensory, identity-specific knowledge plays a crucial role in our ability to recognize and identify someone we know. The occipital face area (OFA), an early part of the core face-processing network, is recently found to be involved in the formation of identity-specific memory traces but it is currently unclear if this role is limited to unimodal visual information. The current experiments used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test whether the OFA is involved in the association of a face with identity-specific semantic information, such as the name or job title of a person. We applied an identity-learning task where unfamiliar faces were presented together with a name and a job title in the first encoding phase. Simultaneously, TMS pulses were applied either to the left or right OFA or to Cz, as a control. In the subsequent retrieval phase, the previously seen faces were presented either with two names or with two job titles and the task of the participants was to select the semantic information previously learned. We found that the stimulation of the right or left OFA reduced subsequent retrieval performance for the face-associated job titles. This suggests a causal role of the OFA in the association of faces and related semantic information. Furthermore, in contrast to prior findings, we did not observe hemispherical differences of the TMS intervention, suggesting a similar role of the left and right OFAs in the formation of the visual-semantic associations. Our results suggest the necessity to reconsider the hierarchical face-perception models and support the distributed and recurrent models.
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Vitkovitch M, Batool Ghadiri T, Hersi F. Word naming slows picture naming but does not affect cumulative semantic interference. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2019; 195:30-38. [PMID: 30870743 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments are reported which investigate the effect of processing words prior to naming target pictures. In Experiment 1, participants named (read aloud) sequences of five printed prime words and five target pictures from the same semantic category, and also sequences of five prime words from a different unrelated semantic category to the five related target pictures. Picture and words were interleaved, with two unrelated filler stimuli in between prime and target stimuli (i.e. a lag of 3 between primes and targets). Results showed that across the five target picture naming trials (i.e. across ordinal position of picture), picture naming times increased linearly, replicating the cumulative semantic interference (CSI) effect (e.g., Howard, Nickels, Coltheart, & Cole-Virtue, 2006). Related prime words slowed picture naming, replicating the effects found in paired word prime and picture target studies (e.g., Tree & Hirsh, 2003). However, the naming of the five related prime words did not modify the picture naming CSI effect, with this null result converging with findings from a different word and picture design (e.g., Navarrete, Mahon, & Caramazza, 2010). In Experiment 2, participants categorised the prime word stimuli as manmade versus natural, so that words were more fully processed at a conceptual level. The interaction between word prime relatedness and ordinal position of the named target picture was significant. These results are consistent with adjustments at the conceptual level (Belke, 2013; Roelofs, 2018) which last over several trials at least. By contrast, we conclude that the distinct word-to-picture naming interference effect from Experiment 1 must originate outside of the conceptual level and outside of the mappings between semantics and lexical representations. We discuss the results with reference to recent theoretical accounts of the CSI picture naming effect and word naming models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Falis Hersi
- University of East London, Water Lane, London E15 4LZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Weiss F, Greenlee MW, Volberg G. Gray Bananas and a Red Letter A - From Synesthetic Sensation to Memory Colors. Iperception 2018; 9:2041669518777515. [PMID: 29899968 PMCID: PMC5985554 DOI: 10.1177/2041669518777515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Grapheme-color synesthesia is a condition in which objectively achromatic graphemes induce concurrent color experiences. While it was long thought that the colors emerge during perception, there is growing support for the view that colors are integral to synesthetes' cognitive representations of graphemes. In this work, we review evidence for two opposing theories positing either a perceptual or cognitive origin of concurrent colors: the cross-activation theory and the conceptual-mediation model. The review covers results on inducer and concurrent color processing as well as findings concerning the brain structure and grapheme-color mappings in synesthetes and trained mappings in nonsynesthetes. The results support different aspects of both theories. Finally, we discuss how research on memory colors could provide a new perspective in the debate about the level of processing at which the synesthetic colors occur.
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