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Lin L, Qing W, Huang Y, Ye F, Rong W, Li W, Jiao J, Hu X. Comparison of Immediate Neuromodulatory Effects between Focal Vibratory and Electrical Sensory Stimulations after Stroke. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:286. [PMID: 38534560 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Focal vibratory stimulation (FVS) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) are promising technologies for sensory rehabilitation after stroke. However, the differences between these techniques in immediate neuromodulatory effects on the poststroke cortex are not yet fully understood. In this research, cortical responses in persons with chronic stroke (n = 15) and unimpaired controls (n = 15) were measured by whole-brain electroencephalography (EEG) when FVS and NMES at different intensities were applied transcutaneously to the forearm muscles. Both FVS and sensory-level NMES induced alpha and beta oscillations in the sensorimotor cortex after stroke, significantly exceeding baseline levels (p < 0.05). These oscillations exhibited bilateral sensory deficiency, early adaptation, and contralesional compensation compared to the control group. FVS resulted in a significantly faster P300 response (p < 0.05) and higher theta oscillation (p < 0.05) compared to NMES. The beta desynchronization over the contralesional frontal-parietal area remained during NMES (p > 0.05), but it was significantly weakened during FVS (p < 0.05) after stroke. The results indicated that both FVS and NMES effectively activated the sensorimotor cortex after stroke. However, FVS was particularly effective in eliciting transient involuntary attention, while NMES primarily fostered the cortical responses of the targeted muscles in the contralesional motor cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Legeng Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wanyi Qing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanhuan Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fuqiang Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Rong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Waiming Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoling Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Institute for Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience (UBSN), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Joint Research Centre for Biosensing and Precision Theranostics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre on Data Science and Artificial Intelligence, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Vidaurre C, Irastorza-Landa N, Sarasola-Sanz A, Insausti-Delgado A, Ray AM, Bibián C, Helmhold F, Mahmoud WJ, Ortego-Isasa I, López-Larraz E, Lozano Peiteado H, Ramos-Murguialday A. Challenges of neural interfaces for stroke motor rehabilitation. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1070404. [PMID: 37789905 PMCID: PMC10543821 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1070404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 85% of stroke survivors suffer from different degrees of disability for the rest of their lives. They will require support that can vary from occasional to full time assistance. These conditions are also associated to an enormous economic impact for their families and health care systems. Current rehabilitation treatments have limited efficacy and their long-term effect is controversial. Here we review different challenges related to the design and development of neural interfaces for rehabilitative purposes. We analyze current bibliographic evidence of the effect of neuro-feedback in functional motor rehabilitation of stroke patients. We highlight the potential of these systems to reconnect brain and muscles. We also describe all aspects that should be taken into account to restore motor control. Our aim with this work is to help researchers designing interfaces that demonstrate and validate neuromodulation strategies to enforce a contingent and functional neural linkage between the central and the peripheral nervous system. We thus give clues to design systems that can improve or/and re-activate neuroplastic mechanisms and open a new recovery window for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vidaurre
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque Science Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Andreas M. Ray
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carlos Bibián
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Helmhold
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wala J. Mahmoud
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Iñaki Ortego-Isasa
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Larraz
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bitbrain, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), San Sebastian, Spain
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Yakovlev L, Syrov N, Kaplan A. Investigating the influence of functional electrical stimulation on motor imagery related μ-rhythm suppression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1202951. [PMID: 37492407 PMCID: PMC10365101 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1202951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Motor Imagery (MI) is a well-known cognitive technique that utilizes the same neural circuits as voluntary movements. Therefore, MI practice is widely used in sport training and post-stroke rehabilitation. The suppression of the μ-rhythm in electroencephalogram (EEG) is a conventional marker of sensorimotor cortical activation during motor imagery. However, the role of somatosensory afferentation in mental imagery processes is not yet clear. In this study, we investigated the impact of functional electrical stimulation (FES) on μ-rhythm suppression during motor imagery. Methods Thirteen healthy experienced participants were asked to imagine their right hand grasping, while a 30-channel EEG was recorded. FES was used to influence sensorimotor activation during motor imagery of the same hand. Results We evaluated cortical activation by estimating the μ-rhythm suppression index, which was assessed in three experimental conditions: MI, MI + FES, and FES. Our findings shows that motor imagery enhanced by FES leads to a more prominent μ-rhythm suppression. Obtained results suggest a direct effect of peripheral electrical stimulation on cortical activation, especially when combined with motor imagery. Conclusion This research sheds light on the potential benefits of integrating FES into motor imagery-based interventions to enhance cortical activation and holds promise for applications in neurorehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lev Yakovlev
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Baltic Center for Neurotechnology and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Nikolay Syrov
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Kaplan
- Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology and Neuro-Computer Interfaces, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Batistić L, Sušanj D, Pinčić D, Ljubic S. Motor Imagery Classification Based on EEG Sensing with Visual and Vibrotactile Guidance. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115064. [PMID: 37299791 DOI: 10.3390/s23115064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is a technique of imagining the performance of a motor task without actually using the muscles. When employed in a brain-computer interface (BCI) supported by electroencephalographic (EEG) sensors, it can be used as a successful method of human-computer interaction. In this paper, the performance of six different classifiers, namely linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and three classifiers from the family of convolutional neural networks (CNN), is evaluated using EEG MI datasets. The study investigates the effectiveness of these classifiers on MI, guided by a static visual cue, dynamic visual guidance, and a combination of dynamic visual and vibrotactile (somatosensory) guidance. The effect of filtering passband during data preprocessing was also investigated. The results show that the ResNet-based CNN significantly outperforms the competing classifiers on both vibrotactile and visually guided data when detecting different directions of MI. Preprocessing the data using low-frequency signal features proves to be a better solution to achieve higher classification accuracy. It has also been shown that vibrotactile guidance has a significant impact on classification accuracy, with the associated improvement particularly evident for architecturally simpler classifiers. These findings have important implications for the development of EEG-based BCIs, as they provide valuable insight into the suitability of different classifiers for different contexts of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Batistić
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Diego Sušanj
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Domagoj Pinčić
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Sandi Ljubic
- University of Rijeka, Faculty of Engineering, Vukovarska 58, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejcic 2, HR-51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Zhang L, Chen L, Wang Z, Zhang X, Liu X, Ming D. Enhancing Visual-Guided Motor Imagery Performance via Sensory Threshold Somatosensory Electrical Stimulation Training. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:756-765. [PMID: 36037456 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2022.3202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Motor imagery (MI) based brain- computer interface (BCI) has been widely studied as an effective way to enhance motor learning and promote motor recovery. However, the accuracy of MI-BCI heavily depends on whether subjects can perform MI tasks correctly, which largely limits the general application of MI-BCI. To overcome this limitation, a training strategy based on the combination of MI and sensory threshold somatosensory electrical stimulation (MI+st-SES) is proposed in this study. METHODS Thirty healthy subjects were recruited and randomly divided into SES group and control group. Both groups performed left-hand and right-hand MI tasks in three consecutive blocks. The main difference between two groups lies in the second block, where subjects in SES group received the st-SES during MI tasks whereas the control group performed MI tasks only. RESULTS The results showed that the SES group had a significant improvement in event-related desynchronization (ERD) of alpha rhythm after the training session of MI+st-SES (left-hand: F(2,27) = 9.98, p<0.01; right-hand: F(2, 27) = 10.43, p<0.01). The classification accuracy between left- and right-hand MI in the SES group was also significantly improved following MI+st-SES training (F(2,27) = 6.46, p<0.01). In contrary, there was no significant difference between the first and third blocks in the control group (F(2,27) = 0.18, p = 0.84). The functional connectivity based on weighted pairwise phase consistency (wPPC) over the sensorimotor area also showed an increase after the MI+st-SES training. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicate that training based on MI+st-SES is a promising way to foster MI performance and assist subjects in achieving efficient BCI control.
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Guo T, Chang YC, Li L, Dokos S, Li L. Editorial: Advances in bioelectronics and stimulation strategies for next generation neuroprosthetics. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1116900. [PMID: 36704005 PMCID: PMC9872720 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1116900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tianruo Guo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yao-chuan Chang
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States,Medtronic PLC, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Luming Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Neuromodulation, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Precision Medicine and Healthcare Research Center, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Socrates Dokos
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Liming Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Liming Li ✉
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Cho W, Vidaurre C, An J, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A. Cortical processing during robot and functional electrical stimulation. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1045396. [PMID: 37025164 PMCID: PMC10070684 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1045396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Like alpha rhythm, the somatosensory mu rhythm is suppressed in the presence of somatosensory inputs by implying cortical excitation. Sensorimotor rhythm (SMR) can be classified into two oscillatory frequency components: mu rhythm (8-13 Hz) and beta rhythm (14-25 Hz). The suppressed/enhanced SMR is a neural correlate of cortical activation related to efferent and afferent movement information. Therefore, it would be necessary to understand cortical information processing in diverse movement situations for clinical applications. Methods In this work, the EEG of 10 healthy volunteers was recorded while fingers were moved passively under different kinetic and kinematic conditions for proprioceptive stimulation. For the kinetics aspect, afferent brain activity (no simultaneous volition) was compared under two conditions of finger extension: (1) generated by an orthosis and (2) generated by the orthosis simultaneously combined and assisted with functional electrical stimulation (FES) applied at the forearm muscles related to finger extension. For the kinematic aspect, the finger extension was divided into two phases: (1) dynamic extension and (2) static extension (holding the extended position). Results In the kinematic aspect, both mu and beta rhythms were more suppressed during a dynamic than a static condition. However, only the mu rhythm showed a significant difference between kinetic conditions (with and without FES) affected by attention to proprioception after transitioning from dynamic to static state, but the beta rhythm was not. Discussion Our results indicate that mu rhythm was influenced considerably by muscle kinetics during finger movement produced by external devices, which has relevant implications for the design of neuromodulation and neurorehabilitation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woosang Cho
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- g.tec Medical Engineering GmbH, Schiedlberg, Austria
- *Correspondence: Woosang Cho,
| | - Carmen Vidaurre
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Neurotechnology Laboratory, San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque-Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jinung An
- Interdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Niels Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- San Camillo Hospital, Institute for Hospitalization and Scientific Care, Venice Lido, Italy
| | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Neurotechnology Laboratory, San Sebastián, Spain
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Hsieh JC, Alawieh H, Li Y, Iwane F, Zhao L, Anderson R, Abdullah S, Kevin Tang KW, Wang W, Pyatnitskiy I, Jia Y, Millán JDR, Wang H. A highly stable electrode with low electrode-skin impedance for wearable brain-computer interface. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Le Franc S, Herrera Altamira G, Guillen M, Butet S, Fleck S, Lécuyer A, Bougrain L, Bonan I. Toward an Adapted Neurofeedback for Post-stroke Motor Rehabilitation: State of the Art and Perspectives. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:917909. [PMID: 35911589 PMCID: PMC9332194 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.917909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a severe health issue, and motor recovery after stroke remains an important challenge in the rehabilitation field. Neurofeedback (NFB), as part of a brain–computer interface, is a technique for modulating brain activity using on-line feedback that has proved to be useful in motor rehabilitation for the chronic stroke population in addition to traditional therapies. Nevertheless, its use and applications in the field still leave unresolved questions. The brain pathophysiological mechanisms after stroke remain partly unknown, and the possibilities for intervention on these mechanisms to promote cerebral plasticity are limited in clinical practice. In NFB motor rehabilitation, the aim is to adapt the therapy to the patient’s clinical context using brain imaging, considering the time after stroke, the localization of brain lesions, and their clinical impact, while taking into account currently used biomarkers and technical limitations. These modern techniques also allow a better understanding of the physiopathology and neuroplasticity of the brain after stroke. We conducted a narrative literature review of studies using NFB for post-stroke motor rehabilitation. The main goal was to decompose all the elements that can be modified in NFB therapies, which can lead to their adaptation according to the patient’s context and according to the current technological limits. Adaptation and individualization of care could derive from this analysis to better meet the patients’ needs. We focused on and highlighted the various clinical and technological components considering the most recent experiments. The second goal was to propose general recommendations and enhance the limits and perspectives to improve our general knowledge in the field and allow clinical applications. We highlighted the multidisciplinary approach of this work by combining engineering abilities and medical experience. Engineering development is essential for the available technological tools and aims to increase neuroscience knowledge in the NFB topic. This technological development was born out of the real clinical need to provide complementary therapeutic solutions to a public health problem, considering the actual clinical context of the post-stroke patient and the practical limits resulting from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Le Franc
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Hybrid Team, Inria, University of Rennes, Irisa, UMR CNRS 6074, Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Salomé Le Franc,
| | | | - Maud Guillen
- Hybrid Team, Inria, University of Rennes, Irisa, UMR CNRS 6074, Rennes, France
- Neurology Unit, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Simon Butet
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Empenn Unit U1228, Inserm, Inria, University of Rennes, Irisa, UMR CNRS 6074, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Fleck
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LORIA, Nancy, France
- EA7312 Laboratoire de Psychologie Ergonomique et Sociale pour l’Expérience Utilisateurs (PERSEUS), Metz, France
| | - Anatole Lécuyer
- Hybrid Team, Inria, University of Rennes, Irisa, UMR CNRS 6074, Rennes, France
| | | | - Isabelle Bonan
- Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Rennes, Rennes, France
- Empenn Unit U1228, Inserm, Inria, University of Rennes, Irisa, UMR CNRS 6074, Rennes, France
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Perez-Velasco S, Santamaria-Vazquez E, Martinez-Cagigal V, Marcos-Martinez D, Hornero R. EEGSym: Overcoming Inter-Subject Variability in Motor Imagery Based BCIs With Deep Learning. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:1766-1775. [PMID: 35759578 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3186442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present a new Deep Learning (DL) architecture for Motor Imagery (MI) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) called EEGSym. Our implementation aims to improve previous state-of-the-art performances on MI classification by overcoming inter-subject variability and reducing BCI inefficiency, which has been estimated to affect 10-50% of the population. This convolutional neural network includes the use of inception modules, residual connections and a design that introduces the symmetry of the brain through the mid-sagittal plane into the network architecture. It is complemented with a data augmentation technique that improves the generalization of the model and with the use of transfer learning across different datasets. We compare EEGSym's performance on inter-subject MI classification with ShallowConvNet, DeepConvNet, EEGNet and EEG-Inception. This comparison is performed on 5 publicly available datasets that include left or right hand motor imagery of 280 subjects. This population is the largest that has been evaluated in similar studies to date. EEGSym significantly outperforms the baseline models reaching accuracies of 88.6±9.0 on Physionet, 83.3±9.3 on OpenBMI, 85.1±9.5 on Kaya2018, 87.4±8.0 on Meng2019 and 90.2±6.5 on Stieger2021. At the same time, it allows 95.7% of the tested population (268 out of 280 users) to reach BCI control (≥70% accuracy). Furthermore, these results are achieved using only 16 electrodes of the more than 60 available on some datasets. Our implementation of EEGSym, which includes new advances for EEG processing with DL, outperforms previous state-of-the-art approaches on inter-subject MI classification.
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McGeady C, Vučković A, Singh Tharu N, Zheng YP, Alam M. Brain-Computer Interface Priming for Cervical Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation Therapy: An Exploratory Case Study. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:896766. [PMID: 36188944 PMCID: PMC9397879 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.896766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Loss of arm and hand function is one of the most devastating consequences of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Although some residual functional neurons often pass the site of injury, recovery after SCI is extremely limited. Recent efforts have aimed to augment traditional rehabilitation by combining exercise-based training with techniques such as transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS), and movement priming. Such methods have been linked with elevated corticospinal excitability, and enhanced neuroplastic effects following activity-based therapy. In the present study, we investigated the potential for facilitating tSCS-based exercise-training with brain-computer interface (BCI) motor priming. An individual with chronic AIS A cervical SCI with both sensory and motor complete tetraplegia participated in a two-phase cross-over intervention whereby they engaged in 15 sessions of intensive tSCS-mediated hand training for 1 h, 3 times/week, followed by a two week washout period, and a further 15 sessions of tSCS training with bimanual BCI motor priming preceding each session. We found using the Graded Redefined Assessment for Strength, Sensibility, and Prehension that the participant's arm and hand function improved considerably across each phase of the study: from 96/232 points at baseline, to 117/232 after tSCS training alone, and to 131/232 points after BCI priming with tSCS training, reflecting improved strength, sensation, and gross and fine motor skills. Improved motor scores and heightened perception to sharp sensations improved the neurological level of injury from C4 to C5 following training and improvements were generally maintained four weeks after the final training session. Although functional improvements were similar regardless of the presence of BCI priming, there was a moderate improvement of bilateral strength only when priming preceded tSCS training, perhaps suggesting a benefit of motor priming for tSCS training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciarán McGeady
- Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Vučković
- Centre for Rehabilitation Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Niraj Singh Tharu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong-Ping Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Monzurul Alam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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12
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Chen L, Zhang L, Wang Z, Gu B, Zhang X, Ming D. The Effects of Sensory Threshold Somatosensory Electrical Stimulation on Users With Different MI-BCI Performance. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:909434. [PMID: 35784856 PMCID: PMC9247255 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.909434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery-based brain-computer interface (MI-BCI) has been largely studied to improve motor learning and promote motor recovery. However, the difficulty in performing MI limits the widespread application of MI-BCI. It has been suggested that the usage of sensory threshold somatosensory electrical stimulation (st-SES) is a promising way to guide participants on MI tasks, but it is still unclear whether st-SES is effective for all users. In the present study, we aimed to examine the effects of st-SES on the MI-BCI performance in two BCI groups (High Performers and Low Performers). Twenty healthy participants were recruited to perform MI and resting tasks with EEG recordings. These tasks were modulated with or without st-SES. We demonstrated that st-SES improved the performance of MI-BCI in the Low Performers, but led to a decrease in the accuracy of MI-BCI in the High Performers. Furthermore, for the Low Performers, the combination of st-SES and MI resulted in significantly greater event-related desynchronization (ERD) and sample entropy of sensorimotor rhythm than MI alone. However, the ERD and sample entropy values of MI did not change significantly during the st-SES intervention in the High Performers. Moreover, we found that st-SES had an effect on the functional connectivity of the fronto-parietal network in the alpha band of Low Performers and the beta band of High Performers, respectively. Our results demonstrated that somatosensory input based on st-SES was only beneficial for sensorimotor cortical activation and MI-BCI performance in the Low Performers, but not in the High Performers. These findings help to optimize guidance strategies to adapt to different categories of users in the practical application of MI-BCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongpeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Ming
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instruments & Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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13
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Geng Y, Qin L, Li Y, Yu Z, Li L, Asogbon MG, Zhan Y, Yan N, Guo X, Li G. Identifying Oscillations under Multi-site Sensory Stimulation for High-level Peripheral Nerve Injured Patients:A Pilot Study. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35580572 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac7079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For high-level peripheral nerve injured (PNI) patients with severe sensory dysfunction of upper extremities, identifying the multi-site tactile stimulation is of great importance to provide neurorehabilitation with sensory feedback. In this pilot study, we showed the feasibility of identifying multi-site and multi-intensity tactile stimulation in terms of electroencephalography (EEG). APPROACH Three high-level PNI patients and eight non-PNI participants were recruited in this study. Four different sites over the upper arm, forearm, thumb finger and little finger were randomly stimulated at two intensities (both sensory-level) based on the transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Meanwhile, 64-channel EEG signals were recorded during the passive tactile sense stimulation on each side. MAIN RESULTS The spatial-spectral distribution of brain oscillations underlying multi-site sensory stimulation showed dominant power attenuation over the somatosensory and prefrontal cortices in both alpha-band (8-12 Hz) and beta-band (13-30 Hz). But there was no significant difference among different stimulation sites in terms of the averaged power spectral density over the region of interest (ROI). By further identifying different stimulation sites using temporal-spectral features, we found the classification accuracies were all above 89% for the affected arm of PNI patients, comparable to that from their intact side and that from the non-PNI group. When the stimulation site-intensity combinations were treated as eight separate classes, the classification accuracies were ranging from 88.89% to 99.30% for the affected side of PNI subjects, similar to that from their non-affected side and that from the non-PNI group. Other performance metrics, including Specificity, Precision, and F1-Score, also showed a sound identification performance for both PNI patients and non-PNI subjects. SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that reliable brain oscillations could be evoked and identified well, even though induced tactile sense could not be discerned by the PNI patients. This study have implication for facilitating bidirectional neurorehabilitation systems with sensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjuan Geng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Liuni Qin
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Yongcheng Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Zhebin Yu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Linling Li
- Shenzhen University, 1066 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, 518060, CHINA
| | - Mojisola Grace Asogbon
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Yang Zhan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Nan Yan
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
| | - Xin Guo
- Hebei University of Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China, Tianjin, Tianjin, 300401, CHINA
| | - Guanglin Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Boulevard, University Town of Shenzhen, Xili Nanshan, Shenzhen 518055, China, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, CHINA
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14
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Efthimiou TN, Hanel PHP, Korb S. Volunteers' concerns about facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:117. [PMID: 35526073 PMCID: PMC9080168 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00827-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is the application of an electrical current to the skin to induce muscle contractions and has enormous potential for basic research and clinical intervention in psychology and neuroscience. Because the technique remains largely unknown, and the prospect of receiving electricity to the face can be daunting, willingness to receive facial NMES is likely to be low and gender differences might exist in the amount of concern for the sensation of pain and skin burns. We investigated these questions in 182 healthy participants. The likelihood of taking part (LOTP) in a hypothetical facial NMES study was measured both before and after presenting a detailed vignette about facial NMES including its risks. Results showed that LOTP was generally high and that participants remained more likely to participate than not to, despite a decrease in LOTP after the detailed vignette. LOTP was significantly predicted by participants' previous knowledge about electrical stimulation and their tendency not to worry about the sensations of pain, and it was inversely related to concerns for burns and loss of muscle control. Fear of pain was also inversely related to LOTP, but its effect was mediated by the other concerns. We conclude that willingness to receive facial NMES is generally high across individuals in the studied age range (18-45) and that it is particularly important to reassure participants about facial NMES safety regarding burns and loss of muscle control. The findings are relevant for scholars considering using facial NMES in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul H P Hanel
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sebastian Korb
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ, UK.,Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Effect of Cervical Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation on Sensorimotor Cortical Activity during Upper-Limb Movements in Healthy Individuals. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11041043. [PMID: 35207314 PMCID: PMC8878243 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (tSCS) can improve upper-limb motor function after spinal cord injury. A number of studies have attempted to deduce the corticospinal mechanisms which are modulated following tSCS, with many relying on transcranial magnetic stimulation to provide measures of corticospinal excitability. Other metrics, such as cortical oscillations, may provide an alternative and complementary perspective on the physiological effect of tSCS. Hence, the present study recorded EEG from 30 healthy volunteers to investigate if and how cortical oscillatory dynamics are altered by 10 min of continuous cervical tSCS. Participants performed repetitive upper-limb movements and resting-state tasks while tSCS was delivered to the posterior side of the neck as EEG was recorded simultaneously. The intensity of tSCS was tailored to each participant based on their maximum tolerance (mean: 50 ± 20 mA). A control session was conducted without tSCS. Changes to sensorimotor cortical activity during movement were quantified in terms of event-related (de)synchronisation (ERD/ERS). Our analysis revealed that, on a group level, there was no consistency in terms of the direction of ERD modulation during tSCS, nor was there a dose-effect between tSCS and ERD/ERS. Resting-state oscillatory power was compared before and after tSCS but no statistically significant difference was found in terms of alpha peak frequency or alpha power. However, participants who received the highest stimulation intensities had significantly weakened ERD/ERS (10% ERS) compared to when tSCS was not applied (25% ERD; p = 0.016), suggestive of cortical inhibition. Overall, our results demonstrated that a single 10 min session of tSCS delivered to the cervical region of the spine was not sufficient to induce consistent changes in sensorimotor cortical activity among the entire cohort. However, under high intensities there may be an inhibitory effect at the cortical level. Future work should investigate, with a larger sample size, the effect of session duration and tSCS intensity on cortical oscillations.
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16
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Hehenberger L, Batistic L, Sburlea AI, Müller-Putz GR. Directional Decoding From EEG in a Center-Out Motor Imagery Task With Visual and Vibrotactile Guidance. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:687252. [PMID: 34630055 PMCID: PMC8497713 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.687252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery is a popular technique employed as a motor rehabilitation tool, or to control assistive devices to substitute lost motor function. In both said areas of application, artificial somatosensory input helps to mirror the sensorimotor loop by providing kinesthetic feedback or guidance in a more intuitive fashion than via visual input. In this work, we study directional and movement-related information in electroencephalographic signals acquired during a visually guided center-out motor imagery task in two conditions, i.e., with and without additional somatosensory input in the form of vibrotactile guidance. Imagined movements to the right and forward could be discriminated in low-frequency electroencephalographic amplitudes with group level peak accuracies of 70% with vibrotactile guidance, and 67% without vibrotactile guidance. The peak accuracies with and without vibrotactile guidance were not significantly different. Furthermore, the motor imagery could be classified against a resting baseline with group level accuracies between 76 and 83%, using either low-frequency amplitude features or μ and β power spectral features. On average, accuracies were higher with vibrotactile guidance, while this difference was only significant in the latter set of features. Our findings suggest that directional information in low-frequency electroencephalographic amplitudes is retained in the presence of vibrotactile guidance. Moreover, they hint at an enhancing effect on motor-related μ and β spectral features when vibrotactile guidance is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Hehenberger
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Luka Batistic
- Laboratory for Application of Information Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Computer Engineering, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Andreea I Sburlea
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot R Müller-Putz
- Institute of Neural Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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17
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Kang JH, Kim MW, Park KH, Choi YA. The effects of additional electrical stimulation combined with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and motor imagery on upper extremity motor recovery in the subacute period after stroke: A preliminary study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27170. [PMID: 34477175 PMCID: PMC8416012 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the therapeutic effects of additional electrical stimulation (ES) combined with low frequency (LF)-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and motor imagery (MI) training on upper extremity (UE) motor function following stroke. METHODS The participants with subacute stroke in the experimental group (n = 8) received LF rTMS + MI + active ES interventions, and those in control group (n = 9) received LF rTMS + MI + sham ES interventions. Interventions were performed 5 days a week for 2 weeks, for a total of 10 sessions. All participants were given the same dosage of conventional rehabilitation during the study period. The primary outcome measure was the UE Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA). The secondary outcome measures were the shoulder abduction and finger extension scores, modified Barthel Index, Purdue Pegboard Test, and finger tapping test. All scores were measured before and just after the intervention. RESULTS After the 2-week intervention period, the FMA and modified Barthel Index scores were improved in both groups compared to baseline assessment (P < .001 in the experimental group and P = .008 in the control group). Of note, the change in FMA scores was significantly higher in the experimental group compared with that of the control group (P = .04). CONCLUSION These results suggest that the use of LF rTMS + MI combined with additional ES lead to greater improvement of UE motor function after stroke. As such, this intervention may be a promising adjuvant therapy in UE motor training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Wook Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ha Park
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ah Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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18
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Vidaurre C, Jorajuría T, Ramos-Murguialday A, Müller KR, Gómez M, Nikulin VV. Improving motor imagery classification during induced motor perturbations. J Neural Eng 2021; 18. [PMID: 34233305 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac123f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective.Motor imagery is the mental simulation of movements. It is a common paradigm to design brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) that elicits the modulation of brain oscillatory activity similar to real, passive and induced movements. In this study, we used peripheral stimulation to provoke movements of one limb during the performance of motor imagery tasks. Unlike other works, in which induced movements are used to support the BCI operation, our goal was to test and improve the robustness of motor imagery based BCI systems to perturbations caused by artificially generated movements.Approach.We performed a BCI session with ten participants who carried out motor imagery of three limbs. In some of the trials, one of the arms was moved by neuromuscular stimulation. We analysed 2-class motor imagery classifications with and without movement perturbations. We investigated the performance decrease produced by these disturbances and designed different computational strategies to attenuate the observed classification accuracy drop.Main results.When the movement was induced in a limb not coincident with the motor imagery classes, extracting oscillatory sources of the movement imagination tasks resulted in BCI performance being similar to the control (undisturbed) condition; when the movement was induced in a limb also involved in the motor imagery tasks, the performance drop was significantly alleviated by spatially filtering out the neural noise caused by the stimulation. We also show that the loss of BCI accuracy was accompanied by weaker power of the sensorimotor rhythm. Importantly, this residual power could be used to predict whether a BCI user will perform with sufficient accuracy under the movement disturbances.Significance.We provide methods to ameliorate and even eliminate motor related afferent disturbances during the performance of motor imagery tasks. This can help improving the reliability of current motor imagery based BCI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vidaurre
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.,Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Faculty, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - T Jorajuría
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain.,Both authors contributed equally
| | - A Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute for Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology (IMP), University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Neurotechnology Laboratory, TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - K-R Müller
- Machine Learning Group, Computer Science Faculty, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany.,BIFOLD Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - M Gómez
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - V V Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Simon C, Bolton DAE, Kennedy NC, Soekadar SR, Ruddy KL. Challenges and Opportunities for the Future of Brain-Computer Interface in Neurorehabilitation. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699428. [PMID: 34276299 PMCID: PMC8282929 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) provide a unique technological solution to circumvent the damaged motor system. For neurorehabilitation, the BCI can be used to translate neural signals associated with movement intentions into tangible feedback for the patient, when they are unable to generate functional movement themselves. Clinical interest in BCI is growing rapidly, as it would facilitate rehabilitation to commence earlier following brain damage and provides options for patients who are unable to partake in traditional physical therapy. However, substantial challenges with existing BCI implementations have prevented its widespread adoption. Recent advances in knowledge and technology provide opportunities to facilitate a change, provided that researchers and clinicians using BCI agree on standardisation of guidelines for protocols and shared efforts to uncover mechanisms. We propose that addressing the speed and effectiveness of learning BCI control are priorities for the field, which may be improved by multimodal or multi-stage approaches harnessing more sensitive neuroimaging technologies in the early learning stages, before transitioning to more practical, mobile implementations. Clarification of the neural mechanisms that give rise to improvement in motor function is an essential next step towards justifying clinical use of BCI. In particular, quantifying the unknown contribution of non-motor mechanisms to motor recovery calls for more stringent control conditions in experimental work. Here we provide a contemporary viewpoint on the factors impeding the scalability of BCI. Further, we provide a future outlook for optimal design of the technology to best exploit its unique potential, and best practices for research and reporting of findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Simon
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David A. E. Bolton
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Niamh C. Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Surjo R. Soekadar
- Clinical Neurotechnology Laboratory, Neurowissenschaftliches Forschungszentrum, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kathy L. Ruddy
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience and School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Duan X, Xie S, Xie X, Obermayer K, Cui Y, Wang Z. An Online Data Visualization Feedback Protocol for Motor Imagery-Based BCI Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:625983. [PMID: 34163337 PMCID: PMC8215169 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.625983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-computer interface (BCI) has developed rapidly over the past two decades, mainly due to advancements in machine learning. Subjects must learn to modulate their brain activities to ensure a successful BCI. Feedback training is a practical approach to this learning process; however, the commonly used classifier-dependent approaches have inherent limitations such as the need for calibration and a lack of continuous feedback over long periods of time. This paper proposes an online data visualization feedback protocol that intuitively reflects the EEG distribution in Riemannian geometry in real time. Rather than learning a hyperplane, the Riemannian geometry formulation allows iterative learning of prototypical covariance matrices that are translated into visualized feedback through diffusion map process. Ten subjects were recruited for MI-BCI (motor imagery-BCI) training experiments. The subjects learned to modulate their sensorimotor rhythm to centralize the points within one category and to separate points belonging to different categories. The results show favorable overall training effects in terms of the class distinctiveness and EEG feature discriminancy over a 3-day training with 30% learners. A steadily increased class distinctiveness in the last three sessions suggests that the advanced training protocol is effective. The optimal frequency band was consistent during the 3-day training, and the difference between subjects with good or low MI-BCI performance could be clearly observed. We believe that the proposed feedback protocol has promising application prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Duan
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Songyun Xie
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinzhou Xie
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Klaus Obermayer
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yujie Cui
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
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21
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Arendsen LJ, Guggenberger R, Zimmer M, Weigl T, Gharabaghi A. Peripheral Electrical Stimulation Modulates Cortical Beta-Band Activity. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632234. [PMID: 33867919 PMCID: PMC8044771 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-frequency peripheral electrical stimulation using a matrix electrode (PEMS) modulates spinal nociceptive pathways. However, the effects of this intervention on cortical oscillatory activity have not been assessed yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of low-frequency PEMS (4 Hz) on cortical oscillatory activity in different brain states in healthy pain-free participants. In experiment 1, PEMS was compared to sham stimulation. In experiment 2, motor imagery (MI) was used to modulate the sensorimotor brain state. PEMS was applied either during MI-induced oscillatory desynchronization (concurrent PEMS) or after MI (delayed PEMS) in a cross-over design. For both experiments, PEMS was applied on the left forearm and resting-state electroencephalography (EEG) was recording before and after each stimulation condition. Experiment 1 showed a significant decrease of global resting-state beta power after PEMS compared to sham (p = 0.016), with a median change from baseline of −16% for PEMS and −0.54% for sham. A cluster-based permutation test showed a significant difference in resting-state beta power comparing pre- and post-PEMS (p = 0.018) that was most pronounced over bilateral central and left frontal sensors. Experiment 2 did not identify a significant difference in the change from baseline of global EEG power for concurrent PEMS compared to delayed PEMS. Two cluster-based permutation tests suggested that frontal beta power may be increased following both concurrent and delayed PEMS. This study provides novel evidence for supraspinal effects of low-frequency PEMS and an initial indication that the presence of a cognitive task such as MI may influence the effects of PEMS on beta activity. Chronic pain has been associated with changes in beta activity, in particular an increase of beta power in frontal regions. Thus, brain state-dependent PEMS may offer a novel approach to the treatment of chronic pain. However, further studies are warranted to investigate optimal stimulation conditions to achieve a reduction of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Arendsen
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robert Guggenberger
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Manuela Zimmer
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Weigl
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Institute for Neuromodulation and Neurotechnology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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22
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Yang YJ, Jeon EJ, Kim JS, Chung CK. Characterization of kinesthetic motor imagery compared with visual motor imageries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3751. [PMID: 33580093 PMCID: PMC7881019 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82241-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor imagery (MI) is the only way for disabled subjects to robustly use a robot arm with a brain-machine interface. There are two main types of MI. Kinesthetic motor imagery (KMI) is proprioceptive (OR somato-) sensory imagination and Visual motor imagery (VMI) represents a visualization of the corresponding movement incorporating the visual network. Because these imagery tactics may use different networks, we hypothesized that the connectivity measures could characterize the two imageries better than the local activity. Electroencephalography data were recorded. Subjects performed different conditions, including motor execution (ME), KMI, VMI, and visual observation (VO). We tried to classify the KMI and VMI by conventional power analysis and by the connectivity measures. The mean accuracies of the classification of the KMI and VMI were 98.5% and 99.29% by connectivity measures (alpha and beta, respectively), which were higher than those by the normalized power (p < 0.01, Wilcoxon paired rank test). Additionally, the connectivity patterns were correlated between the ME-KMI and between the VO-VMI. The degree centrality (DC) was significantly higher in the left-S1 at the alpha-band in the KMI than in the VMI. The MI could be well classified because the KMI recruits a similar network to the ME. These findings could contribute to MI training methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Yang
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jeong Jeon
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - June Sic Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,The Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Insausti-Delgado A, López-Larraz E, Omedes J, Ramos-Murguialday A. Intensity and Dose of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation Influence Sensorimotor Cortical Excitability. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:593360. [PMID: 33519355 PMCID: PMC7845652 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.593360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) of the nervous system has been extensively used in neurorehabilitation due to its capacity to engage the muscle fibers, improving muscle tone, and the neural pathways, sending afferent volleys toward the brain. Although different neuroimaging tools suggested the capability of NMES to regulate the excitability of sensorimotor cortex and corticospinal circuits, how the intensity and dose of NMES can neuromodulate the brain oscillatory activity measured with electroencephalography (EEG) is still unknown to date. We quantified the effect of NMES parameters on brain oscillatory activity of 12 healthy participants who underwent stimulation of wrist extensors during rest. Three different NMES intensities were included, two below and one above the individual motor threshold, fixing the stimulation frequency to 35 Hz and the pulse width to 300 μs. Firstly, we efficiently removed stimulation artifacts from the EEG recordings. Secondly, we analyzed the effect of amplitude and dose on the sensorimotor oscillatory activity. On the one hand, we observed a significant NMES intensity-dependent modulation of brain activity, demonstrating the direct effect of afferent receptor recruitment. On the other hand, we described a significant NMES intensity-dependent dose-effect on sensorimotor activity modulation over time, with below-motor-threshold intensities causing cortical inhibition and above-motor-threshold intensities causing cortical facilitation. Our results highlight the relevance of intensity and dose of NMES, and show that these parameters can influence the recruitment of the sensorimotor pathways from the muscle to the brain, which should be carefully considered for the design of novel neuromodulation interventions based on NMES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Insausti-Delgado
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Tübingen, Germany
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eduardo López-Larraz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Bitbrain, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jason Omedes
- Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Informática e Ingeniería de Sistemas (DIIS), University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ander Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Neurotechnology Laboratory, TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
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Vidaurre C, Haufe S, Jorajuría T, Müller KR, Nikulin VV. Sensorimotor Functional Connectivity: A Neurophysiological Factor Related to BCI Performance. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:575081. [PMID: 33390877 PMCID: PMC7775663 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.575081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) are systems that allow users to control devices using brain activity alone. However, the ability of participants to command BCIs varies from subject to subject. About 20% of potential users of sensorimotor BCIs do not gain reliable control of the system. The inefficiency to decode user's intentions requires the identification of neurophysiological factors determining “good” and “poor” BCI performers. One of the important neurophysiological aspects in BCI research is that the neuronal oscillations, used to control these systems, show a rich repertoire of spatial sensorimotor interactions. Considering this, we hypothesized that neuronal connectivity in sensorimotor areas would define BCI performance. Analyses for this study were performed on a large dataset of 80 inexperienced participants. They took part in a calibration and an online feedback session recorded on the same day. Undirected functional connectivity was computed over sensorimotor areas by means of the imaginary part of coherency. The results show that post- as well as pre-stimulus connectivity in the calibration recording is significantly correlated to online feedback performance in μ and feedback frequency bands. Importantly, the significance of the correlation between connectivity and BCI feedback accuracy was not due to the signal-to-noise ratio of the oscillations in the corresponding post and pre-stimulus intervals. Thus, this study demonstrates that BCI performance is not only dependent on the amplitude of sensorimotor oscillations as shown previously, but that it also relates to sensorimotor connectivity measured during the preceding training session. The presence of such connectivity between motor and somatosensory systems is likely to facilitate motor imagery, which in turn is associated with the generation of a more pronounced modulation of sensorimotor oscillations (manifested in ERD/ERS) required for the adequate BCI performance. We also discuss strategies for the up-regulation of such connectivity in order to enhance BCI performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vidaurre
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Jorajuría
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Klaus-Robert Müller
- Department of Machine Learning, Berlin University of Technology, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.,Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Google Research, Brain Team, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vadim V Nikulin
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Center for Cognition and Decision Making, Institute for Cognitive Neuroscience, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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Hehenberger L, Sburlea AI, Müller-Putz GR. Assessing the impact of vibrotactile kinaesthetic feedback on electroencephalographic signals in a center-out task. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056032. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Suma D, Meng J, Edelman B, He B. Spatial-temporal aspects of continuous EEG-based neurorobotic control. J Neural Eng 2020; 17. [PMID: 33049729 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abc0b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this work is to identify the spatio-temporal facets of state-of-the-art electroencephalography (EEG)-based continuous neurorobotics that need to be addressed, prior to deployment in practical applications at home and in the clinic. APPROACH Nine healthy human subjects participated in five sessions of one-dimensional (1D) horizontal (LR), 1D vertical (UD) and two-dimensional (2D) neural tracking from EEG. Users controlled a robotic arm and virtual cursor to continuously track a Gaussian random motion target using EEG sensorimotor rhythm modulation via motor imagery (MI) commands. Continuous control quality was analyzed in the temporal and spatial domains separately. MAIN RESULTS Axis-specific errors during 2D tasks were significantly larger than during 1D counterparts. Fatigue rates were larger for control tasks with higher cognitive demand (LR, left- and right-hand MI) compared to those with lower cognitive demand (UD, both hands MI and rest). Additionally, robotic arm and virtual cursor control exhibited equal tracking error during all tasks. However, further spatial error analysis of 2D control revealed a significant reduction in tracking quality that was dependent on the visual interference of the physical device. In fact, robotic arm performance was significantly greater than that of virtual cursor control when the users' sightlines were not obstructed. SIGNIFICANCE This work emphasizes the need for practical interfaces to be designed around real-world tasks of increased complexity. Here, the dependence of control quality on cognitive task demand emphasizes the need for decoders that facilitate the translation of 1D task mastery to 2D control. When device footprint was accounted for, the introduction of a physical robotic arm improved control quality, likely due to increased user engagement. In general, this work demonstrates the need to consider both the physical footprint of devices, the complexity of training tasks, and the synergy of control strategies during the development of neurorobotic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Suma
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES
| | - Jianjun Meng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Dongchuan Road No. 800, Minhang District, Shanghai, Shanghai, 200240, CHINA
| | - Bradley Edelman
- Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, 18 Am Klopferspitz, Martinsried, Martinsried, Bavaria, 82152, GERMANY
| | - Bin He
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15213-3815, UNITED STATES
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Bao SC, Leung WC, K Cheung VC, Zhou P, Tong KY. Pathway-specific modulatory effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation during pedaling in chronic stroke survivors. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:143. [PMID: 31744520 PMCID: PMC6862792 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is extensively used in stroke motor rehabilitation. How it promotes motor recovery remains only partially understood. NMES could change muscular properties, produce altered sensory inputs, and modulate fluctuations of cortical activities; but the potential contribution from cortico-muscular couplings during NMES synchronized with dynamic movement has rarely been discussed. Method We investigated cortico-muscular interactions during passive, active, and NMES rhythmic pedaling in healthy subjects and chronic stroke survivors. EEG (128 channels), EMG (4 unilateral lower limb muscles) and movement parameters were measured during 3 sessions of constant-speed pedaling. Sensory-level NMES (20 mA) was applied to the muscles, and cyclic stimulation patterns were synchronized with the EMG during pedaling cycles. Adaptive mixture independent component analysis was utilized to determine the movement-related electro-cortical sources and the source dipole clusters. A directed cortico-muscular coupling analysis was conducted between representative source clusters and the EMGs using generalized partial directed coherence (GPDC). The bidirectional GPDC was compared across muscles and pedaling sessions for post-stroke and healthy subjects. Results Directed cortico-muscular coupling of NMES cycling was more similar to that of active pedaling than to that of passive pedaling for the tested muscles. For healthy subjects, sensory-level NMES could modulate GPDC of both ascending and descending pathways. Whereas for stroke survivors, NMES could modulate GPDC of only the ascending pathways. Conclusions By clarifying how NMES influences neuromuscular control during pedaling in healthy and post-stroke subjects, our results indicate the potential limitation of sensory-level NMES in promoting sensorimotor recovery in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Chun Bao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Cheong Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent C K Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, and The Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,The KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research of Common Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, 77030, TX, USA.,TIRR Memorial Hermann Research Center, Houston, 77030, TX, USA
| | - Kai-Yu Tong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Brain and Mind Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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28
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Enhancing sensorimotor BCI performance with assistive afferent activity: An online evaluation. Neuroimage 2019; 199:375-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Bisio A, Biggio M, Avanzino L, Ruggeri P, Bove M. Kinaesthetic illusion shapes the cortical plasticity evoked by action observation. J Physiol 2019; 597:3233-3245. [PMID: 31074046 DOI: 10.1113/jp277799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The combination of action observation (AO) and a peripheral nerve stimulation has been shown to induce plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). However, using peripheral nerve stimulation little is known about the specificity of the sensory inputs. The current study, using muscle tendon vibration to stimulate muscle spindles and transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess M1 excitability, investigated whether a proprioceptive stimulation leading to a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI) was able to evoke M1 plasticity when combined with AO. M1 excitability increased immediately and up to 60 min after AO-KI stimulation as a function of the vividness of the perceived illusion, and only when the movement directions of AO and KI were congruent. Tactile stimulation coupled with AO and KI alone were not sufficient to induce M1 plasticity. This methodology might be proposed to subjects during a period of immobilization to promote M1 activity without requiring any voluntary movement. ABSTRACT Physical practice is crucial to evoke cortical plasticity, but motor cognition techniques, such as action observation (AO), have shown their potentiality in promoting it when associated with peripheral afferent inputs, without the need of performing a movement. Here we investigated whether the combination of AO and a proprioceptive stimulation, able to evoke a kinaesthetic illusion of movement (KI), induced plasticity in the primary motor cortex (M1). In the main experiment, the role of congruency between the observed action and the illusory movement was explored together with the importance of the specificity of the sensory input modality (proprioceptive vs. tactile stimulation) to induce plasticity in M1. Further, a control experiment was carried out to assess the role of the mere kinaesthetic illusion on M1 excitability. Results showed that the combination of AO and KI evoked plasticity in M1, with an increase of the excitability immediately and up to 60 min after the conditioning protocol (P always <0.05). Notably, a significant increase in M1 excitability occurred only when the directions of the observed and illusory movements were congruent. Further, a significant positive linear relationship was found between the amount of M1 excitability increase and the vividness of the perceived illusion (P = 0.03). Finally, the tactile stimulation coupled with AO was not sufficient to induce changes in M1 excitability as well as the KI alone. All these findings indicate the importance of combining different sensory input signals to induce plasticity in M1, and that proprioception is the most suitable sensory modality to allow it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Bisio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Biggio
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy.,IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genova
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30
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Jiang SL, Wang Z, Yi W, He F, Qi H, Ming D. Current Change Rate Influences Sensorimotor Cortical Excitability During Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:152. [PMID: 31156411 PMCID: PMC6529745 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is frequently used in rehabilitation therapy to improve motor recovery. To optimize the stimulatory effect of NMES, the parameters of NMES, including stimulation mode, location, current intensity, and duration, among others have been investigated; however, these studies mainly focused on the effects of changing parameters in the current plateau stage of the NMES cycle, while the impacts on other stages, such as the current rising stage, have yet to be investigated. In this article, we studied the electroencephalograph (EEG) effects during NMES, with different rates of current change in the rising stage, and stable current intensity in the plateau stage. EEG signals (64-channel) were collected from 28 healthy subjects, who were administered with high, medium, or low current change rate (CCR) NMES through a right-hand wrist extensor. Time-frequency analysis and brain source analysis, using the LORETA method, were used to investigate neural activity in sensorimotor cortical areas. The strengths of cortical activity induced by different CCR conditions were compared. NMES with a high CCR activated the sensorimotor cortex, despite the NMES current intensity in the plateau stage lower than the motor threshold. Reduction of the Alpha 2 band (10–13 Hz) event related spectral power (ERSP) during NMES stimulation was significantly enhanced by increasing CCR (p < 0.05). LORETA-based source analysis demonstrated that, in addition to typical sensory areas, such as primary somatosensory cortex (S1), sensorimotor areas including primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PMC), and somatosensory association cortex (SAC) were all activated by within threshold NMES. Furthermore, compared with the low CCR condition, cortical activity was significantly enhanced in the S1, M1, and PMC areas under high CCR conditions. This study shows CCR in the NMES rising stage can affect EEG responses in the sensorimotor cortex and suggests that CCR is an important parameter applicable to the optimization of NMES treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Long Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongpeng Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Weibo Yi
- Beijing Machine and Equipment Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Feng He
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongzhi Qi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongzhi Qi Dong Ming
| | - Dong Ming
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Precision Instrument & Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Hongzhi Qi Dong Ming
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Yasui T, Yamaguchi T, Tanabe S, Tatemoto T, Takahashi Y, Kondo K, Kawakami M. Time course of changes in corticospinal excitability induced by motor imagery during action observation combined with peripheral nerve electrical stimulation. Exp Brain Res 2018; 237:637-645. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Jochumsen M, Cremoux S, Robinault L, Lauber J, Arceo JC, Navid MS, Nedergaard RW, Rashid U, Haavik H, Niazi IK. Investigation of Optimal Afferent Feedback Modality for Inducing Neural Plasticity with A Self-Paced Brain-Computer Interface. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18113761. [PMID: 30400325 PMCID: PMC6264113 DOI: 10.3390/s18113761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) can be used to induce neural plasticity in the human nervous system by pairing motor cortical activity with relevant afferent feedback, which can be used in neurorehabilitation. The aim of this study was to identify the optimal type or combination of afferent feedback modalities to increase cortical excitability in a BCI training intervention. In three experimental sessions, 12 healthy participants imagined a dorsiflexion that was decoded by a BCI which activated relevant afferent feedback: (1) electrical nerve stimulation (ES) (peroneal nerve-innervating tibialis anterior), (2) passive movement (PM) of the ankle joint, or (3) combined electrical stimulation and passive movement (Comb). The cortical excitability was assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation determining motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in tibialis anterior before, immediately after and 30 min after the BCI training. Linear mixed regression models were used to assess the changes in MEPs. The three interventions led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in MEP amplitudes immediately and 30 min after the training. The effect sizes of Comb paradigm were larger than ES and PM, although, these differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). These results indicate that the timing of movement imagery and afferent feedback is the main determinant of induced cortical plasticity whereas the specific type of feedback has a moderate impact. These findings can be important for the translation of such a BCI protocol to the clinical practice where by combining the BCI with the already available equipment cortical plasticity can be effectively induced. The findings in the current study need to be validated in stroke populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Jochumsen
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark.
| | - Sylvain Cremoux
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France, Valenciennes 59313, France.
| | - Lucien Robinault
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France, Valenciennes 59313, France.
| | - Jimmy Lauber
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France, Valenciennes 59313, France.
| | - Juan Carlos Arceo
- LAMIH, UMR CNRS 8201, Université Polytechnique des Hauts de France, Valenciennes 59313, France.
| | - Muhammad Samran Navid
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark.
- New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand.
| | - Rasmus Wiberg Nedergaard
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg 9000, Denmark.
- New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand.
| | - Usman Rashid
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
| | - Heidi Haavik
- New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand.
| | - Imran Khan Niazi
- SMI, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark.
- New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand.
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand.
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Iturrate I, Chavarriaga R, Pereira M, Zhang H, Corbet T, Leeb R, Millán JDR. Human EEG reveals distinct neural correlates of power and precision grasping types. Neuroimage 2018; 181:635-644. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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López-Larraz E, Sarasola-Sanz A, Irastorza-Landa N, Birbaumer N, Ramos-Murguialday A. Brain-machine interfaces for rehabilitation in stroke: A review. NeuroRehabilitation 2018; 43:77-97. [PMID: 30056435 DOI: 10.3233/nre-172394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor paralysis after stroke has devastating consequences for the patients, families and caregivers. Although therapies have improved in the recent years, traditional rehabilitation still fails in patients with severe paralysis. Brain-machine interfaces (BMI) have emerged as a promising tool to guide motor rehabilitation interventions as they can be applied to patients with no residual movement. OBJECTIVE This paper reviews the efficiency of BMI technologies to facilitate neuroplasticity and motor recovery after stroke. METHODS We provide an overview of the existing rehabilitation therapies for stroke, the rationale behind the use of BMIs for motor rehabilitation, the current state of the art and the results achieved so far with BMI-based interventions, as well as the future perspectives of neural-machine interfaces. RESULTS Since the first pilot study by Buch and colleagues in 2008, several controlled clinical studies have been conducted, demonstrating the efficacy of BMIs to facilitate functional recovery in completely paralyzed stroke patients with noninvasive technologies such as the electroencephalogram (EEG). CONCLUSIONS Despite encouraging results, motor rehabilitation based on BMIs is still in a preliminary stage, and further improvements are required to boost its efficacy. Invasive and hybrid approaches are promising and might set the stage for the next generation of stroke rehabilitation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E López-Larraz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Sarasola-Sanz
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Neurotechnology, Tecnalia Research & Innovation, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - N Irastorza-Landa
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - N Birbaumer
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Wyss Center for Bio and Neuro Engineering, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A Ramos-Murguialday
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Neurotechnology, Tecnalia Research & Innovation, San Sebastián, Spain
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