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Yu Z, Pang H, Yang Y, Luo D, Zheng H, Huang Z, Zhang M, Ren K. Microglia dysfunction drives disrupted hippocampal amplitude of low frequency after acute kidney injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14363. [PMID: 37469216 PMCID: PMC10848109 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been associated with a variety of neurological problems, while the neurobiological mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we utilized resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to detect brain injury at an early stage and investigated the impact of microglia on the neuropathological mechanism of AKI. METHODS Rs-fMRI data were collected from AKI rats and the control group with a 9.4-Tesla scanner at 24, 48, and 72 h post administration of contrast medium or saline. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) was then compared across the groups at each time course. Additionally, flow cytometry and SMART-seq2 were employed to evaluate microglia. Furthermore, pathological staining and Western blot were used to analyze the samples. RESULTS MRI results revealed that AKI led to a decreased ALFF in the hippocampus, particularly in the 48 h and 72 h groups. Additionally, western blot suggested that AKI-induced the neuronal apoptosis at 48 h and 72 h. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy images demonstrated that AKI activated the aggregation of microglia into neurons at 24 h, with a strong upregulation of M1 polarization at 48 h and peaking at 72 h, accompanying with the release of proinflammatory cytokines. The ALFF value was strongly correlated with the proportion of microglia (|r| > 0.80, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that microglia aggregation and inflammatory factor upregulation are significant mechanisms of AKI-induced neuronal apoptosis. We used fMRI to detect the alterations in hippocampal function, which may provide a noninvasive method for the early detection of brain injury after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Yu
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Huize Pang
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
| | - Yifan Yang
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Doudou Luo
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Haiping Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Zicheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics and Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public HealthXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Ke Ren
- School of MedicineXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
- Department of RadiologyThe First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangChina
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2
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Zhang Q, Chen T, Liu S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Yu F, Ji GJ, Li X, Zhu C. Effects of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on implicit emotion regulation of social pain in healthy individuals. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:74-82. [PMID: 37269884 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Implicit emotion regulation (ER), a form of ER, is essential for protecting mental health in the process of social interaction. Both the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) have been shown to be involved in ER processes, including explicit ER of social pain, but whether they play a role in implicit ER is unclear. METHODS We investigated whether anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of the right VLPFC (rVLPFC) or the right DLPFC (rDLPFC) influences implicit ER. In total, 63 healthy participants completed an emotion priming task, which measures the implicit ER of social pain, before and after receiving active or sham HD-tDCS (2 mA for 20 min, 10 consecutive days). Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during task performance. RESULTS Combined with the results of the behavioral and electrophysiological indices indicated that stimulation of both the rVLPFC and the rDLPFC by anodic HD-tDCS could significantly reduce the affective responses caused by social exclusion. The further results also suggested that rDLPFC activation may contribute to promoting the involvement of early cognitive resources in the implicit ER process of social pain, thus helping to reduce the subjective negative experience of individuals. LIMITATIONS There were no dynamic interactive emotional stimuli to induce social pain, and only static images of social exclusion were used. CONCLUSION Our study provides cognitive and neurological evidence that expands our knowledge of the role of the rDLPFC and the rVLPFC in social ER. It can also serve as a reference for targeted intervention of implicit ER in social pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinying Liu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Fengqiong Yu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Gong-Jun Ji
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Department of Medical Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Mental Health, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Department of Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, China.
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3
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Qin Y, Ma L, Kujala T, Silvennoinen J, Cong F. Neuroaesthetic exploration on the cognitive processing behind repeating graphics. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1025862. [PMID: 36440292 PMCID: PMC9682169 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1025862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Repeating graphics are common research objects in modern design education. However, we do not exactly know the attentional processes underlying graphic artifacts consisting of repeating rhythms. In this experiment, the event-related potential, a neuroscientific measure, was used to study the neural correlates of repeating graphics within graded orderliness. We simulated the competitive identification process of people recognizing artifacts with graded repeating rhythms from a scattered natural environment with the oddball paradigm. In the earlier attentional processing related to the P2 component around the Fz electrode within the 150-250 ms range, a middle-grade repeating rhythm (Target 1) did not show a difference from a high-grade repeating rhythm (Target 2). However, in the later cognitive processes related to the P3b component around the Pz electrode within the 300-450 ms range, Target 1 had longer peak latency than Target 2, based on similar waveforms. Thus, we may suppose that the arrangement of the repeating graphics did not influence the earlier attentional processing but affected the later cognitive part, such as the categorization task in the oddball paradigm. Furthermore, as evidenced by the standard deviation wave across the trials, we suggest that the growing standard deviation value might represent the gradual loss of attentional focus to the task after the stimulus onset and that the zero-growth level may represent similar brain activity between trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qin
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lan Ma
- School of Architecture and Fine Art, Department of Industrial Design, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Tuomo Kujala
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Fengyu Cong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Circuit and Biomedical Electronic System, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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4
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Moore M, Katsumi Y, Dolcos S, Dolcos F. Electrophysiological Correlates of Social Decision-making: An EEG Investigation of a Modified Ultimatum Game. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 34:54-78. [PMID: 34673955 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cooperation behaviors during social decision-making have been shown to be sensitive to manipulations of context. However, it remains unclear how aspects of context in dynamic social interactions, such as observed nonverbal behaviors, may modulate cooperation decisions and the associated neural mechanisms. In this study, participants responded to offers from proposers to split $10 in an Ultimatum Game following observation of proposer approach (friendly) or avoidance (nonfriendly) behaviors, displayed by dynamic whole-body animated avatars, or following a nonsocial interaction control condition. As expected, behavioral results showed that participants tended to have greater acceptance rates for unfair offers following observed nonverbal social interactions with proposers compared with control, suggesting an enhancing effect of social interactions on cooperative decisions. ERP results showed greater N1 and N2 responses at the beginning of social interaction conditions compared with control, and greater sustained and late positivity responses for observed approach and avoidance proposer behaviors compared with control. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) results showed differential sensitivity within theta, alpha, and beta bands during observation of social interactions and offers that was associated with subsequent decision behaviors. Together, these results point to the impact of proposers' nonverbal behaviors on subsequent cooperation decisions at both behavioral and neural levels. The ERP and ERSP findings suggest modulated attention, monitoring, and processing of biological motion during the observed nonverbal social interactions, influencing the participants' responses to offers. These findings shed light on electrophysiological correlates of response to observed social interactions that predict subsequent social decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.,Northeastern University
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5
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Xu J, Zhou L, Liu F, Xue C, Jiang J, Jiang C. The autistic brain can process local but not global emotion regularities in facial and musical sequences. Autism Res 2021; 15:222-240. [PMID: 34792299 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Whether autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with a global processing deficit remains controversial. Global integration requires extraction of regularity across various timescales, yet little is known about how individuals with ASD process regularity at local (short timescale) versus global (long timescale) levels. To this end, we used event-related potentials to investigate whether individuals with ASD would show different neural responses to local (within trial) versus global (across trials) emotion regularities extracted from sequential facial expressions; and if so, whether this visual abnormality would generalize to the music (auditory) domain. Twenty individuals with ASD and 21 age- and IQ-matched individuals with typical development participated in this study. At an early processing stage, ASD participants exhibited preserved neural responses to violations of local emotion regularity for both faces and music. At a later stage, however, there was an absence of neural responses in ASD to violations of global emotion regularity for both faces and music. These findings suggest that the autistic brain responses to emotion regularity are modulated by the timescale of sequential stimuli, and provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshu Zhou
- Music College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Psychology, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Music College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cunmei Jiang
- Music College, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Neuroaesthetics: a narrative review of neuroimaging techniques. JOURNAL OF BIO-X RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1097/jbr.0000000000000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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7
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Lin H, Liang J. ERP Effects of Malicious Envy on Schadenfreude in Gain and Loss Frames. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:663055. [PMID: 34456693 PMCID: PMC8397463 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.663055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous behavioral and neural studies have shown the effects of malicious envy on schadenfreude. However, it is unclear whether these effects are modulated by contextual frames (e.g., gain and loss frames). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) effects of malicious envy on schadenfreude were different in gain and loss frames. To address this issue, the participants in the present study believed they were playing a monetary game with several other players. In the malicious envy condition, the participants won less money than the player in the gain frame and lost more money in the loss frame; in the control condition, both participants and the player gained little money in the gain frame and lost much in the loss frame. Subsequently, the participants were informed that the player encountered a misfortune, i.e., gained little in the gain frame and lost much in the loss frame. Results showed that malicious envy increased feelings of schadenfreude and ERP responses when the player encountered a misfortune. Moreover, increased ERP responses by malicious envy occurred at the feedback-related negativity (FRN), and early late positive potential (LPP) time ranges in the gain frame but at the late LPP time range in the loss frame. The findings might suggest that malicious envy affects schadenfreude and corresponding neural activity, whereas the neural effects occur at comparatively early time ranges in the gain frame but at a later time range in the loss frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Lin
- Institute of Applied Psychology, School of Public Administration, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory for Behavioral and Regional Finance, Guangdong University of Finance, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Liang
- School of Education, Guangdong University of Education, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Moore M, Maclin EL, Iordan AD, Katsumi Y, Larsen RJ, Bagshaw AP, Mayhew S, Shafer AT, Sutton BP, Fabiani M, Gratton G, Dolcos F. Proof-of-concept evidence for trimodal simultaneous investigation of human brain function. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:4102-4121. [PMID: 34160860 PMCID: PMC8357002 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The link between spatial (where) and temporal (when) aspects of the neural correlates of most psychological phenomena is not clear. Elucidation of this relation, which is crucial to fully understand human brain function, requires integration across multiple brain imaging modalities and cognitive tasks that reliably modulate the engagement of the brain systems of interest. By overcoming the methodological challenges posed by simultaneous recordings, the present report provides proof‐of‐concept evidence for a novel approach using three complementary imaging modalities: functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), event‐related potentials (ERPs), and event‐related optical signals (EROS). Using the emotional oddball task, a paradigm that taps into both cognitive and affective aspects of processing, we show the feasibility of capturing converging and complementary measures of brain function that are not currently attainable using traditional unimodal or other multimodal approaches. This opens up unprecedented possibilities to clarify spatiotemporal integration of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward L Maclin
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Alexandru D Iordan
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yuta Katsumi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Andrew P Bagshaw
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephen Mayhew
- Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea T Shafer
- Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, Alta., Canada; now at Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Brain Imaging and Behavior Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bradley P Sutton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Florin Dolcos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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9
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Attention bias modification in drug addiction: Enhancing control of subsequent habits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2012941118. [PMID: 34074751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012941118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A relapse in addiction is often precipitated by heightened attention bias to drug-related cues, underpinned by a subcortically mediated transition to habitual/automatized responding and reduced prefrontal control. Modification of such automatized attention bias is a fundamental, albeit elusive, target for relapse reduction. Here, on a trial-by-trial basis, we used electroencephalography and eye tracking with a task that assessed, in this order, drug cue reactivity, its instructed self-regulation via reappraisal, and the immediate aftereffects on spontaneous (i.e., not instructed and automatized) attention bias. The results show that cognitive reappraisal, a facet of prefrontal control, decreased spontaneous attention bias to drug-related cues in cocaine-addicted individuals, more so in those with less frequent recent use. The results point to the mechanisms underlying the disruption of automatized maladaptive drug-related attention bias in cocaine addiction. These results pave the way for future studies to examine the role of such habit disruption in reducing compulsive drug seeking outside the controlled laboratory environment, with the ultimate goal of developing a readily deployable cognitive-behavioral and personalized intervention for drug addiction.
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10
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Doborjeh Z, Doborjeh M, Crook-Rumsey M, Taylor T, Wang GY, Moreau D, Krägeloh C, Wrapson W, Siegert RJ, Kasabov N, Searchfield G, Sumich A. Interpretability of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Brain Processes Followed by Mindfulness Intervention in a Brain-Inspired Spiking Neural Network Architecture. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E7354. [PMID: 33371459 PMCID: PMC7767448 DOI: 10.3390/s20247354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mindfulness training is associated with improvements in psychological wellbeing and cognition, yet the specific underlying neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning these changes are uncertain. This study uses a novel brain-inspired artificial neural network to investigate the effect of mindfulness training on electroencephalographic function. Participants completed a 4-tone auditory oddball task (that included targets and physically similar distractors) at three assessment time points. In Group A (n = 10), these tasks were given immediately prior to 6-week mindfulness training, immediately after training and at a 3-week follow-up; in Group B (n = 10), these were during an intervention waitlist period (3 weeks prior to training), pre-mindfulness training and post-mindfulness training. Using a spiking neural network (SNN) model, we evaluated concurrent neural patterns generated across space and time from features of electroencephalographic data capturing the neural dynamics associated with the event-related potential (ERP). This technique capitalises on the temporal dynamics of the shifts in polarity throughout the ERP and spatially across electrodes. Findings support anteriorisation of connection weights in response to distractors relative to target stimuli. Right frontal connection weights to distractors were associated with trait mindfulness (positively) and depression (inversely). Moreover, mindfulness training was associated with an increase in connection weights to targets (bilateral frontal, left frontocentral, and temporal regions only) and distractors. SNN models were superior to other machine learning methods in the classification of brain states as a function of mindfulness training. Findings suggest SNN models can provide useful information that differentiates brain states based on distinct task demands and stimuli, as well as changes in brain states as a function of psychological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Doborjeh
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, Section of Audiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Eisdell Moore Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Maryam Doborjeh
- Information Technology and Software Engineering Department, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Mark Crook-Rumsey
- School of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (M.C.-R.); (A.S.)
| | - Tamasin Taylor
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Grace Y. Wang
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - David Moreau
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christian Krägeloh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Wendy Wrapson
- School of Public Health and Interdisciplinary Studies, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand;
| | - Richard J. Siegert
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 0627, New Zealand; (G.Y.W.); (C.K.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Nikola Kasabov
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Grant Searchfield
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, School of Population Health, Section of Audiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
- Eisdell Moore Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Alexander Sumich
- School of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG25 0QF, UK; (M.C.-R.); (A.S.)
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