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Chen D, Xia T, Yao Z, Zhang L, Hu X. Modulating social learning-induced evaluation updating during human sleep. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:43. [PMID: 38971834 PMCID: PMC11227583 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00255-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
People often change their evaluations upon learning about their peers' evaluations, i.e., social learning. Given sleep's vital role in consolidating daytime experiences, sleep may facilitate social learning, thereby further changing people's evaluations. Combining a social learning task and the sleep-based targeted memory reactivation technique, we asked whether social learning-induced evaluation updating can be modulated during sleep. After participants had indicated their initial evaluation of snacks, they learned about their peers' evaluations while hearing the snacks' spoken names. During the post-learning non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, we re-played half of the snack names (i.e., cued snack) to reactivate the associated peers' evaluations. Upon waking up, we found that the social learning-induced evaluation updating further enlarged for both cued and uncued snacks. Examining sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) activity revealed that cue-elicited delta-theta EEG power and the overnight N2 sleep spindle density predicted post-sleep evaluation updating for cued but not for uncued snacks. These findings underscore the role of sleep-mediated memory reactivation and the associated neural activity in supporting social learning-induced evaluation updating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Chen
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lingqi Zhang
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, China.
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2
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Carbone J, Diekelmann S. An update on recent advances in targeted memory reactivation during sleep. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2024; 9:31. [PMID: 38622159 PMCID: PMC11018807 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-024-00244-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Targeted Memory Reactivation (TMR) is a noninvasive tool to manipulate memory consolidation during sleep. TMR builds on the brain's natural processes of memory reactivation during sleep and aims to facilitate or bias these processes in a certain direction. The basis of this technique is the association of learning content with sensory cues, such as odors or sounds, that are presented during subsequent sleep to promote memory reactivation. Research on TMR has drastically increased over the last decade with rapid developments. The aim of the present review is to highlight the most recent advances of this research. We focus on effects of TMR on the strengthening of memories in the declarative, procedural and emotional memory domain as well as on ways in which TMR can be used to promote forgetting. We then discuss advanced technical approaches to determine the optimal timing of TMR within the ongoing oscillatory activity of the sleeping brain as well as the specificity of TMR for certain memory contents. We further highlight the specific effects of TMR during REM sleep and in influencing dream content. Finally, we discuss recent evidence for potential applications of TMR for mental health, educational purposes and in the home setting. In conclusion, the last years of research have provided substantial advances in TMR that can guide future endeavors in research and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carbone
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Susanne Diekelmann
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
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3
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Santamaria L, Kashif I, McGinley N, Lewis PA. Memory reactivation in slow wave sleep enhances relational learning in humans. Commun Biol 2024; 7:288. [PMID: 38459227 PMCID: PMC10923908 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05947-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Sleep boosts the integration of memories, and can thus facilitate relational learning. This benefit may be due to memory reactivation during non-REM sleep. We set out to test this by explicitly cueing reactivation using a technique called targeted memory reactivation (TMR), in which sounds are paired with learned material in wake and then softly played during subsequent sleep, triggering reactivation of the associated memories. We specifically tested whether TMR in slow wave sleep leads to enhancements in inferential thinking in a transitive inference task. Because the Up-phase of the slow oscillation is more responsive to cues than the Down-phase, we also asked whether Up-phase stimulation is more beneficial for such integration. Our data show that TMR during the Up-Phase boosts the ability to make inferences, but only for the most distant inferential leaps. Up-phase stimulation was also associated with detectable memory reinstatement, whereas Down-phase stimulation led to below-chance performance the next morning. Detection of memory reinstatement after Up-state stimulation was negatively correlated with performance on the most difficult inferences the next morning. These findings demonstrate that cueing memory reactivation at specific time points in sleep can benefit difficult relational learning problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Santamaria
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Ibad Kashif
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Niall McGinley
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Maindy Rd, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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4
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Sánchez-Corzo A, Baum DM, Irani M, Hinrichs S, Reisenegger R, Whitaker GA, Born J, Sitaram R, Klinzing JG. Odor cueing of declarative memories during sleep enhances coordinated spindles and slow oscillations. Neuroimage 2024; 287:120521. [PMID: 38244877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term memories are formed by repeated reactivation of newly encoded information during sleep. This process can be enhanced by using memory-associated reminder cues like sounds and odors. While auditory cueing has been researched extensively, few electrophysiological studies have exploited the various benefits of olfactory cueing. We used high-density electroencephalography in an odor-cueing paradigm that was designed to isolate the neural responses specific to the cueing of declarative memories. We show widespread cueing-induced increases in the duration and rate of sleep spindles. Higher spindle rates were most prominent over centro-parietal areas and largely overlapping with a concurrent increase in the amplitude of slow oscillations (SOs). Interestingly, greater SO amplitudes were linked to a higher likelihood of coupling a spindle and coupled spindles expressed during cueing were more numerous in particular around SO up states. We thus identify temporally and spatially coordinated enhancements of sleep spindles and slow oscillations as a candidate mechanism behind cueing-induced memory processing. Our results further demonstrate the feasibility of studying neural activity patterns linked to such processing using olfactory cueing during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sánchez-Corzo
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile; Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging and Neurorehabilitation Hub, Diagnostic Imaging Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - David M Baum
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Martín Irani
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Svenja Hinrichs
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Renate Reisenegger
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Department of Neurophysics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany; Centre for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg and Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Grace A Whitaker
- Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Advanced Center for Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federico Santa María Technical University, Valparaíso 1680, Chile
| | - Jan Born
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ranganatha Sitaram
- Multimodal Functional Brain Imaging and Neurorehabilitation Hub, Diagnostic Imaging Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States; Laboratory for Brain-Machine Interfaces and Neuromodulation, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul 7820436, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Jens G Klinzing
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany; Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
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5
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Liu J, Xia T, Chen D, Yao Z, Zhu M, Antony JW, Lee TMC, Hu X. Item-specific neural representations during human sleep support long-term memory. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002399. [PMID: 37983253 PMCID: PMC10695382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how individual memories are reactivated during sleep is essential in theorizing memory consolidation. Here, we employed the targeted memory reactivation (TMR) paradigm to unobtrusively replaying auditory memory cues during human participants' slow-wave sleep (SWS). Using representational similarity analysis (RSA) on cue-elicited electroencephalogram (EEG), we found temporally segregated and functionally distinct item-specific neural representations: the early post-cue EEG activity (within 0 to 2,000 ms) contained comparable item-specific representations for memory cues and control cues, signifying effective processing of auditory cues. Critically, the later EEG activity (2,500 to 2,960 ms) showed greater item-specific representations for post-sleep remembered items than for forgotten and control cues, indicating memory reprocessing. Moreover, these later item-specific neural representations were supported by concurrently increased spindles, particularly for items that had not been tested prior to sleep. These findings elucidated how external memory cues triggered item-specific neural representations during SWS and how such representations were linked to successful long-term memory. These results will benefit future research aiming to perturb specific memory episodes during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xia
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Danni Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minrui Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - James W. Antony
- Department of Psychology & Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Tatia M. C. Lee
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology and Human Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Psychology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
- HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Abdellahi MEA, Koopman ACM, Treder MS, Lewis PA. Targeted memory reactivation in human REM sleep elicits detectable reactivation. eLife 2023; 12:e84324. [PMID: 37350572 PMCID: PMC10425171 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that memories can reactivate during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, but the question of whether equivalent reactivation can be detected in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is hotly debated. To examine this, we used a technique called targeted memory reactivation (TMR) in which sounds are paired with learned material in wake, and then re-presented in subsequent sleep, in this case REM, to trigger reactivation. We then used machine learning classifiers to identify reactivation of task-related motor imagery from wake in REM sleep. Interestingly, the strength of measured reactivation positively predicted overnight performance improvement. These findings provide the first evidence for memory reactivation in human REM sleep after TMR that is directly related to brain activity during wakeful task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud EA Abdellahi
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Anne CM Koopman
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthias S Treder
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, Cardiff UniversityCardiffUnited Kingdom
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC)CardiffUnited Kingdom
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7
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Pereira SIR, Santamaria L, Andrews R, Schmidt E, Van Rossum MCW, Lewis P. Rule Abstraction Is Facilitated by Auditory Cuing in REM Sleep. J Neurosci 2023; 43:3838-3848. [PMID: 36977584 PMCID: PMC10218979 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1966-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep facilitates abstraction, but the exact mechanisms underpinning this are unknown. Here, we aimed to determine whether triggering reactivation in sleep could facilitate this process. We paired abstraction problems with sounds, then replayed these during either slow-wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep to trigger memory reactivation in 27 human participants (19 female). This revealed performance improvements on abstraction problems that were cued in REM, but not problems cued in SWS. Interestingly, the cue-related improvement was not significant until a follow-up retest 1 week after the manipulation, suggesting that REM may initiate a sequence of plasticity events that requires more time to be implemented. Furthermore, memory-linked trigger sounds evoked distinct neural responses in REM, but not SWS. Overall, our findings suggest that targeted memory reactivation in REM can facilitate visual rule abstraction, although this effect takes time to unfold.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to abstract rules from a corpus of experiences is a building block of human reasoning. Sleep is known to facilitate rule abstraction, but it remains unclear whether we can manipulate this process actively and which stage of sleep is most important. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is a technique that uses re-exposure to learning-related sensory cues during sleep to enhance memory consolidation. Here, we show that TMR, when applied during REM sleep, can facilitate the complex recombining of information needed for rule abstraction. Furthermore, we show that this qualitative REM-related benefit emerges over the course of a week after learning, suggesting that memory integration may require a slower form of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Santamaria
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Ralph Andrews
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Schmidt
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark C W Van Rossum
- School of Psychology and School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Penelope Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales CF24 4HQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Knötzele J, Riemann D, Frase L, Feige B, van Elst LT, Kornmeier J. Presenting rose odor during learning, sleep and retrieval helps to improve memory consolidation: a real-life study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2371. [PMID: 36759589 PMCID: PMC9911722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28676-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Improving our learning abilities is important for numerous aspects of our life. Several studies found beneficial effects of presenting cues (odor or sounds) during learning and during sleep for memory performance. A recent study applying a real-life paradigm indicated that additional odor cueing during a Final Test can further increase this cueing effect. The present online study builds on these findings with the following questions: (1) Can we replicate beneficial memory effects of additional odor cueing during tests? (2) How many odor cueing learning sessions and odor cueing nights of sleep maximize the learning success? (3) Can odor cueing also reduce the amount of forgetting over time? 160 Participants learned 40 German Japanese word pairs in four groups with separate experimental conditions over three days. Group N received no odor during the whole study. Group LS received odor cueing during learning and sleep, group LT during learning and testing and group LST during learning, sleep and testing. Participants performed intermediate tests after each learning session plus three final tests 1, 7 and 28 days after the last learning session. Results: (1) Group LST learned 8.5% more vocabulary words than the other groups overall. (2) This odor cueing effect increased across the three days of cued learning. (3) We found no clear evidence for effects of odor cueing on the forgetting dynamics. Our findings support the notion of a beneficial effect of odor cueing. They further suggest to use at least 3 days and nights of odor cueing. Overall, this study indicates that there is an easy, efficient and economical way to enhance memory performance in daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Knötzele
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Frase
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kornmeier
- Institute for Frontier Areas of Psychology and Mental Health, Freiburg, Germany. .,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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9
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Xia T, Yao Z, Guo X, Liu J, Chen D, Liu Q, Paller KA, Hu X. Updating memories of unwanted emotions during human sleep. Curr Biol 2023; 33:309-320.e5. [PMID: 36584677 PMCID: PMC9979073 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-learning sleep contributes to memory consolidation. Yet it remains contentious whether sleep affords opportunities to modify or update emotional memories, particularly when people would prefer to forget those memories. Here, we attempted to update memories during sleep, using spoken positive words paired with cues to recent memories of aversive events. Affective updating using positive words during human non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, compared with using neutral words instead, reduced negative affective judgments in post-sleep tests, suggesting that the recalled events were perceived as less aversive. Electroencephalogram (EEG) analyses showed that positive words modulated theta and spindle/sigma activity; specifically, to the extent that theta power was larger for the positive words than for the memory cues that followed, participants judged the memory cues less negatively. Moreover, to the extent that sigma power was larger for the positive words than for the memory cues that followed, participants forgot more episodic details about aversive events. Notably, when the onset of individual positive words coincided with the up-phase of slow oscillations (a state characterized by increased cortical excitability during NREM sleep), affective updating was more successful. In sum, we altered the affective content of memories via the strategic pairing of positive words and memory cues during sleep, linked with EEG theta power increases and the slow oscillation up-phase. These findings suggest novel possibilities for modifying unwanted memories during sleep, which would not require people to consciously confront memories that they prefer to avoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xia
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ziqing Yao
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xue Guo
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danni Chen
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China; Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China.
| | - Ken A Paller
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Department of Psychology, The State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; HKU-Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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10
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Joensen BH, Harrington MO, Berens SC, Cairney SA, Gaskell MG, Horner AJ. Targeted memory reactivation during sleep can induce forgetting of overlapping memories. LEARNING & MEMORY (COLD SPRING HARBOR, N.Y.) 2022; 29:401-411. [PMID: 36253007 PMCID: PMC9578373 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053594.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory reactivation during sleep can shape new memories into a long-term form. Reactivation of memories can be induced via the delivery of auditory cues during sleep. Although this targeted memory reactivation (TMR) approach can strengthen newly acquired memories, research has tended to focus on single associative memories. It is less clear how TMR affects retention for overlapping associative memories. This is critical, given that repeated retrieval of overlapping associations during wake can lead to forgetting, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting (RIF). We asked whether a similar pattern of forgetting occurs when TMR is used to cue reactivation of overlapping pairwise associations during sleep. Participants learned overlapping pairs—learned separately, interleaved with other unrelated pairs. During sleep, we cued a subset of overlapping pairs using TMR. While TMR increased retention for the first encoded pairs, memory decreased for the second encoded pairs. This pattern of retention was only present for pairs not tested prior to sleep. The results suggest that TMR can lead to forgetting, an effect similar to RIF during wake. However, this effect did not extend to memories that had been strengthened via retrieval prior to sleep. We therefore provide evidence for a reactivation-induced forgetting effect during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárður H Joensen
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1N 3AZ, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sam C Berens
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Scott A Cairney
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - M Gareth Gaskell
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
| | - Aidan J Horner
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.,York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United Kingdom
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11
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Sejbuk M, Mirończuk-Chodakowska I, Witkowska AM. Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review on Nutrition, Stimulants, and Physical Activity as Important Factors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091912. [PMID: 35565879 PMCID: PMC9103473 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a cyclically occurring, transient, and functional state that is controlled primarily by neurobiological processes. Sleep disorders and insomnia are increasingly being diagnosed at all ages. These are risk factors for depression, mental disorders, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and/or high blood pressure. A number of factors can negatively affect sleep quality, including the use of stimulants, stress, anxiety, and the use of electronic devices before sleep. A growing body of evidence suggests that nutrition, physical activity, and sleep hygiene can significantly affect the quality of sleep. The aim of this review was to discuss the factors that can affect sleep quality, such as nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sejbuk
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-686-5088; Fax: +48-85-686-5089
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Pereira SIR, Tsimpanouli ME, Hutchison I, Schneider J, Anderson IM, McFarquhar M, Elliott R, Lewis PA. Cueing emotional memories during slow wave sleep modulates next-day activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and the amygdala. Neuroimage 2022; 253:119120. [PMID: 35331867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional memories are preferentially consolidated during sleep, through the process of memory reactivation. Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) has been shown to boost memory consolidation during sleep, but its neural correlates remain unclear, particularly for emotional memories. Here, we aimed to examine how TMR of emotional material during slow wave sleep (SWS) impacts upon neural processing during a subsequent arousal rating task. Participants were trained on a spatial memory task including negative and neutral pictures paired with semantically matching sounds. The picture-sound pairs were rated for emotional arousal before and after the spatial memory task. Then, half of the sounds from each emotional category (negative and neutral) were cued during SWS. The next day, participants were retested on both the arousal rating and the spatial memory task inside an MRI scanner, followed by another retest session a week later. Memory consolidation and arousal processing did not differ between cued and non-cued items of either emotional category. We found increased responses to emotional stimuli in the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), and a cueing versus emotion interaction in the OFC, whereby cueing neutral stimuli led to an increase in OFC activity, while cueing negative stimuli led to decreased OFC activation. Interestingly, the effect of cueing on amygdala activation was modulated by time spent in REM sleep. We conclude that SWS TMR impacts OFC activity, while REM sleep plays a role in mediating the effect of such cueing on amygdala.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Hutchison
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jules Schneider
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Ian M Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Martyn McFarquhar
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rebecca Elliott
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Penelope A Lewis
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 4HQ, UK; School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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Zhu R, Ni Z, Tao R, Cheng J, Pang L, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Ma Y, Sun W, Lu L, Deng J, Sun H. Exposure to Olfactory Alcohol Cues During Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep Did Not Decrease Craving in Patients With Alcohol Dependence. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:837573. [PMID: 35432045 PMCID: PMC9010533 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.837573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cue exposure therapy (CET) has been used to reduce alcohol use, but the effect of CET during sleep on alcohol dependence (AD) is unclear. The present study examined the effect of repeated exposure to an olfactory stimulus during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep on cue reactivity and craving in patients with AD. METHODS Thirty-five patients with AD were enrolled according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV). All the subjects were randomly assigned to the experimental or control group. The experimental group was exposed to alcohol odor for 10 min during NREM sleep. The other group (controls) was exposed to water [control stimulus (CtrS)] for 10 min during NREM sleep. Demographic, alcohol-related, and clinical characteristics were collected at baseline. A cue-reactivity test was conducted before and after exposure to evaluate the effect of memory manipulation on acute response to an alcohol stimulus. RESULTS There were no significant time × group interactions according to the visual analog scale (VAS) score of craving intensity, skin conductance response (SCR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; all p > 0.05). Two-way ANOVA showed significant main effects of time on SCR [F (1,33) = 4.453, p = 0.043], SBP [F (1,33) = 14.532, p = 0.001], DBP [F (1,33) = 8.327, p = 0.007], Craving-VAS [F (1,33) = 1.997, p = 0.167] in two groups. CONCLUSION Exposure to olfactory alcohol cues during NREM sleep had no significant effect on alcohol craving in subjects with AD during hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojun Ni
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Tao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, China
| | | | - Shun Zhang
- Kailuan Mental Health Center, Tangshan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanxue Xue
- National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Ma
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China.,National Institute on Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqiang Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
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