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Raposo N, Périole C, Planton M. In-vivo diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an updated review. Curr Opin Neurol 2024; 37:19-25. [PMID: 38038409 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000001236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is a highly prevalent small vessel disease in ageing population with potential severe complications including lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), cognitive impairment, and dementia. Although diagnosis of CAA was made only with postmortem neuropathological examination a few decades ago, diagnosing CAA without pathological proof is now allowed in living patients. This review focuses on recently identified biomarkers of CAA and current diagnostic criteria. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past few years, clinicians and researchers have shown increased interest for CAA, and important advances have been made. Thanks to recent insights into mechanisms involved in CAA and advances in structural and functional neuroimaging, PET amyloid tracers, cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers analysis, a growing number of biomarkers of CAA have been identified. Imaging-based diagnostic criteria including emerging biomarkers have been recently developed or updated, enabling accurate and earlier diagnosis of CAA in living patients. SUMMARY Recent advances in neuroimaging allow diagnosing CAA in the absence of pathological examination. Current imaging-based criteria have high diagnostic performance in patients presenting with ICH, but is more limited in other clinical context such as cognitively impaired patients or asymptomatic individuals. Further research is still needed to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Raposo
- Department of neurology, Toulouse University Hospital
- Clinical Investigation Center, CIC1436, Toulouse University Hospital, F-CRIN/Strokelink Network, Toulouse
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
| | - Charlotte Périole
- Department of neurology, Toulouse University Hospital
- Clinical Investigation Center, CIC1436, Toulouse University Hospital, F-CRIN/Strokelink Network, Toulouse
| | - Mélanie Planton
- Department of neurology, Toulouse University Hospital
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, France
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Sanchez-Caro JM, de Lorenzo Martínez de Ubago I, de Celis Ruiz E, Arribas AB, Calviere L, Raposo N, Blancart RG, Fuentes B, Diez-Tejedor E, Rodriguez-Pardo J. Transient Focal Neurological Events in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy and the Long-term Risk of Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2021; 79:38-47. [PMID: 34779831 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.3989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Importance Transient focal neurological episodes (TFNEs) are a frequently overlooked presentation of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), a condition with prognostic implications that are still not well described. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the factors associated with incident lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and death in patients with CAA presenting with TFNEs. Data Sources A systematic review and individual participant meta-analysis including (1) a hospital-based cohort and (2) the results obtained from a systematic search performed in MEDLINE and Embase completed in December 2019. Study Selection Included studies were observational reports of TFNEs. Patient-level clinical, imaging, and prognostic data were required for inclusion. For aggregate data studies, patient-level data were requested. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Data Extraction and Synthesis Data were extracted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines by 4 independent reviewers. The quality of reports was determined based on the modified Pearson Case Report Quality Scale. Main Outcomes and Measures The clinical characteristics of TFNEs, neuroimaging features, and use of antithrombotics during follow-up were considered exposures. The predefined main outcomes were lobar ICH and risk of death during follow-up. Results Forty-two studies and 222 CAA-associated TFNE cases were included from the initial 1612 records produced by the systematic search; 26 additional patients (11 men [42.3%]; mean [SD] age, 77 [8] years) were provided by the hospital-based cohort. A total of 108 TFNEs (43.5%) consisted of motor symptoms. Convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage and cortical superficial siderosis were detected in 193 individuals (77.8%) and 156 individuals (62.9%) in the systematic search and hospital-based cohort, respectively. Follow-up duration could be obtained in 185 patients (median duration, 1 year [IQR, 0.8-2.5 years]). During follow-up, symptomatic lobar ICH occurred in 76 patients (39.4%). Motor symptoms (odds ratio, 2.08 [95% CI, 1.16-3.70]) at baseline and antithrombotic use during follow-up (odds ratio, 3.61 [95% CI, 1.67-7.84]) were associated with an increase in risk of lobar ICH. A total of 31 patients (16.5%) died during follow-up; lobar ICH during follow-up and cortical superficial siderosis were the main risk factors for death (odds ratio, 3.01 [95% CI, 1.36-6.69]; odds ratio, 3.20 [95% CI, 1.16-8.91], respectively). Conclusions and Relevance Patients presenting with CAA-associated TFNEs are at high risk of lobar ICH and death. Motor TFNEs and use of antithrombotics after a TFNE, in many cases because of misdiagnosis, are risk factors for ICH, and therefore accurate diagnosis and distinguishing this condition from transient ischemic attacks is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan María Sanchez-Caro
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Iñigo de Lorenzo Martínez de Ubago
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena de Celis Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Lionel Calviere
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Raposo
- Neurology Department, Hôpital Pierre-Paul Riquet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rafael Galiano Blancart
- Department of Neurology, Doctor Peset University Hospital, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Blanca Fuentes
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Exuperio Diez-Tejedor
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rodriguez-Pardo
- Department of Neurology, Hospital La Paz Institute for Health Research-IdiPAZ (La Paz University Hospital-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
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Edjlali M, Rodriguez-Régent C, Hodel J, Aboukais R, Trystram D, Pruvo JP, Meder JF, Oppenheim C, Lejeune JP, Leclerc X, Naggara O. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in ten questions. Diagn Interv Imaging 2015; 96:657-66. [PMID: 26141485 DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has an annual incidence of 9 per 100 000 people. It is a rare but serious event, with an estimated mortality rate of 40% within the first 48hours. In 85% of cases, it is due to rupture of an intracranial aneurysm. In the early phase, during the first 24hours, cerebral CT, combined with intracranial CT angiography is recommended to make a positive diagnosis of SAH, to identify the cause and to investigate for an intracranial aneurysm. Cerebral MRI may be proposed if the patient's clinical condition allows it. FLAIR imaging is more sensitive than CT to demonstrate a subarachnoid hemorrhage and offers greater degrees of sensitivity for the diagnosis of restricted subarachnoid hemorrhage in cortical sulcus. A lumbar puncture should be performed if these investigations are normal while clinical suspicion is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Edjlali
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Department of Neuroradiology, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
| | - C Rodriguez-Régent
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - J Hodel
- Department of Neuroradiology, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - R Aboukais
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - D Trystram
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - J-P Pruvo
- Department of Neuroradiology, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - J-F Meder
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - C Oppenheim
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
| | - J-P Lejeune
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - X Leclerc
- Department of Neuroradiology, Lille Nord de France University, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille University Hospitals, avenue Émile-Laine, 59037 Lille cedex, France
| | - O Naggara
- Inserm UMR 894, Department of Neuroradiolgy, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes University, Pyschiatry and Neurosciences Centers, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France
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Ly JV, Singhal S, Rowe CC, Kempster P, Bower S, Phan TG. Convexity Subarachnoid Hemorrhage with PiB Positive Pet Scans: Clinical Features and Prognosis. J Neuroimaging 2014; 25:420-9. [PMID: 25523388 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) has been reported to present as convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage (cSAH). Lesser known is that cSAH can herald intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic lesions. We present seven new cases with (11) C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) positive positron emission tomography (PET) scans including two with biopsy, review the literature and comment on clinical and radiological findings. METHODS Patients with cSAH identified on CT, underwent MR imaging and MR angiography to exclude intracranial aneurysm. Nonaneurysmal cSAH were further prospectively evaluated for amyloid angiopathy using PiB. Clinical and radiological features of cSAH, subsequent ICH and ischemic lesions were characterized. RESULTS Seven patients with nonaneurysmal cSAH fulfilled the Boston criteria for probable CAA. All had PiB PET scans consistent with CAA. Of the 4 patients who had contrast MR Imaging all had enhancement overlying the cSAH, followed by ICH in three cases. All patients presented with transient sensory symptoms. All patients had small punctate subcortical and cortical infarcts on diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Literature review revealed subsequent ICH in approximately 11/79 patients. CONCLUSION The finding of cSAH and PiB binding in our patients suggest underlying CAA. cSAH may be associated with ischemic lesion as well as future ICH occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V Ly
- Department of Medicine, Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; Stroke Unit, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia
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Apoil M, Cogez J, Dubuc L, Bataille M, de la Sayette V, Touzé E, Viader F. Focal Cortical Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Revealed by Recurrent Paresthesias: A Clinico-Radiological Syndrome Strongly Associated with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 36:139-44. [DOI: 10.1159/000353676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Isolated Central Sulcus Hemorrhage: A Rare Presentation Most Frequently Associated with Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy. Case Rep Radiol 2012; 2012:574849. [PMID: 23304611 PMCID: PMC3529902 DOI: 10.1155/2012/574849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Central sulcus hemorrhage is a rare imaging finding that can be related to cerebral amyloidosis in a normotensive non-traumatic elderly patient and present as an isolated finding or in association with other areas of involvement. We report a case presenting with an isolated central sulcus hemorrhage on computed tomography. Further imaging work-up excluded other potential causes of peripheral hemorrhages and established a putative diagnosis of cerebral amyloidosis.
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Raposo N, Viguier A, Cuvinciuc V, Calviere L, Cognard C, Bonneville F, Larrue V. Cortical subarachnoid haemorrhage in the elderly: a recurrent event probably related to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Eur J Neurol 2010; 18:597-603. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Morris JG, Fisher M, Carandang RA. Cortical Vein Thrombosis as a Mimic for Isolated Cortical Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Transient Ischemic Attack. Case Rep Neurol 2010; 2:63-68. [PMID: 20671859 PMCID: PMC2905583 DOI: 10.1159/000315651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolated cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage is rare and poorly understood. Differential diagnoses and proposed pathophysiology vary widely and the diagnostic work-up for these patients who present with transient ischemic attack-like episodes and characteristic imaging findings is still unclear. We report a case of isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient neurologic deficits due to isolated cortical vein thrombosis that was not detected by noninvasive tests. A 75-year-old woman with a history of a lobar intracerebral hemorrhage presented to the Academic Medical Center with sudden-onset transient left upper extremity weakness. Head CT showed a linear hyperdensity in the right precentral gyrus suggestive of isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage. MRI showed susceptibility in the corresponding area. CT angiogram and MRV showed no evidence of a venous thrombosis. The main outcome measures were results of computerized tomography and CT angiogram, magnetic resonance parenchymal and vascular imaging, angiography findings and clinical follow-up at 3 months. Cortical vein thrombosis was detected on conventional angiography. MRI was negative for microhemorrhages. The patient was anticoagulated and had no recurrences of her symptoms. We conclude that cortical vein thrombosis can present as isolated subarachnoid hemorrhage and transient ischemic attack-like episodes and may require angiography for definitive diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane G Morris
- Department of Neurology, UMass Memorial Medical Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Mass., USA
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Cuvinciuc V, Viguier A, Calviere L, Raposo N, Larrue V, Cognard C, Bonneville F. Isolated acute nontraumatic cortical subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31:1355-62. [PMID: 20093311 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Our aim was to review the etiologic background of isolated acute nontraumatic cSAH. While SAH located in the basal cisterns originates from a ruptured aneurysm in approximately 85% of cases, a broad spectrum of vascular and even nonvascular pathologies can cause acute nontraumatic SAH along the convexity. Arteriovenous malformations or fistulas, cortical venous and/or dural sinus thrombosis, and distal and proximal arteriopathies (RCVS, vasculitides, mycotic aneurysms, Moyamoya, or severe atherosclerotic carotid disease) should be sought by noninvasive imaging methods or/and conventional angiography. Additionally, PRES may also be a source of acute cSAH. In elderly patients, cSAH might be attributed to CAA if numerous hemorrhages are demonstrated by GRE T2 images. Finally, cSAH is rarely observed in nonvascular disorders, such as abscess and primitive or secondary brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cuvinciuc
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Toulouse, France
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