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Ayoub I, Dauvilliers Y, Barateau L, Vermeulen T, Mouton-Barbosa E, Marcellin M, Gonzalez-de-Peredo A, Gross CC, Saoudi A, Liblau R. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics in recent-onset Narcolepsy type 1 reveals activation of the complement system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1108682. [PMID: 37122721 PMCID: PMC10130643 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1108682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare, chronic and disabling neurological disease causing excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. NT1 is characterized pathologically by an almost complete loss of neurons producing the orexin neuropeptides in the lateral hypothalamus. Genetic and environmental factors strongly suggest the involvement of the immune system in the loss of orexin neurons. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), secreted locally and surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), represents an accessible window into CNS pathological processes. Methods To gain insight into the biological and molecular changes in NT1 patients, we performed a comparative proteomics analysis of the CSF from 21 recent-onset NT1 patients and from two control groups: group 1 with somatoform disorders, and group 2 patients with hypersomnia other than NT1, to control for any potential effect of sleep disturbances on CSF composition. To achieve an optimal proteomic coverage analysis, the twelve most abundant CSF proteins were depleted, and samples were analyzed by nano-flow liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) using the latest generation of hybrid Orbitrap mass spectrometer. Results and discussion Our study allowed the identification and quantification of up to 1943 proteins, providing a remarkably deep analysis of the CSF proteome. Interestingly, gene set enrichment analysis indicated that the complement and coagulation systems were enriched and significantly activated in NT1 patients in both cohorts analyzed. Notably, the lectin and alternative complement pathway as well as the downstream lytic membrane attack complex were congruently increased in NT1. Our data suggest that the complement dysregulation in NT1 patients can contribute to immunopathology either by directly promoting tissue damage or as part of local inflammatory responses. We therefore reveal an altered composition of the CSF proteome in NT1 patients, which points to an ongoing inflammatory process contributed, at least in part, by the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Ayoub
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Barateau
- National Reference Center for Orphan Diseases, Narcolepsy, Idiopathic Hypersomnia and Kleine-Levin Syndrome, Department of Neurology, Gui-de-Chauliac Hospital, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thaïs Vermeulen
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Emmanuelle Mouton-Barbosa
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez-de-Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Santé et De la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
- *Correspondence: Roland Liblau,
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Crapser JD, Arreola MA, Tsourmas KI, Green KN. Microglia as hackers of the matrix: sculpting synapses and the extracellular space. Cell Mol Immunol 2021; 18:2472-2488. [PMID: 34413489 PMCID: PMC8546068 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00751-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia shape the synaptic environment in health and disease, but synapses do not exist in a vacuum. Instead, pre- and postsynaptic terminals are surrounded by extracellular matrix (ECM), which together with glia comprise the four elements of the contemporary tetrapartite synapse model. While research in this area is still just beginning, accumulating evidence points toward a novel role for microglia in regulating the ECM during normal brain homeostasis, and such processes may, in turn, become dysfunctional in disease. As it relates to synapses, microglia are reported to modify the perisynaptic matrix, which is the diffuse matrix that surrounds dendritic and axonal terminals, as well as perineuronal nets (PNNs), specialized reticular formations of compact ECM that enwrap neuronal subsets and stabilize proximal synapses. The interconnected relationship between synapses and the ECM in which they are embedded suggests that alterations in one structure necessarily affect the dynamics of the other, and microglia may need to sculpt the matrix to modify the synapses within. Here, we provide an overview of the microglial regulation of synapses, perisynaptic matrix, and PNNs, propose candidate mechanisms by which these structures may be modified, and present the implications of such modifications in normal brain homeostasis and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Crapser
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Miguel A. Arreola
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kate I. Tsourmas
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kim N. Green
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA USA
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3
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Rathjen FG, Hodge R. Early Days of Tenascin-R Research: Two Approaches Discovered and Shed Light on Tenascin-R. Front Immunol 2021; 11:612482. [PMID: 33488619 PMCID: PMC7820773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.612482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz G Rathjen
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Russell Hodge
- Department of Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Mencio CP, Hussein RK, Yu P, Geller HM. The Role of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans in Nervous System Development. J Histochem Cytochem 2021; 69:61-80. [PMID: 32936033 PMCID: PMC7780190 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420959147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The orderly development of the nervous system is characterized by phases of cell proliferation and differentiation, neural migration, axonal outgrowth and synapse formation, and stabilization. Each of these processes is a result of the modulation of genetic programs by extracellular cues. In particular, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been found to be involved in almost every aspect of this well-orchestrated yet delicate process. The evidence of their involvement is complex, often contradictory, and lacking in mechanistic clarity; however, it remains obvious that CSPGs are key cogs in building a functional brain. This review focuses on current knowledge of the role of CSPGs in each of the major stages of neural development with emphasis on areas requiring further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin P Mencio
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rowan K Hussein
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Panpan Yu
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Herbert M Geller
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Cell and Developmental Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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5
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Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-5 forms perisynaptic matrix assemblies in the adult rat cortex. Cell Signal 2020; 74:109710. [PMID: 32653642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Composition of the brain extracellular matrix changes in time as maturation proceeds. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 5 (CSPG-5), also known as neuroglycan C, has been previously associated to differentiation since it shapes neurite growth and synapse forming. Here, we show that this proteoglycan persists in the postnatal rat brain, and its expression is higher in cortical regions with plastic properties, including hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex at the end of the second postnatal week. Progressively accumulating after birth, CSPG-5 typically concentrates around glutamatergic and GABAergic terminals in twelve-week old rat hippocampus. CSPG-5-containing perisynaptic matrix rings often appear at the peripheral margin of perineuronal nets. Electron microscopy and analysis of synaptosomal fraction showed that CSPG-5 accumulates around, and is associated to synapses, respectively. In vitro analyses suggest that neurons, but less so astrocytes, express CSPG-5 in rat primary neocortical cultures, and CSPG-5 produced by transfected neuroblastoma cells appear at endings and contact points of neurites. In human subjects, CSPG-5 expression shifts in brain areas of the default mode network of suicide victims, which may reflect an impact in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases or support diagnostic power.
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6
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NG2/CSPG4 and progranulin in the posttraumatic glial scar. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:571-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Hillen AEJ, Burbach JPH, Hol EM. Cell adhesion and matricellular support by astrocytes of the tripartite synapse. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 165-167:66-86. [PMID: 29444459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to the formation, function, and plasticity of synapses. Their processes enwrap the neuronal components of the tripartite synapse, and due to this close interaction they are perfectly positioned to modulate neuronal communication. The interaction between astrocytes and synapses is facilitated by cell adhesion molecules and matricellular proteins, which have been implicated in the formation and functioning of tripartite synapses. The importance of such neuron-astrocyte integration at the synapse is underscored by the emerging role of astrocyte dysfunction in synaptic pathologies such as autism and schizophrenia. Here we review astrocyte-expressed cell adhesion molecules and matricellular molecules that play a role in integration of neurons and astrocytes within the tripartite synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E J Hillen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Peter H Burbach
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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8
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Saied-Santiago K, Bülow HE. Diverse roles for glycosaminoglycans in neural patterning. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:54-74. [PMID: 28736980 PMCID: PMC5866094 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The nervous system coordinates the functions of most multicellular organisms and their response to the surrounding environment. Its development involves concerted cellular interactions, including migration, axon guidance, and synapse formation. These processes depend on the molecular constituents and structure of the extracellular matrices (ECM). An essential component of ECMs are proteoglycans, i.e., proteins containing unbranched glycan chains known as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). A defining characteristic of GAGs is their enormous molecular diversity, created by extensive modifications of the glycans during their biosynthesis. GAGs are widely expressed, and their loss can lead to catastrophic neuronal defects. Despite their importance, we are just beginning to understand the function and mechanisms of GAGs in neuronal development. In this review, we discuss recent evidence suggesting GAGs have specific roles in neuronal patterning and synaptogenesis. We examine the function played by the complex modifications present on GAG glycans and their roles in regulating different aspects of neuronal patterning. Moreover, the review considers the function of proteoglycan core proteins in these processes, stressing their likely role as co-receptors of different signaling pathways in a redundant and context-dependent manner. We conclude by discussing challenges and future directions toward a better understanding of these fascinating molecules during neuronal development. Developmental Dynamics 247:54-74, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannes E. Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461
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9
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Sathyamurthy A, Yin DM, Barik A, Shen C, Bean JC, Figueiredo D, She JX, Xiong WC, Mei L. ERBB3-mediated regulation of Bergmann glia proliferation in cerebellar lamination. Development 2015; 142:522-32. [PMID: 25564653 DOI: 10.1242/dev.115931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cortical lamination is crucial for the assembly of cerebellar circuitry. In this process, granule neurons (GNs) migrate along Bergmann glia (BG), which are specialized astroglial cells, from the external granule layer to the internal granule layer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying BG development are not well understood. Here, we show that GFAP::Cre;Erbb3(F/F) mice, which lack Erbb3 in both radial glia and neurons, exhibit impairments in balance and motor coordination. Cerebellar lamination is aberrant, with misplaced Purkinje neurons and GN clusters. These phenotypes were not observed in Math1::CreER(T2);Erbb3(F/F) mice, where the Erbb3 gene was deleted in GNs, suggesting involvement of non-neuronal Erbb3 in cerebellar lamination. Mechanistic studies indicate that ERBB3 is crucial for the proliferation of BG, which are required for GN migration. These observations identify a crucial role for ERBB3 in cerebellar lamination and reveal a novel mechanism that regulates BG development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sathyamurthy
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dong-Min Yin
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Arnab Barik
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Jonathan C Bean
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dwight Figueiredo
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Jin-Xiong She
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Jüttner R, Montag D, Craveiro RB, Babich A, Vetter P, Rathjen FG. Impaired presynaptic function and elimination of synapses at premature stages during postnatal development of the cerebellum in the absence of CALEB (CSPG5/neuroglycan C). Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:3270-80. [PMID: 23889129 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Chicken acidic leucine-rich EGF-like domain-containing brain protein (CALEB), also known as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG)5 or neuroglycan C, is a neural chondroitin sulfate-containing and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-domain-containing transmembrane protein that is implicated in synaptic maturation. Here, we studied the role of CALEB within the developing cerebellum. Adult CALEB-deficient mice displayed impaired motor coordination in Rota-Rod experiments. Analysis of the neuronal connectivity of Purkinje cells by patch-clamp recordings demonstrated impairments of presynaptic maturation of inhibitory synapses. GABAergic synapses on Purkinje cells revealed decreased evoked amplitudes, altered paired-pulse facilitation and reduced depression after repetitive stimulation at early postnatal but not at mature stages. Furthermore, the elimination of supernumerary climbing fiber synapses on Purkinje cells was found to occur at earlier developmental stages in the absence of CALEB. For example, at postnatal day 8 in wild-type mice, 54% of Purkinje cells had three or more climbing fiber synapses in contrast to mutants where this number was decreased to less than 25%. The basic properties of the climbing fiber Purkinje cell synapse remained unaffected. Using Sholl analysis of dye-injected Purkinje cells we revealed that the branching pattern of the dendritic tree of Purkinje cells was not impaired in CALEB-deficient mice. The alterations observed by patch-clamp recordings correlated with a specific pattern and timing of expression of CALEB in Purkinje cells, i.e. it is dynamically regulated during development from a high chondroitin sulfate-containing form to a non-chondroitin sulfate-containing form. Thus, our results demonstrated an involvement of CALEB in the presynaptic differentiation of cerebellar GABAergic synapses and revealed a new role for CALEB in synapse elimination in Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Jüttner
- Max-Delbrück-Centrum, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13092, Berlin, Germany
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11
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Sterner KN, Mcgowen MR, Chugani HT, Tarca AL, Sherwood CC, Hof PR, Kuzawa CW, Boddy AM, Raaum RL, Weckle A, Lipovich L, Grossman LI, Uddin M, Goodman M, Wildman DE. Characterization of human cortical gene expression in relation to glucose utilization. Am J Hum Biol 2013; 25:418-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin N. Sterner
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Michael R. Mcgowen
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | | | - Adi L. Tarca
- Department of Computer Science; Wayne State University; Detroit; Michigan; 48202
| | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology; The George Washington University; Washington; DC; 20052
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brian Institute; Mount Sinai School of Medicine; New York; New York; 10029
| | | | - Amy M. Boddy
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Ryan L. Raaum
- Department of Anthropology, Lehman College and The Graduate Center; City University of New York; Bronx; New York; 10468
| | - Amy Weckle
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Leonard Lipovich
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Lawrence I. Grossman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
| | - Monica Uddin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Wayne State University School of Medicine; Detroit; Michigan; 48201
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Grantyn R, Henneberger C, Jüttner R, Meier JC, Kirischuk S. Functional hallmarks of GABAergic synapse maturation and the diverse roles of neurotrophins. Front Cell Neurosci 2011; 5:13. [PMID: 21772813 PMCID: PMC3131524 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2011.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional impairment of the adult brain can result from deficits in the ontogeny of GABAergic synaptic transmission. Gene defects underlying autism spectrum disorders, Rett’s syndrome or some forms of epilepsy, but also a diverse set of syndromes accompanying perinatal trauma, hormonal imbalances, intake of sleep-inducing or mood-improving drugs or, quite common, alcohol intake during pregnancy can alter GABA signaling early in life. The search for therapeutically relevant endogenous molecules or exogenous compounds able to alleviate the consequences of dysfunction of GABAergic transmission in the embryonic or postnatal brain requires a clear understanding of its site- and state-dependent development. At the level of single synapses, it is necessary to discriminate between presynaptic and postsynaptic alterations, and to define parameters that can be regarded as both suitable and accessible for the quantification of developmental changes. Here we focus on the performance of GABAergic synapses in two brain structures, the hippocampus and the superior colliculus, describe some novel aspects of neurotrophin effects during the development of GABAergic synaptic transmission and examine the applicability of the following rules: (1) synaptic transmission starts with GABA, (2) nascent/immature GABAergic synapses operate in a ballistic mode (multivesicular release), (3) immature synaptic terminals release vesicles with higher probability than mature synapses, (4) immature GABAergic synapses are prone to paired pulse and tetanic depression, (5) synapse maturation is characterized by an increasing dominance of synchronous over asynchronous release, (6) in immature neurons GABA acts as a depolarizing transmitter, (7) synapse maturation implies inhibitory postsynaptic current shortening due to an increase in alpha1 subunit expression, (8) extrasynaptic (tonic) conductances can inhibit the development of synaptic (phasic) GABA actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie Grantyn
- Institute of Neurophysiology, University Medicine Charité Berlin, Germany
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Synaptic defects in the spinal and neuromuscular circuitry in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15457. [PMID: 21085654 PMCID: PMC2978709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a major genetic cause of death in childhood characterized by marked muscle weakness. To investigate mechanisms underlying motor impairment in SMA, we examined the spinal and neuromuscular circuitry governing hindlimb ambulatory behavior in SMA model mice (SMNΔ7). In the neuromuscular circuitry, we found that nearly all neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) in hindlimb muscles of SMNΔ7 mice remained fully innervated at the disease end stage and were capable of eliciting muscle contraction, despite a modest reduction in quantal content. In the spinal circuitry, we observed a ∼28% loss of synapses onto spinal motoneurons in the lateral column of lumbar segments 3–5, and a significant reduction in proprioceptive sensory neurons, which may contribute to the 50% reduction in vesicular glutamate transporter 1(VGLUT1)-positive synapses onto SMNΔ7 motoneurons. In addition, there was an increase in the association of activated microglia with SMNΔ7 motoneurons. Together, our results present a novel concept that synaptic defects occur at multiple levels of the spinal and neuromuscular circuitry in SMNΔ7 mice, and that proprioceptive spinal synapses could be a potential target for SMA therapy.
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Nakanishi K, Tokita Y, Aono S, Ida M, Matsui F, Higashi Y, Oohira A. Neuroglycan C, a brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, interacts with pleiotrophin, a heparin-binding growth factor. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:1131-7. [PMID: 20369290 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglycan C (NGC) is a transmembrane-type chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that promotes neurite outgrowth. To identify the ligand of NGC, we applied a detergent-solubilized membrane fraction of fetal rat brains to an NGC-immobilized affinity column. Several proteins were eluted from the column including an 18 kDa-band protein recognized by an anti-pleiotrophin antibody. The binding of pleiotrophin (PTN) to NGC was confirmed by a quartz crystal microbalance method and had a Kd of 8.7 nM. PTN bound to the acidic amino acid cluster of the NGC extracellular domain. In addition, PTN bound to both chondroitin sulfate-bearing NGC and chondroitinase-treated NGC prepared from the neonatal rat brain. These results suggest that NGC interacts with PTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan.
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So HC, Fong PY, Chen RYL, Hui TCK, Ng MYM, Cherny SS, Mak WWM, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK, Chen EYH, Li T, Sham PC. Identification of neuroglycan C and interacting partners as potential susceptibility genes for schizophrenia in a Southern Chinese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:103-13. [PMID: 19367581 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome 3p was reported by previous studies as one of the regions showing strong evidence of linkage with schizophrenia. We performed a fine-mapping association study of a 6-Mb high-LD and gene-rich region on 3p in a Southern Chinese sample of 489 schizophrenia patients and 519 controls to search for susceptibility genes. In the initial screen, 4 SNPs out of the 144 tag SNPs genotyped were nominally significant (P < 0.05). One of the most significant SNPs (rs3732530, P = 0.0048) was a non-synonymous SNP in the neuroglycan C (NGC, also known as CSPG5) gene, which belongs to the neuregulin family. The gene prioritization program Endeavor ranked NGC 8th out of the 129 genes in the 6-Mb region and the highest among the genes within the same LD block. Further genotyping of NGC revealed 3 more SNPs to be nominally associated with schizophrenia. Three other genes (NRG1, ErbB3, ErbB4) involved in the neuregulin pathways were subsequently genotyped. Interaction analysis by multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) revealed a significant two-SNP interaction between NGC and NRG1 (P = 0.015) and three-SNP interactions between NRG1 and ErbB4 (P = 0.009). The gene NGC is exclusively expressed in the brain. It is implicated in neurodevelopment in rats and was previously shown to promote neurite outgrowth. Methamphetamine, a drug that may induce psychotic symptoms, was reported to alter the expression of NGC. Taken together, these results suggest that NGC may be a novel candidate gene, and neuregulin signaling pathways may play an important role in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Cheong So
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Saito A, Matsui F, Hayashi K, Watanabe K, Ichinohashi Y, Sato Y, Hayakawa M, Kojima S, Oohira A. Behavioral abnormalities of fetal growth retardation model rats with reduced amounts of brain proteoglycans. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:81-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Canty A, Murphy M. Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance in the developing corticospinal tract. Prog Neurobiol 2008; 85:214-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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18
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Brandt N, Franke K, Johannes S, Buck F, Harder S, Hassel B, Nitsch R, Schumacher S. B56beta, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, interacts with CALEB/NGC and inhibits CALEB/NGC-mediated dendritic branching. FASEB J 2008; 22:2521-33. [PMID: 18385213 DOI: 10.1096/fj.07-096115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of dendritic arbors is critical in neuronal circuit formation, as dendrites are the primary sites of synaptic input. Morphologically specialized dendritic protrusions called spines represent the main postsynaptic compartment for excitatory neurotransmission. Recently, we demonstrated that chicken acidic leucine-rich epidermal growth factor (EGF) -like domain-containing brain protein/neuroglycan C (CALEB/NGC), a neural member of the EGF family, mediates dendritic tree and spine complexity but that the signaling pathways in the respective processes differ. For a more detailed characterization of these signal transduction pathways, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with CALEB/NGC. Our results show that B56beta, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A, interacts with CALEB/NGC and inhibits CALEB/NGC-mediated dendritic branching but not spine formation. Binding of B56beta to CALEB/NGC was confirmed by several biochemical and immunocytochemical assays. Using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that the whole protein phosphatase 2A trimer, including structural and catalytic subunits, binds to CALEB/NGC via B56beta. We show that CALEB/NGC induces the phosphorylation of Akt in dendrites. Previously described to interfere with Akt signaling, B56beta inhibits Akt phosphorylation and Akt-dependent dendritic branching but not Akt-independent spine formation induced by CALEB/NGC. Our results contribute to a better understanding of signaling specificity leading to neuronal process differentiation in sequential developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Schmidt H, Stonkute A, Jüttner R, Schäffer S, Buttgereit J, Feil R, Hofmann F, Rathjen FG. The receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 is essential for sensory axon bifurcation within the spinal cord. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 179:331-40. [PMID: 17954614 PMCID: PMC2064768 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200707176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensory axonal projections into the spinal cord display a highly stereotyped pattern of T- or Y-shaped axon bifurcation at the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ). Here, we provide evidence that embryonic mice with an inactive receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 or deficient for cyclic guanosine monophosphate–dependent protein kinase I (cGKI) lack the bifurcation of sensory axons at the DREZ, i.e., the ingrowing axon either turns rostrally or caudally. This bifurcation error is maintained to mature stages. In contrast, interstitial branching of collaterals from primary stem axons remains unaffected, indicating that bifurcation and interstitial branching are processes regulated by a distinct molecular mechanism. At a functional level, the distorted axonal branching at the DREZ is accompanied by reduced synaptic input, as revealed by patch clamp recordings of neurons in the superficial layers of the spinal cord. Hence, our data demonstrate that Npr2 and cGKI are essential constituents of the signaling pathway underlying axonal bifurcation at the DREZ and neuronal connectivity in the dorsal spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schmidt
- Max Delbrück Centrum für Molekulare Medizin, Berlin D-13092, Germany
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20
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Yang L, Wang B, Long C, Wu G, Zheng H. Increased asynchronous release and aberrant calcium channel activation in amyloid precursor protein deficient neuromuscular synapses. Neuroscience 2007; 149:768-78. [PMID: 17919826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the critical roles of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, its physiological function remains poorly established. Our previous studies implicated a structural and functional activity of the APP family of proteins in the developing neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Here we performed comprehensive analyses of neurotransmission in mature neuromuscular synapse of APP deficient mice. We found that APP deletion led to reduced paired-pulse facilitation and increased depression of synaptic transmission with repetitive stimulation. Readily releasable pool size and total releasable vesicles were not affected, but probability of release was significantly increased. Strikingly, the amount of asynchronous release, a measure sensitive to presynaptic calcium concentration, was dramatically increased, and pharmacological studies revealed that it was attributed to aberrant activation of N- and L-type Ca(2+) channels. We propose that APP modulates synaptic transmission at the NMJ by ensuring proper Ca(2+) channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS230, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Shuo T, Aono S, Nakanishi K, Tokita Y, Kuroda Y, Ida M, Matsui F, Maruyama H, Kaji T, Oohira A. Ectodomain shedding of neuroglycan C, a brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, by TIMP-2- and TIMP-3-sensitive proteolysis. J Neurochem 2007; 102:1561-1568. [PMID: 17532789 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglycan C (NGC) is a transmembrane-type of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like module that is exclusively expressed in the CNS. Because ectodomain shedding is a common processing step for many transmembrane proteins, we examined whether NGC was subjected to proteolytic cleavage. Western blotting demonstrated the occurrence of a soluble form of NGC with a 75 kDa core glycoprotein in the soluble fraction of the young rat cerebrum. In contrast, full-length NGC with a 120 kDa core glycoprotein and its cytoplasmic fragment with a molecular size of 35 kDa could be detected in the membrane fraction. The soluble form of NGC was also detectable in culture media of fetal rat neurons, and the full-length form existed in cell layers. The amount of the soluble form in culture media was decreased by adding a physiological protease inhibitor such as a tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-2 or TIMP-3, but not by adding TIMP-1. Both EGF-like and neurite outgrowth-promoting activity of the NGC ectodomain may be regulated by this proteolytic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Shuo
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Aono
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Tokita
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kuroda
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Michiru Ida
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Fumiko Matsui
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Maruyama
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kaji
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Oohira
- Department of Perinatology and Neuroglycoscience, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, JapanDepartment of Neurochemistry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, JapanDepartment of Environmental Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Japan
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22
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Brandt N, Franke K, Rašin MR, Baumgart J, Vogt J, Khrulev S, Hassel B, Pohl EE, Šestan N, Nitsch R, Schumacher S. The neural EGF family member CALEB/NGC mediates dendritic tree and spine complexity. EMBO J 2007; 26:2371-86. [PMID: 17431398 PMCID: PMC1864978 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of dendritic arborizations and spines is essential for neuronal information processing, and abnormal dendritic structures and/or alterations in spine morphology are consistent features of neurons in patients with mental retardation. We identify the neural EGF family member CALEB/NGC as a critical mediator of dendritic tree complexity and spine formation. Overexpression of CALEB/NGC enhances dendritic branching and increases the complexity of dendritic spines and filopodia. Genetic and functional inactivation of CALEB/NGC impairs dendritic arborization and spine formation. Genetic manipulations of individual neurons in an otherwise unaffected microenvironment in the intact mouse cortex by in utero electroporation confirm these results. The EGF-like domain of CALEB/NGC drives both dendritic branching and spine morphogenesis. The phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and protein kinase C (PKC) are important for CALEB/NGC-induced stimulation of dendritic branching. In contrast, CALEB/NGC-induced spine morphogenesis is independent of PI3K but depends on PKC. Thus, our findings reveal a novel switch of specificity in signaling leading to neuronal process differentiation in consecutive developmental events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Franke
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mladen-Roko Rašin
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jan Baumgart
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey Khrulev
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hassel
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry and Clinical Neurobiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elena E Pohl
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nenad Šestan
- Department of Neurobiology and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Schumacher
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Center for Anatomy, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany. Tel.: +49 30 450 528323; Fax: +49 30 450 528902; E-mail:
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23
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Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs), molecules in which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are covalently linked to a protein core, are components of the extracellular matrix of all multicellular organisms. Sugar moieties in GAGs are often extensively modified, which make these molecules enormously complex. We discuss here the role of PGs during animal development, emphasizing the in vivo significance of sugar modifications. We explore a model in which the modification patterns of GAG chains may provide a specific code that contributes to the correct development of a multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA.
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24
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Stein RA, Staros JV. Insights into the evolution of the ErbB receptor family and their ligands from sequence analysis. BMC Evol Biol 2006; 6:79. [PMID: 17026767 PMCID: PMC1618406 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the time since we presented the first molecular evolutionary study of the ErbB family of receptors and the EGF family of ligands, there has been a dramatic increase in genomic sequences available. We have utilized this greatly expanded data set in this study of the ErbB family of receptors and their ligands. Results In our previous analysis we postulated that EGF family ligands could be characterized by the presence of a splice site in the coding region between the fourth and fifth cysteines of the EGF module and the placement of that module near the transmembrane domain. The recent identification of several new ligands for the ErbB receptors supports this characterization of an ErbB ligand; further, applying this characterization to available sequences suggests additional potential ligands for these receptors, the EGF modules from previously identified proteins: interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan-2, the alpha and beta subunit of meprin A, and mucins 3, 4, 12, and 17. The newly available sequences have caused some reorganizations of relationships among the ErbB ligand family, but they add support to the previous conclusion that three gene duplication events gave rise to the present family of four ErbB receptors among the tetrapods. Conclusion This study provides strong support for the hypothesis that the presence of an easily identifiable sequence motif can distinguish EGF family ligands from other EGF-like modules and reveals several potential new EGF family ligands. It also raises interesting questions about the evolution of ErbB2 and ErbB3: Does ErbB2 in teleosts function differently from ErbB2 in tetrapods in terms of ligand binding and intramolecular tethering? When did ErbB3 lose kinase activity, and what is the functional significance of the divergence of its kinase domain among teleosts?
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stein
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - James V Staros
- Dept. of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA, and Dept. of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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25
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Ichihara-Tanaka K, Oohira A, Rumsby M, Muramatsu T. Neuroglycan C Is a Novel Midkine Receptor Involved in Process Elongation of Oligodendroglial Precursor-like Cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:30857-64. [PMID: 16901907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602228200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor that promotes cell attachment and process extension in undifferentiated bipolar CG-4 cells, an oligodendroglial precursor cell line. We found that CG-4 cells expressed a non-proteoglycan form of neuroglycan C, known as a part-time transmembrane proteoglycan. We demonstrated that neuroglycan C before or after chondroitinase ABC treatment bound to a midkine affinity column. Neuroglycan C lacking chondroitin sulfate chains was eluted with 0.5 m NaCl as a major fraction from the column. We confirmed that CG-4 cells expressed two isoforms of neuroglycan C, I, and III, by isolating cDNA. Among three functional domains of the extracellular part of neuroglycan C, the chondroitin sulfate attachment domain and acidic amino acid cluster box domain showed affinity for midkine, but the epidermal growth factor domain did not. Furthermore, cell surface neuroglycan C could be cross-linked with soluble midkine. Process extension on midkine-coated dishes was inhibited by either a monoclonal anti-neuroglycan C antibody C1 or a glutathione S-transferase-neuroglycan C fusion protein. Finally, stable transfectants of B104 neuroblastoma cells overexpressing neuroglycan C-I or neuroglycan C-III attached to the midkine substrate, spread well, and gave rise to cytoskeletal changes. Based on these results, we conclude that neuroglycan C is a novel component of midkine receptors involved in process elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Ichihara-Tanaka
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Sciences, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan
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26
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Nakanishi K, Aono S, Hirano K, Kuroda Y, Ida M, Tokita Y, Matsui F, Oohira A. Identification of neurite outgrowth-promoting domains of neuroglycan C, a brain-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and involvement of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C signaling pathways in neuritogenesis. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:24970-8. [PMID: 16803884 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601498200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglycan C (NGC) is a transmembrane-type chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan that is exclusively expressed in the central nervous system. We report that the recombinant ectodomain of NGC core protein enhances neurite outgrowth from rat neocortical neurons in culture. Both protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors attenuated the NGC-mediated neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that NGC promotes neurite outgrowth via PI3K and PKC pathways. The active sites of NGC for neurite outgrowth existed in the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain and acidic amino acid (AA)-domain of the NGC ectodomain. The EGF-domain caused cells to extend preferentially one neurite from a soma, whereas the AA-domain caused several neurites to develop. The EGF-domain also enhanced neurite outgrowth from GABA-positive neurons, but the AA-domain did not. These results suggest that the EGF-domain and AA-domain have distinct functions in terms of neuritogenesis. From these findings, NGC can be considered to be involved in neuritogenesis in the developing central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nakanishi
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi 480-0392, Japan.
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27
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Aono S, Oohira A. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the brain. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2006; 53:323-36. [PMID: 17239773 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(05)53015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Aono
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Aichi 480-0392, Japan
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28
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Aono S, Tokita Y, Yasuda Y, Hirano K, Yamauchi S, Shuo T, Matsui F, Keino H, Kashiwai A, Kawamura N, Shimada A, Kishikawa M, Asai M, Oohira A. Expression and identification of a new splice variant of neuroglycan C, a transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, in the human brain. J Neurosci Res 2006; 83:110-8. [PMID: 16299773 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglycan C (NGC) is a transmembrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan with an EGF module. We studied the expression of NGC in the human brain, mainly in the hippocampus, and confirmed some observations by conducting experiments using rat brain. In humans, NGC mRNA was expressed exclusively in the brain, especially in the immature brain. The telencephalon, including the hippocampus and neocortex, showed strong mRNA expression. NGC was immunolocalized to neuropils in the hippocampus and neocortex of the adult rat. RT-PCR experiments showed that four splice variants (NGC-I, -II, -III, and -IV) were expressed in the adult human hippocampus. By Western blotting, the expression as proteins of all splice variants except NGC-II was confirmed in the adult rat hippocampus. NGC-IV, which was first found in the present study, had the shortest cytoplasmic domain among the four variants. NGC-IV mRNA was expressed by neurons, but not by astrocytes, in culture prepared from the fetal rat hippocampus, suggesting that NGC-IV plays a role specific to neurons. In addition, the human NGC gene, which is registered as CSPG5, comprised six exons and was approximately 19 kb in size. In exon 2, a single nucleotide polymorphism resulting in Val188Gly in the NGC ectodomain was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Aono
- Department of Perinatology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan.
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