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Min KW, Kim N, Lee JH, Sung Y, Kim M, Lee EJ, Kim JM, Kim JH, Lee J, Cho W, Yang JM, Kim N, Kim J, Lee CJ, Park YG, Lee SH, Lee HW, Kim JW. Visuomotor anomalies in achiasmatic mice expressing a transfer-defective Vax1 mutant. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:385-400. [PMID: 36737666 PMCID: PMC9981622 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In binocular animals that exhibit stereoscopic visual responses, the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) connect to brain areas bilaterally by forming a commissure called the optic chiasm (OC). Ventral anterior homeobox 1 (Vax1) contributes to the formation of the OC, acting endogenously in optic pathway cells and exogenously in growing RGC axons. Here, we generated Vax1AA/AA mice expressing the Vax1AA mutant, which is incapable of intercellular transfer. We found that RGC axons cannot take up Vax1AA protein from the Vax1AA/AA mouse optic stalk (OS) and grow slowly to arrive at the hypothalamus at a late stage. The RGC axons of Vax1AA/AA mice connect exclusively to ipsilateral brain areas after failing to access the midline, resulting in reduced visual acuity and abnormal oculomotor responses. Overall, our study provides physiological evidence for the necessity of intercellular transfer of Vax1 and the importance of the bilateral RGC axon projection in proper visuomotor responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Wook Min
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Namsuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghoon Sung
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Museong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Myeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjin Cho
- Department of Bio & Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Myung Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Dongguk-ro 27, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeong-gi, Republic of Korea
| | - Nury Kim
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Cognition and Sociality, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Gyun Park
- Department of Bio & Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woong Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and KAIST Stem Cell Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Ahmadi K, Herbik A, Wagner M, Kanowski M, Thieme H, Hoffmann MB. Population receptive field and connectivity properties of the early visual cortex in human albinism. Neuroimage 2019; 202:116105. [PMID: 31422172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In albinism, the pathological decussation of the temporal retinal afferents at the optic chiasm leads to superimposed representations of opposing hemifields in the visual cortex. Here, we assessed the equivalence of the two representations and the cortico-cortical connectivity of the early visual areas. Applying fMRI-based population receptive field (pRF)-mapping (both hemifield and bilateral mapping) and connective field (CF)-modeling, we investigated the early visual cortex in 6 albinotic participants and 4 controls. In albinism, superimposed retinotopic representations of the contra- and ipsilateral visual hemifield were observed on the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulated eye. This was confirmed by the observation of bilateral pRFs during bilateral mapping. Hemifield mapping revealed similar pRF-sizes for both hemifield representations throughout V1 to V3. The typical increase of V1-sampling extent for V3 compared to V2 was not found for the albinotic participants. The similarity of the pRF-sizes for opposing visual hemifield representations highlights the equivalence of the two maps in the early visual cortex. The altered V1-sampling extent in V3 might indicate the adaptation of cortico-cortical connections to visual pathway abnormalities in albinism. These findings thus suggest that conservative developmental mechanisms are complemented by alterations of the extrastriate cortico-cortical connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khazar Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anne Herbik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wagner
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Kanowski
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Thieme
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael B Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
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DeYoe EA, Ulmer JL, Mueller WM, Sabsevitz DS, Reitsma DC, Pillai JJ. Imaging of the Functional and Dysfunctional Visual System. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2015; 36:234-48. [PMID: 26233858 DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used clinically to map the visual cortex before brain surgery or other invasive treatments to achieve an optimal balance between therapeutic effect and the avoidance of postoperative vision deficits. Clinically optimized stimuli, analyses, and displays permit identification of cortical subregions supporting high-acuity central vision that is critical for reading and other essential visual functions. A novel data display permits instant appreciation of the functional relationship between the pattern of fMRI brain activation and the pattern of vision loss and preservation within the patient׳s field of view. Neurovascular uncoupling and its detection in the visual cortex are key issues for the interpretation of fMRI results in patients with existing brain pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A DeYoe
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI.
| | - John L Ulmer
- Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Wade M Mueller
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - David S Sabsevitz
- Department of Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | | | - Jay J Pillai
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Hoffmann MB, Dumoulin SO. Congenital visual pathway abnormalities: a window onto cortical stability and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 2014; 38:55-65. [PMID: 25448619 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sensory systems project information in a highly organized manner to the brain, where it is preserved in maps of the sensory structures. These sensory projections are altered in congenital abnormalities, such as anophthalmia, albinism, achiasma, and hemihydranencephaly. Consequently, these abnormalities, profoundly affect the organization of the visual system. Surprisingly, visual perception remains largely intact, except for anophthalmia. Recent brain imaging advances shed light on the mechanisms that underlie this phenomenon. In contrast to animal models, in humans the plasticity of thalamocortical connections appears limited, thus demonstrating the importance of cortical adaptations. We suggest that congenital visual pathway abnormalities provide a valuable model to investigate the principles of plasticity that make visual representations available for perception and behavior in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Hoffmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Processing Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Serge O Dumoulin
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Kaule FR, Wolynski B, Gottlob I, Stadler J, Speck O, Kanowski M, Meltendorf S, Behrens-Baumann W, Hoffmann MB. Impact of chiasma opticum malformations on the organization of the human ventral visual cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:5093-105. [PMID: 24771411 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital malformations of the optic chiasm, such as enhanced and reduced crossing of the optic nerve fibers, are evident in albinism and achiasma, respectively. In early visual cortex the resulting additional visual input from the ipsilateral visual hemifield is superimposed onto the normal retinotopic representation of the contralateral visual field, which is likely due to conservative geniculo-striate projections. Counterintuitively, this organization in early visual cortex does not have profound consequences on visual function. Here we ask, whether higher stages of visual processing provide a correction to the abnormal representation allowing for largely normal perception. To this end we assessed the organization patterns of early and ventral visual cortex in five albinotic, one achiasmic, and five control participants. In albinism and achiasma the mirror-symmetrical superposition of the ipsilateral and contalateral visual fields was evident not only in early visual cortex, but also in the higher areas of the ventral processing stream. Specifically, in the visual areas VO1/2 and PHC1/2 no differences in the extent, the degree of superposition, and the magnitude of the responses were evident in comparison to the early visual areas. Consequently, the highly atypical organization of the primary visual cortex was propagated downstream to highly specialized processing stages in an undiminished and unchanged manner. This indicates largely unaltered cortico-cortical connections in both types of misrouting, i.e., enhanced and reduced crossing of the optic nerves. It is concluded that main aspects of visual function are preserved despite sizable representation abnormalities in the ventral visual processing stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko R Kaule
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual Processing Laboratory, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Experimental Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, Magdeburg, Germany
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Ma Y, Ward BD, Ropella KM, Deyoe EA. Comparison of randomized multifocal mapping and temporal phase mapping of visual cortex for clinical use. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2013; 3:143-54. [PMID: 24179858 PMCID: PMC3791286 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
fMRI is becoming an important clinical tool for planning and guidance of surgery to treat brain tumors, arteriovenous malformations, and epileptic foci. For visual cortex mapping, the most popular paradigm by far is temporal phase mapping, although random multifocal stimulation paradigms have drawn increased attention due to their ability to identify complex response fields and their random properties. In this study we directly compared temporal phase and multifocal vision mapping paradigms with respect to clinically relevant factors including: time efficiency, mapping completeness, and the effects of noise. Randomized, multifocal mapping accurately decomposed the response of single voxels to multiple stimulus locations and made correct retinotopic assignments as noise levels increased despite decreasing sensitivity. Also, multifocal mapping became less efficient as the number of stimulus segments (locations) increased from 13 to 25 to 49 and when duty cycle was increased from 25% to 50%. Phase mapping, on the other hand, activated more extrastriate visual areas, was more time efficient in achieving statistically significant responses, and had better sensitivity as noise increased, though with an increase in systematic retinotopic mis-assignments. Overall, temporal phase mapping is likely to be a better choice for routine clinical applications though random multifocal mapping may offer some unique advantages for selected applications. Phase mapping activates more extrastriate visual areas and is more efficient per run. Random mapping can decompose the response of single voxels to multiple locations. Efficiency of random mapping depends on number of stimulus regions and duty cycle. Noise affects random- and phase-mapping differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, 1515 W. Wisconsin Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53233, USA
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