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Carraro C, Montgomery JV, Klimmt J, Paquet D, Schultze JL, Beyer MD. Tackling neurodegeneration in vitro with omics: a path towards new targets and drugs. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1414886. [PMID: 38952421 PMCID: PMC11215216 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1414886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug discovery is a generally inefficient and capital-intensive process. For neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), the development of novel therapeutics is particularly urgent considering the long list of late-stage drug candidate failures. Although our knowledge on the pathogenic mechanisms driving neurodegeneration is growing, additional efforts are required to achieve a better and ultimately complete understanding of the pathophysiological underpinnings of NDDs. Beyond the etiology of NDDs being heterogeneous and multifactorial, this process is further complicated by the fact that current experimental models only partially recapitulate the major phenotypes observed in humans. In such a scenario, multi-omic approaches have the potential to accelerate the identification of new or repurposed drugs against a multitude of the underlying mechanisms driving NDDs. One major advantage for the implementation of multi-omic approaches in the drug discovery process is that these overarching tools are able to disentangle disease states and model perturbations through the comprehensive characterization of distinct molecular layers (i.e., genome, transcriptome, proteome) up to a single-cell resolution. Because of recent advances increasing their affordability and scalability, the use of omics technologies to drive drug discovery is nascent, but rapidly expanding in the neuroscience field. Combined with increasingly advanced in vitro models, which particularly benefited from the introduction of human iPSCs, multi-omics are shaping a new paradigm in drug discovery for NDDs, from disease characterization to therapeutics prediction and experimental screening. In this review, we discuss examples, main advantages and open challenges in the use of multi-omic approaches for the in vitro discovery of targets and therapies against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Carraro
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jessica V. Montgomery
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Julien Klimmt
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Paquet
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Joachim L. Schultze
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life & Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE, Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc D. Beyer
- Systems Medicine, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
- PRECISE, Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the University of Bonn and West German Genome Center, Bonn, Germany
- Immunogenomics & Neurodegeneration, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen e.V. (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
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Oakley DH, Chung M, Abrha S, Hyman BT, Frosch MP. β-Amyloid species production and tau phosphorylation in iPSC-neurons with reference to neuropathologically characterized matched donor brains. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2024:nlae053. [PMID: 38874454 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlae053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
A basic assumption underlying induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of neurodegeneration is that disease-relevant pathologies present in brain tissue are also represented in donor-matched cells differentiated from iPSCs. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis in matched iPSCs and neuropathologically characterized donated brain tissues. To address this, we assessed iPSC-neuron production of β-amyloid (Aβ) Aβ40, Aβ42, and Aβ43 in 24 iPSC lines matched to donor brains with primary neuropathologic diagnoses of sporadic AD (sAD), familial AD (fAD), control, and other neurodegenerative disorders. Our results demonstrate a positive correlation between Aβ43 production by fAD iPSC-neurons and Aβ43 accumulation in matched brain tissues but do not reveal a substantial correlation in soluble Aβ species between control or sAD iPSC-neurons and matched brains. However, we found that the ApoE4 genotype is associated with increased Aβ production by AD iPSC-neurons. Pathologic tau phosphorylation was found to be increased in AD and fAD iPSC-neurons compared to controls and positively correlated with the relative abundance of longer-length Aβ species produced by these cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that sAD-predisposing genetic factors influence iPSC-neuron phenotypes and that these cells are capturing disease-relevant and patient-specific components of the amyloid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek H Oakley
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mirra Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara Abrha
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bradley T Hyman
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Boston, MA, United States
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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Balusu S, De Strooper B. The necroptosis cell death pathway drives neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:96. [PMID: 38852117 PMCID: PMC11162975 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Although apoptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis have been implicated in AD, none fully explains the extensive neuronal loss observed in AD brains. Recent evidence shows that necroptosis is abundant in AD, that necroptosis is closely linked to the appearance of Tau pathology, and that necroptosis markers accumulate in granulovacuolar neurodegeneration vesicles (GVD). We review here the neuron-specific activation of the granulovacuolar mediated neuronal-necroptosis pathway, the potential AD-relevant triggers upstream of this pathway, and the interaction of the necrosome with the endo-lysosomal pathway, possibly providing links to Tau pathology. In addition, we underscore the therapeutic potential of inhibiting necroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, as this presents a novel avenue for drug development targeting neuronal loss to preserve cognitive abilities. Such an approach seems particularly relevant when combined with amyloid-lowering drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Balusu
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Strooper
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Lai Q, Dannenfelser R, Roussarie JP, Yao V. Disentangling associations between complex traits and cell types with seismic. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.04.592534. [PMID: 38765980 PMCID: PMC11100625 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.04.592534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Integrating single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) with Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) can help reveal GWAS-associated cell types, furthering our understanding of the cell-type-specific biological processes underlying complex traits and disease. However, current methods have technical limitations that hinder them from making systematic, scalable, interpretable disease-cell-type associations. In order to rapidly and accurately pinpoint associations, we develop a novel framework, seismic, which characterizes cell types using a new specificity score. We compare seismic with alternative methods across over 1,000 cell type characterizations at different granularities and 28 traits, demonstrating that seismic both corroborates findings and identifies trait-relevant cell groups which are not apparent through other methodologies. Furthermore, as part of the seismic framework, the specific genes driving cell type-trait associations can easily be accessed and analyzed, enabling further biological insights. The advantages of seismic are particularly salient in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, where disease pathology has not only cell-specific manifestations, but also brain region-specific differences. Interestingly, a case study of Alzheimer's disease reveals the importance of considering GWAS endpoints, as studies relying on clinical diagnoses consistently identify microglial associations, while GWAS with a tau biomarker endpoint reveals neuronal associations. In general, seismic is a computationally efficient, powerful, and interpretable approach for identifying associations between complex traits and cell type-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiliang Lai
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University
| | | | | | - Vicky Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University
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Pak V, Adewale Q, Bzdok D, Dadar M, Zeighami Y, Iturria-Medina Y. Distinctive whole-brain cell types predict tissue damage patterns in thirteen neurodegenerative conditions. eLife 2024; 12:RP89368. [PMID: 38512130 PMCID: PMC10957173 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
For over a century, brain research narrative has mainly centered on neuron cells. Accordingly, most neurodegenerative studies focus on neuronal dysfunction and their selective vulnerability, while we lack comprehensive analyses of other major cell types' contribution. By unifying spatial gene expression, structural MRI, and cell deconvolution, here we describe how the human brain distribution of canonical cell types extensively predicts tissue damage in 13 neurodegenerative conditions, including early- and late-onset Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, mutations in presenilin-1, and 3 clinical variants of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (behavioral variant, semantic and non-fluent primary progressive aphasia) along with associated three-repeat and four-repeat tauopathies and TDP43 proteinopathies types A and C. We reconstructed comprehensive whole-brain reference maps of cellular abundance for six major cell types and identified characteristic axes of spatial overlapping with atrophy. Our results support the strong mediating role of non-neuronal cells, primarily microglia and astrocytes, in spatial vulnerability to tissue loss in neurodegeneration, with distinct and shared across-disorder pathomechanisms. These observations provide critical insights into the multicellular pathophysiology underlying spatiotemporal advance in neurodegeneration. Notably, they also emphasize the need to exceed the current neuro-centric view of brain diseases, supporting the imperative for cell-specific therapeutic targets in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pak
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental HealthMontrealCanada
| | - Quadri Adewale
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental HealthMontrealCanada
| | - Danilo Bzdok
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- School of Computer Science, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence InstituteMontrealCanada
| | | | | | - Yasser Iturria-Medina
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealCanada
- Ludmer Centre for Neuroinformatics & Mental HealthMontrealCanada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- McGill Centre for Studies in AgingMontrealCanada
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Beghini DG, Kasai-Brunswick TH, Henriques-Pons A. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Drug Discovery and Neurodegenerative Disease Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2392. [PMID: 38397069 PMCID: PMC10889263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are derived from reprogrammed adult somatic cells. These adult cells are manipulated in vitro to express genes and factors essential for acquiring and maintaining embryonic stem cell (ESC) properties. This technology is widely applied in many fields, and much attention has been given to developing iPSC-based disease models to validate drug discovery platforms and study the pathophysiological molecular processes underlying disease onset. Especially in neurological diseases, there is a great need for iPSC-based technological research, as these cells can be obtained from each patient and carry the individual's bulk of genetic mutations and unique properties. Moreover, iPSCs can differentiate into multiple cell types. These are essential characteristics, since the study of neurological diseases is affected by the limited access to injury sites, the need for in vitro models composed of various cell types, the complexity of reproducing the brain's anatomy, the challenges of postmortem cell culture, and ethical issues. Neurodegenerative diseases strongly impact global health due to their high incidence, symptom severity, and lack of effective therapies. Recently, analyses using disease specific, iPSC-based models confirmed the efficacy of these models for testing multiple drugs. This review summarizes the advances in iPSC technology used in disease modelling and drug testing, with a primary focus on neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gois Beghini
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Tais Hanae Kasai-Brunswick
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem, CENABIO, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil;
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-REGENERA, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Andrea Henriques-Pons
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil;
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Miao Y, Meng H. The involvement of α-synucleinopathy in the disruption of microglial homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:31. [PMID: 38216911 PMCID: PMC10785555 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The intracellular deposition and intercellular transmission of α-synuclein (α-syn) are shared pathological characteristics among neurodegenerative disorders collectively known as α-synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the precise triggers of α-synucleinopathies remain unclear, recent findings indicate that disruption of microglial homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of PD. Microglia play a crucial role in maintaining optimal neuronal function by ensuring a homeostatic environment, but this function is disrupted during the progression of α-syn pathology. The involvement of microglia in the accumulation, uptake, and clearance of aggregated proteins is critical for managing disease spread and progression caused by α-syn pathology. This review summarizes current knowledge on the interrelationships between microglia and α-synucleinopathies, focusing on the remarkable ability of microglia to recognize and internalize extracellular α-syn through diverse pathways. Microglia process α-syn intracellularly and intercellularly to facilitate the α-syn neuronal aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation. The conformational state of α-synuclein distinctly influences microglial inflammation, which can affect peripheral immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes and may regulate the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies. We also discuss ongoing research efforts to identify potential therapeutic approaches targeting both α-syn accumulation and inflammation in PD. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhen Miao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongrui Meng
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Simons M, Levin J, Dichgans M. Tipping points in neurodegeneration. Neuron 2023; 111:2954-2968. [PMID: 37385247 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), Aβ deposits form slowly, several decades before further pathological events trigger neurodegeneration and dementia. However, a substantial proportion of affected individuals remains non-demented despite AD pathology, raising questions about the underlying factors that determine the transition to clinical disease. Here, we emphasize the critical function of resilience and resistance factors, which we extend beyond the concept of cognitive reserve to include the glial, immune, and vascular system. We review the evidence and use the metaphor of "tipping points" to illustrate how gradually forming AD neuropathology in the preclinical stage can transition to dementia once adaptive functions of the glial, immune, and vascular system are lost and self-reinforcing pathological cascades are unleashed. Thus, we propose an expanded framework for pathomechanistic research that focuses on tipping points and non-neuronal resilience mechanisms, which may represent previously untapped therapeutic targets in preclinical AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Levin
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Dichgans
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Ren C, Cui H, Bao X, Huang L, He S, Fong HKW, Zhao M. Proteopathy Linked to Exon-Skipping Isoform of RGR-Opsin Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:41. [PMID: 37883094 PMCID: PMC10615142 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proteopathy is believed to contribute to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Much research indicates that AMD begins in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which is associated with formation of extracellular drusen, a clinical hallmark of AMD. Human RPE produces a drusen-associated abnormal protein, the exon Ⅵ-skipping splice isoform of retinal G protein-coupled receptor (RGR-d). In this study, we investigate the detrimental effects of RGR-d on cultured cells and mouse retina. Methods ARPE-19 cells were stably infected by lentivirus overexpressing RGR or RGR-d and were treated with MG132, sometimes combined with or without endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer, tunicamycin. RGR and RGR-d protein expression, degeneration pathway, and potential cytotoxicity were explored. Homozygous RGR-d mice aged 8 or 14 months were fed with a high-fat diet for 3 months and then subjected to ocular examination and histopathology experiments. Results We confirm that RGR-d is proteotoxic under various conditions. In ARPE-19 cells, RGR-d is misfolded and almost completely degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Unlike normal RGR, RGR-d increases ER stress, triggers the unfolded protein response, and exerts potent cytotoxicity. Aged RGR-d mice manifest disrupted RPE cell integrity, apoptotic photoreceptors, choroidal deposition of complement C3, and CD86+CD32+ proinflammatory cell infiltration into retina and RPE-choroid. Furthermore, the AMD-like phenotype of RGR-d mice can be aggravated by a high-fat diet. Conclusions Our study confirmed the pathogenicity of the RGR splice isoform and corroborated a significant role of proteopathy in AMD. These findings may contribute to greater comprehension of the multifactorial causes of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuan Bao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lvzhen Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Shikun He
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Henry K. W. Fong
- Department of Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Mingwei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Disease and Optometry Institute, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, China
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Murai T, Matsuda S. Metabolic Reprogramming toward Aerobic Glycolysis and the Gut Microbiota Involved in the Brain Amyloid Pathology. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1081. [PMID: 37626967 PMCID: PMC10452252 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of senile plaques consisting of fibrillated amyloid-β (Aβ), dystrophic neurites, and the neurofibrillary tangles of tau. The oligomers/fibrillar Aβ damages the neurons or initiates an intracellular signaling cascade for neuronal cell death leading to Aβ toxicity. The Aβ is a 4 kDa molecular weight peptide originating from the C-terminal region of the amyloid precursor protein via proteolytic cleavage. Apart from the typical AD hallmarks, certain deficits in metabolic alterations have been identified. This study describes the emerging features of AD from the aspect of metabolic reprogramming in the main pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in the human brain. Particularly, the neurons in patients with AD favor glycolysis despite a normal mitochondrial function indicating a Warburg-like effect. In addition, certain dietary patterns are well known for their properties in preventing AD. Among those, a ketogenic diet may substantially improve the symptoms of AD. An effective therapeutic method for the treatment, mitigation, and prevention of AD has not yet been established. Therefore, the researchers pursue the development and establishment of novel therapies effective in suppressing AD symptoms and the elucidation of their underlying protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration aiming for AD therapy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Murai
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Satoru Matsuda
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita-Uoya Nishimachi, Nara 630-8506, Japan
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Mayor E. Neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting, calorie restriction and exercise: a review and annotated bibliography. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2023; 4:1161814. [PMID: 37334045 PMCID: PMC10273285 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2023.1161814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, important progress has been achieved in the understanding of the neurotrophic effects of intermittent fasting (IF), calorie restriction (CR) and exercise. Improved neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and adult neurogenesis (NSPAN) are essential examples of these neurotrophic effects. The importance in this respect of the metabolic switch from glucose to ketone bodies as cellular fuel has been highlighted. More recently, calorie restriction mimetics (CRMs; resveratrol and other polyphenols in particular) have been investigated thoroughly in relation to NSPAN. In the narrative review sections of this manuscript, recent findings on these essential functions are synthesized and the most important molecules involved are presented. The most researched signaling pathways (PI3K, Akt, mTOR, AMPK, GSK3β, ULK, MAPK, PGC-1α, NF-κB, sirtuins, Notch, Sonic hedgehog and Wnt) and processes (e.g., anti-inflammation, autophagy, apoptosis) that support or thwart neuroprotection, synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis are then briefly presented. This provides an accessible entry point to the literature. In the annotated bibliography section of this contribution, brief summaries are provided of about 30 literature reviews relating to the neurotrophic effects of interest in relation to IF, CR, CRMs and exercise. Most of the selected reviews address these essential functions from the perspective of healthier aging (sometimes discussing epigenetic factors) and the reduction of the risk for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease) and depression or the improvement of cognitive function.
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