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Liu K, Ma W, Li C, Li J, Zhang X, Liu J, Liu W, Wu Z, Zang C, Liang Y, Guo J, Li L. Advances in Transcription Factors Related to Neuroglial Cell Reprogramming. Transl Neurosci 2020; 11:17-27. [PMID: 32161682 PMCID: PMC7053399 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroglial cells have a high level of plasticity, and many types of these cells are present in the nervous system. Neuroglial cells provide diverse therapeutic targets for neurological diseases and injury repair. Cell reprogramming technology provides an efficient pathway for cell transformation during neural regeneration, while transcription factor-mediated reprogramming can facilitate the understanding of how neuroglial cells mature into functional neurons and promote neurological function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangpin Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Junjun Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xingkui Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zheng Wu
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Chenghao Zang
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jianhui Guo
- Second Department of General Surgery, First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liyan Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Lin28B promotes Müller glial cell de-differentiation and proliferation in the regenerative rat retinas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:49368-49383. [PMID: 27384999 PMCID: PMC5226514 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal regeneration and repair are severely impeded in higher mammalian animals. Although Müller cells can be activated and show some characteristics of progenitor cells when injured or under pathological conditions, they quickly form gliosis scars. Unfortunately, the basic mechanisms that impede retinal regeneration remain unknown. We studied retinas from Royal College of Surgeon (RCS) rats and found that let-7 family molecules, let-7e and let-7i, were significantly overexpressed in Müller cells of degenerative retinas. It demonstrated that down-regulation of the RNA binding protein Lin28B was one of the key factors leading to the overexpression of let-7e and let-7i. Lin28B ectopic expression in the Müller cells suppressed overexpression of let-7e and let-7i, stimulated and mobilized Müller glia de-differentiation, proliferation, promoted neuronal commitment, and inhibited glial fate acquisition of de-differentiated Müller cells. ERG recordings revealed that the amplitudes of a-wave and b-wave were improved significantly after Lin28B was delivered into the subretinal space of RCS rats. In summary, down-regulation of Lin28B as well as up-regulation of let-7e and let-7i may be the main factors that impede Müller cell de-differentiation and proliferation in the retina of RCS rats.
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Boda E, Nato G, Buffo A. Emerging pharmacological approaches to promote neurogenesis from endogenous glial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28647491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.06.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are emerging as leading contributors to the global disease burden. While some drug-based approaches have been designed to limit or prevent neuronal loss following acute damage or chronic neurodegeneration, regeneration of functional neurons in the adult Central Nervous System (CNS) still remains an unmet need. In this context, the exploitation of endogenous cell sources has recently gained an unprecedented attention, thanks to the demonstration that, in some CNS regions or under specific circumstances, glial cells can activate spontaneous neurogenesis or can be instructed to produce neurons in the adult mammalian CNS parenchyma. This field of research has greatly advanced in the last years and identified interesting molecular and cellular mechanisms guiding the neurogenic activation/conversion of glia. In this review, we summarize the evolution of the research devoted to understand how resident glia can be directed to produce neurons. We paid particular attention to pharmacologically-relevant approaches exploiting the modulation of niche-associated factors and the application of selected small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Giulia Nato
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, I-10126 Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, I-10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Kleiderman S, Gutbier S, Ugur Tufekci K, Ortega F, Sá JV, Teixeira AP, Brito C, Glaab E, Berninger B, Alves PM, Leist M. Conversion of Nonproliferating Astrocytes into Neurogenic Neural Stem Cells: Control by FGF2 and Interferon-γ. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2861-2874. [PMID: 27603577 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Conversion of astrocytes to neurons, via de-differentiation to neural stem cells (NSC), may be a new approach to treat neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries. The signaling factors affecting such a cell conversion are poorly understood, and they are hard to identify in complex disease models or conventional cell cultures. To address this question, we developed a serum-free, strictly controlled culture system of pure and homogeneous "astrocytes generated from murine embryonic stem cells (ESC)." These stem cell derived astrocytes (mAGES), as well as standard primary astrocytes resumed proliferation upon addition of FGF. The signaling of FGF receptor tyrosine kinase converted GFAP-positive mAGES to nestin-positive NSC. ERK phosphorylation was necessary, but not sufficient, for cell cycle re-entry, as EGF triggered no de-differentiation. The NSC obtained by de-differentiation of mAGES were similar to those obtained directly by differentiation of ESC, as evidenced by standard phenotyping, and also by transcriptome mapping, metabolic profiling, and by differentiation to neurons or astrocytes. The de-differentiation was negatively affected by inflammatory mediators, and in particular, interferon-γ strongly impaired the formation of NSC from mAGES by a pathway involving phosphorylation of STAT1, but not the generation of nitric oxide. Thus, two antagonistic signaling pathways were identified here that affect fate conversion of astrocytes independent of genetic manipulation. The complex interplay of the respective signaling molecules that promote/inhibit astrocyte de-differentiation may explain why astrocytes do not readily form neural stem cells in most diseases. Increased knowledge of such factors may provide therapeutic opportunities to favor such conversions. Stem Cells 2016;34:2861-2874.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kleiderman
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Kemal Ugur Tufekci
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Dokuz Eylul University, Inciralti, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Avenue Puerta de Hierro, Institute of Neurochemistry (IUIN), Spain and Health Research Institute of the Hospital Clinico San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, Spain
| | - João V Sá
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ana P Teixeira
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Catarina Brito
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute/Department of Physiological Chemistry, Research Group Adult Neurogenesis and Cellular Reprogramming, Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Paula M Alves
- IBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica, Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marcel Leist
- Department of Biology, The Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair of in-vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine/Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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Tian J, Luo Y, Chen W, Yang S, Wang H, Cui J, Lu Z, Lin Y, Bi Y. MeHg Suppressed Neuronal Potency of Hippocampal NSCs Contributing to the Puberal Spatial Memory Deficits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 172:424-436. [PMID: 26743863 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0609-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal neurogenesis-related structural damage, particularly that leading to defective adult cognitive function, is considered an important risk factor for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Normal differentiation of neurons and glial cells during development is crucial in neurogenesis, which is particularly sensitive to the environmental toxicant methylmercury (MeHg). However, the exact effects of MeHg on hippocampal neural stem cell (hNSC) differentiation during puberty remain unknown. This study investigates whether MeHg exposure induces changes in hippocampal neurogenesis and whether these changes underlie cognitive defects in puberty. A rat model of methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl) exposure (0.4 mg/kg/day, PND 5-PND 33, 28 days) was established, and the Morris water maze was used to assess cognitive function. Primary hNSCs from hippocampal tissues of E16-day Sprague-Dawley rats were purified, identified, and cloned. hNSC proliferation and differentiation and the growth and morphology of newly generated neurons were observed by MTT and immunofluorescence assays. MeHg exposure induced defects in spatial learning and memory accompanied by a decrease in number of doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells in the dentate gyrus (DG). DCX is a surrogate marker for newly generated neurons. Proliferation and differentiation of hNSCs significantly decreased in the MeHg-treated groups. MeHg attenuated microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) expression in neurons and enhanced the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cell differentiation of hNSCs, thereby inducing degenerative changes in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, MeHg induced deficits in hippocampus-dependent spatial learning and memory during adolescence as a consequence of decreased generation of DG neurons. Our findings suggested that MeHg exposure could be a potential risk factor for psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Tian
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
- Basic Medical School, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, China.
| | - Yougen Luo
- The Research Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Aging, Medical College of Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi, 343000, China
| | - Weiwei Chen
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Shengsen Yang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jing Cui
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Zhiyan Lu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yuanye Lin
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Yongyi Bi
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 115 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China.
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Huang Y, Tan S. Direct lineage conversion of astrocytes to induced neural stem cells or neurons. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:357-67. [PMID: 25854678 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-014-1517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006, cellular reprogramming has attracted increasing attention as a revolutionary strategy for cell replacement therapy. Recent advances have revealed that somatic cells can be directly converted into other mature cell types, which eliminates the risk of neoplasia and the generation of undesired cell types. Astrocytes become reactive and undergo proliferation, which hampers axon regeneration following injury, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. An emerging technique to directly reprogram astrocytes into induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) and induced neurons (iNs) by neural fate determinants brings potential hope to cell replacement therapy for the above neurological problems. Here, we discuss the development of direct reprogramming of various cell types into iNs and iNSCs, then detail astrocyte-derived iNSCs and iNs in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we highlight the unsolved challenges and opportunities for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Huang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
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Gallo V, Deneen B. Glial development: the crossroads of regeneration and repair in the CNS. Neuron 2014; 83:283-308. [PMID: 25033178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the complexities of the mammalian CNS, its regeneration is viewed as the holy grail of regenerative medicine. Extraordinary efforts have been made to understand developmental neurogenesis, with the hopes of clinically applying this knowledge. CNS regeneration also involves glia, which comprises at least 50% of the cellular constituency of the brain and is involved in all forms of injury and disease response, recovery, and regeneration. Recent developmental studies have given us unprecedented insight into the processes that regulate the generation of CNS glia. Because restorative processes often parallel those found in development, we will peer through the lens of developmental gliogenesis to gain a clearer understanding of the processes that underlie glial regeneration under pathological conditions. Specifically, this review will focus on key signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte development and describe how these mechanisms are reutilized in these populations during regeneration and repair after CNS injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
| | - Benjamin Deneen
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Pollak J, Wilken MS, Ueki Y, Cox KE, Sullivan JM, Taylor RJ, Levine EM, Reh TA. ASCL1 reprograms mouse Muller glia into neurogenic retinal progenitors. Development 2013; 140:2619-31. [PMID: 23637330 PMCID: PMC3666387 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-mammalian vertebrates have a robust ability to regenerate injured retinal neurons from Müller glia (MG) that activate the gene encoding the proneural factor Achaete-scute homolog 1 (Ascl1; also known as Mash1 in mammals) and de-differentiate into progenitor cells. By contrast, mammalian MG have a limited regenerative response and fail to upregulate Ascl1 after injury. To test whether ASCL1 could restore neurogenic potential to mammalian MG, we overexpressed ASCL1 in dissociated mouse MG cultures and intact retinal explants. ASCL1-infected MG upregulated retinal progenitor-specific genes and downregulated glial genes. Furthermore, ASCL1 remodeled the chromatin at its targets from a repressive to an active configuration. MG-derived progenitors differentiated into cells that exhibited neuronal morphologies, expressed retinal subtype-specific neuronal markers and displayed neuron-like physiological responses. These results indicate that a single transcription factor, ASCL1, can induce a neurogenic state in mature MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Pollak
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew S. Wilken
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yumi Ueki
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kristen E. Cox
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jane M. Sullivan
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Russell J. Taylor
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Edward M. Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Thomas A. Reh
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Neurobiology and Behavior Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Mashanov VS, Zueva OR, García-Arrarás JE. Radial glial cells play a key role in echinoderm neural regeneration. BMC Biol 2013; 11:49. [PMID: 23597108 PMCID: PMC3652774 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unlike the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), the CNS of echinoderms is capable of fast and efficient regeneration following injury and constitutes one of the most promising model systems that can provide important insights into evolution of the cellular and molecular events involved in neural repair in deuterostomes. So far, the cellular mechanisms of neural regeneration in echinoderm remained obscure. In this study we show that radial glial cells are the main source of new cells in the regenerating radial nerve cord in these animals. Results We demonstrate that radial glial cells of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima react to injury by dedifferentiation. Both glia and neurons undergo programmed cell death in the lesioned CNS, but it is the dedifferentiated glial subpopulation in the vicinity of the injury that accounts for the vast majority of cell divisions. Glial outgrowth leads to formation of a tubular scaffold at the growing tip, which is later populated by neural elements. Most importantly, radial glial cells themselves give rise to new neurons. At least some of the newly produced neurons survive for more than 4 months and express neuronal markers typical of the mature echinoderm CNS. Conclusions A hypothesis is formulated that CNS regeneration via activation of radial glial cells may represent a common capacity of the Deuterostomia, which is not invoked spontaneously in higher vertebrates, whose adult CNS does not retain radial glial cells. Potential implications for biomedical research aimed at finding the cure for human CNS injuries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Mashanov
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00936-8377, USA.
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Ferreira LMR, Mostajo-Radji MA. How induced pluripotent stem cells are redefining personalized medicine. Gene 2013; 520:1-6. [PMID: 23470844 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the generation of the first induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, the stem cell field has grown at an unparalleled pace. Today, these cells have become the major tools in the advancement of personalized medicine. Here we review the experiments that lead to their discovery as well as the latest developments in iPS cell biology. By emphasizing the current applications and limitations of induced pluripotency, we discuss how iPS cells are shaping innovation in personalized therapies. In addition, we analyze the major landmarks in direct lineage reprogramming, a potentially faster alternative to the use of iPS cells in therapy. Finally, we present the current progress in disease modeling and future directions of the treatment of genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, United States.
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Owlanj H, Jie Yang H, Wei Feng Z. Nucleoside diphosphate kinase Nm23-M1 involves in oligodendroglial versus neuronal cell fate decision in vitro. Differentiation 2012; 84:281-93. [PMID: 23023023 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The adult glial progenitor cells were recently shown to be able to produce neurons in central nervous system (CNS) and to become multipotent in vitro. Although the fate decision of glial progenitors was studied extensively, the signals and factors which regulate the timing of neuronal differentiation still remain unknown. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the neuronal differentiation from glial progenitors, we modified the gene expression profile in NG2(+) glial progenitor cells using enhanced retroviral mutagen (ERM) technique followed by phenotype screening to identify possible gene(s) responsible for glial-neuronal cell fate determination. Among the identified molecules, we found the gene named non-metastatic cell 1 which encodes a nucleoside diphosphate kinase protein A (Nm23-M1 or NME1). So far, the Nm23 members have been shown to be involved in various molecular processes including tumor metastasis, cell proliferation, differentiation and cell fate determination. In the present study, we provide evidence suggesting the role of NME1 in glial-neuronal cell fate determination in vitro. We showed that NME1 is widely expressed in neuronal structures throughout adult mouse CNS. Our immunohistochemical results revealed that NME1 is strongly colocalized with NF200 through white matter of spinal cord and brain. Interestingly, NME1 overexpression in oligodendrocyte progenitor OLN-93 cells potently induced the acquisition of neuronal fate, while its silencing was shown to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that dual-functional role of NME1 is achieved through cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Our data therefore suggested that NME1 acts as a switcher or reprogramming factor which involves in oligodentrocyte versus neuron cell fate specification in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Owlanj
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Wohl SG, Schmeer CW, Isenmann S. Neurogenic potential of stem/progenitor-like cells in the adult mammalian eye. Prog Retin Eye Res 2012; 31:213-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Addis RC, Hsu FC, Wright RL, Dichter MA, Coulter DA, Gearhart JD. Efficient conversion of astrocytes to functional midbrain dopaminergic neurons using a single polycistronic vector. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28719. [PMID: 22174877 PMCID: PMC3235158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct cellular reprogramming is a powerful new tool for regenerative medicine. In efforts to understand and treat Parkinson's Disease (PD), which is marked by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain, direct reprogramming provides a valuable new source of these cells. Astrocytes, the most plentiful cells in the central nervous system, are an ideal starting population for the direct generation of dopaminergic neurons. In addition to their potential utility in cell replacement therapies for PD or in modeling the disease in vitro, astrocyte-derived dopaminergic neurons offer the prospect of direct in vivo reprogramming within the brain. As a first step toward this goal, we report the reprogramming of astrocytes to dopaminergic neurons using three transcription factors - ASCL1, LMX1B, and NURR1 - delivered in a single polycistronic lentiviral vector. The process is efficient, with 18.2±1.5% of cells expressing markers of dopaminergic neurons after two weeks. The neurons exhibit expression profiles and electrophysiological characteristics consistent with midbrain dopaminergic neurons, notably including spontaneous pacemaking activity, stimulated release of dopamine, and calcium oscillations. The present study is the first demonstration that a single vector can mediate reprogramming to dopaminergic neurons, and indicates that astrocytes are an ideal starting population for the direct generation of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell C Addis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America.
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14
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Mattotti M, Alvarez Z, Ortega JA, Planell JA, Engel E, Alcántara S. Inducing functional radial glia-like progenitors from cortical astrocyte cultures using micropatterned PMMA. Biomaterials 2011; 33:1759-70. [PMID: 22136716 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.10.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells (RGC) are multipotent progenitors that generate neurons and glia during CNS development, and which also served as substrate for neuronal migration. After a lesion, reactive glia are the main contributor to CNS regenerative blockage, although some reactive astrocytes are also able to de-differentiate in situ into radial glia-like cells (RGLC), providing beneficial effects in terms of CNS recovery. Thus, the identification of substrate properties that potentiate the ability of astrocytes to transform into RGLC in response to a lesion might help in the development of implantable devices that improve endogenous CNS regeneration. Here we demonstrate that functional RGLC can be induced from in vitro matured astrocytes by using a precisely-sized micropatterned PMMA grooved scaffold, without added soluble or substrate adsorbed biochemical factors. RGLC were extremely organized and aligned on 2 μm line patterned PMMA and, like their embryonic counterparts, express nestin, the neuron-glial progenitor marker Pax6, and also proliferate, generate different intermediate progenitors and support and direct axonal growth and neuronal migration. Our results suggest that the introduction of line patterns in the size range of the RGC processes in implantable scaffolds might mimic the topography of the embryonic neural stem cell niche, driving endogenous astrocytes into an RGLC phenotype, and thus favoring the regenerative response in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mattotti
- Dpt. Material Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia-UPC, Barcelona, Spain
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Cortical glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells generate neurons after perinatal hypoxic injury. J Neurosci 2011; 31:9205-21. [PMID: 21697371 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0518-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP(+)) cells give rise to new neurons in the neurogenic niches; whether they are able to generate neurons in the cortical parenchyma is not known. Here, we use genetic fate mapping to examine the progeny of GFAP(+) cells after postnatal hypoxia, a model for the brain injury observed in premature children. After hypoxia, immature cortical astroglia underwent a shift toward neuronal fate and generated cortical excitatory neurons that appeared synaptically integrated into the circuitry. Fate-mapped cortical GFAP(+) cells derived ex vivo from hypoxic, but not normoxic, mice were able to form pluripotent, long-term self-renewing neurospheres. Similarly, exposure to low oxygen conditions in vitro induced stem-cell-like potential in immature cortical GFAP(+) cells. Our data support the conclusion that hypoxia promotes pluripotency in GFAP(+) cells in the cortical parenchyma. Such plasticity possibly explains the cognitive recovery found in some preterm children.
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Gallaher ZR, Ryu V, Larios RM, Sprunger LK, Czaja K. Neural proliferation and restoration of neurochemical phenotypes and compromised functions following capsaicin-induced neuronal damage in the nodose ganglion of the adult rat. Front Neurosci 2011; 5:12. [PMID: 21344007 PMCID: PMC3034227 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that neuronal numbers within adult nodose ganglia (NG) were restored to normal levels 60 days following the capsaicin-induced destruction of nearly half of the neuronal population. However, the nature of this neuronal replacement is not known. Therefore, we aimed to characterize neural proliferation, neurochemical phenotypes, and functional recovery within adult rat NG neurons following capsaicin-induced damage. Sprague-Dawley rats received intraperitoneal injections of capsaicin or vehicle solution, followed by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) injections to reveal cellular proliferation. NG were collected at multiple times post-treatment (up to 300 days) and processed for immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, and dispersed cell cultures. Capsaicin-induced cellular proliferation, indicated by BrdU/Ki-67-labeled cells, suggests that lost neurons were replaced through cell division. NG cells expressed the stem cell marker, nestin, indicating that these ganglia have the capacity to generate new neurons. BrdU-incorporation within β-III tubulin-positive neuronal profiles following capsaicin suggests that proliferating cells matured to become neurons. NG neurons displayed decreased NMDAR expression up to 180-days post-capsaicin. However, both NMDAR expression within the NG and synaptophysin expression within the central target of NG neurons, the NTS, were restored to pre-injury levels by 300 days. NG cultures from capsaicin-treated rats contained bipolar neurons, normally found only during development. To test the functional recovery of NG neurons, we injected the satiety molecule, CCK. The effect of CCK on food intake was restored by 300-days post-capsaicin. This restoration may be due to the regeneration of damaged NG neurons or generation of functional neurons that replaced lost connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Rex Gallaher
- Programs in Neuroscience, Department of Veterinary Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University Pullman, WA, USA
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Bordey A. The stem cell journey: from paradise to purgatory. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:833-4. [PMID: 20146927 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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