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Akotkar L, Aswar U, Ganeshpurkar A, Rathod K, Bagad P, Gurav S. Phytoconstituents Targeting the Serotonin 5-HT 3 Receptor: Promising Therapeutic Strategies for Neurological Disorders. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2024; 7:1694-1710. [PMID: 38898946 PMCID: PMC11184608 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.4c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 receptor (5-HT3R), a subtype of serotonin receptor, is a ligand-gated ion channel crucial in mediating fast synaptic transmission in the central and peripheral nervous systems. This receptor significantly influences various neurological activities, encompassing neurotransmission, mood regulation, and cognitive processing; hence, it may serve as an innovative target for neurological disorders. Multiple studies have revealed promising results regarding the beneficial effects of these phytoconstituents and extracts on conditions such as nausea, vomiting, neuropathic pain depression, anxiety, Alzheimer's disease, cognition, epilepsy, sleep, and dyskinesia via modulation of 5-HT3R in the pathophysiology of neurological disorder. The review delves into a detailed exploration of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies and clinical studies that discussed phytoconstituents acting on 5-HT3R and attenuates difficulties in neurological diseases. The diverse mechanisms by which plant-derived phytoconstituents influence 5-HT3R activity offer exciting avenues for developing innovative therapeutic interventions. Besides producing an agonistic or antagonistic effect, some phytoconstituents exert modulatory effects on 5-HT3R activity through multifaceted mechanisms. These include γ-aminobutyric acid and cholinergic neuronal pathways, interactions with neurokinin (NK)-1, NK2, serotonergic, and γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)ergic systems, dopaminergic influences, and mediation of calcium ions release and inflammatory cascades. Notably, the phytoconstituent's capacity to reduce oxidative stress has also emerged as a significant factor contributing to their modulatory role. Despite the promising implications, there is currently a dearth of exploration needed to understand the effect of phytochemicals on the 5-HT3R. Comprehensive preclinical and clinical research is of the utmost importance to broaden our knowledge of the potential therapeutic benefits associated with these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likhit Akotkar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Urmila Aswar
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Ankit Ganeshpurkar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Poona College
of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune411038, India
| | - Kundlik Rathod
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Pradnya Bagad
- Department
of Pharmacology, Poona College of Pharmacy,
Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune 411038, India
| | - Shailendra Gurav
- Department
of Pharmacognosy, Goa College of Pharmacy, Goa University, Goa 403001, India
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Lu J, Xie L, Liu K, Zhang X, Wang X, Dai X, Liang Y, Cao Y, Li X. Bilobalide: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6114-6130. [PMID: 34342079 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bilobalide is a natural sesquiterpene trilactone from Ginkgo biloba leaves. It has good water solubility and is widely used in food and pharmaceutical fields. In the last decade, a plethora of studies on the pharmacological activities of bilobalide has been conducted and demonstrated that bilobalide possessed an extensive range of pharmacological activities such as neuroprotective, antioxidative, antiinflammatory, anti-ischemic, and cardiovascular protective activities. Pharmacokinetic studies indicated that bilobalide may have the characteristics of rapid absorption, good bioavailability, wide distribution, and slow elimination. This review aims to summarize the advances in pharmacological, pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and safety studies of bilobalide in the last decade with an emphasis on its neuroprotective and antiinflammatory activities, to provide researchers with the latest information and point out the limitations of relevant research at the current stage and the aspects that should be strengthened in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Fakhfouri G, Rahimian R, Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen J, Zirak MR, Beaulieu JM. 5-HT 3 Receptor Antagonists in Neurologic and Neuropsychiatric Disorders: The Iceberg Still Lies beneath the Surface. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:383-412. [PMID: 31243157 DOI: 10.1124/pr.118.015487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
5-HT3 receptor antagonists, first introduced to the market in the mid-1980s, are proven efficient agents to counteract chemotherapy-induced emesis. Nonetheless, recent investigations have shed light on unappreciated dimensions of this class of compounds in conditions with an immunoinflammatory component as well as in neurologic and psychiatric disorders. The promising findings from multiple studies have unveiled several beneficial effects of these compounds in multiple sclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson disease. Reports continue to uncover important roles for 5-HT3 receptors in the physiopathology of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, drug abuse, and schizophrenia. This review addresses the potential of 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in neurology- and neuropsychiatry-related disorders. The broad therapeutic window and high compliance observed with these agents position them as suitable prototypes for the development of novel pharmacotherapeutics with higher efficacy and fewer adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gohar Fakhfouri
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Reza Rahimian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Jonas Dyhrfjeld-Johnsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Mohammad Reza Zirak
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
| | - Jean-Martin Beaulieu
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, CERVO Brain Research Centre, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada (G.F., R.R.); Sensorion SA, Montpellier, France (J.D.-J.); Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran (M.R.Z.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (J.-M.B.)
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4
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Park YS, Myeong SH, Kim IB, Sung KW. Tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline inhibits 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor currents in NCB-20 cells. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 22:585-595. [PMID: 30181705 PMCID: PMC6115347 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2018.22.5.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, is commonly used to treat depression and neuropathic pain, but its mechanism is still unclear. We tested the effect of amitriptyline on 5-hydroxytryptamine 3 (5-HT3) receptor currents and studied its blocking mechanism because the clinical applications of amitriptyline overlapped with 5-HT3 receptor therapeutic potentials. Using a whole-cell voltage clamp method, we recorded the currents of the 5-HT3 receptor when 5-HT was applied alone or co-applied with amitriptyline in cultured NCB-20 neuroblastoma cells known to express 5-HT3 receptors. To elucidate the mechanism of amitriptyline, we simulated the 5-HT3 receptor currents using Berkeley Madonna® software and calculated the rate constants of the agonist binding and receptor transition steps. The 5-HT3 receptor currents were inhibited by amitriptyline in a concentration-dependent, voltage-independent manner, and a competitive mode. Amitriptyline accelerated the desensitization of the 5-HT3 receptor. When amitriptyline was applied before 5-HT treatment, the currents rose slowly until the end of 5-HT treatment. When amitriptyline was co-applied with 5-HT, currents rose and decayed rapidly. Peak current amplitudes were decreased in both applications. All macroscopic currents recorded in whole cell voltage clamping experiments were reproduced by simulation and the changes of rate constants by amitriptyline were correlated with macroscopic current recording data. These results suggest that amitriptyline blocks the 5-HT3 receptor by close and open state blocking mechanisms, in a competitive manner. We could expand an understanding of pharmacological mechanisms of amitriptyline related to the modulation of a 5-HT3 receptor, a potential target of neurologic and psychiatric diseases through this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Soo Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Seok Ho Myeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ki-Wug Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
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White DJ, Cox KHM, Hughes ME, Pipingas A, Peters R, Scholey AB. Functional Brain Activity Changes after 4 Weeks Supplementation with a Multi-Vitamin/Mineral Combination: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Exploring Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Steady-State Visual Evoked Potentials during Working Memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:288. [PMID: 27994548 PMCID: PMC5133263 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the neurocognitive effects of 4 weeks daily supplementation with a multi-vitamin and -mineral combination (MVM) in healthy adults (aged 18–40 years). Using a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, participants underwent assessments of brain activity using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI; n = 32, 16 females) and Steady-State Visual Evoked Potential recordings (SSVEP; n = 39, 20 females) during working memory and continuous performance tasks at baseline and following 4 weeks of active MVM treatment or placebo. There were several treatment-related effects suggestive of changes in functional brain activity associated with MVM administration. SSVEP data showed latency reductions across centro-parietal regions during the encoding period of a spatial working memory task following 4 weeks of active MVM treatment. Complementary results were observed with the fMRI data, in which a subset of those completing fMRI assessment after SSVEP assessment (n = 16) demonstrated increased BOLD response during completion of the Rapid Visual Information Processing task (RVIP) within regions of interest including bilateral parietal lobes. No treatment-related changes in fMRI data were observed in those who had not first undergone SSVEP assessment, suggesting these results may be most evident under conditions of fatigue. Performance on the working memory and continuous performance tasks did not significantly differ between treatment groups at follow-up. In addition, within the fatigued fMRI sample, increased RVIP BOLD response was correlated with the change in number of target detections as part of the RVIP task. This study provides preliminary evidence of changes in functional brain activity during working memory associated with 4 weeks of daily treatment with a multi-vitamin and -mineral combination in healthy adults, using two distinct but complementary measures of functional brain activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J White
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
| | - Katherine H M Cox
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
| | - Matthew E Hughes
- Brain and Psychological Sciences Research Centre, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Pipingas
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
| | - Riccarda Peters
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
| | - Andrew B Scholey
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Hawthorn, VIC Australia
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Blood–brain barrier permeability of ginkgolide: Comparison of the behavior of PET probes 7α-[ 18 F]fluoro- and 10- O - p -[ 11 C]methylbenzyl ginkgolide B in monkey and rat brains. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:5148-5157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ng CC, Duke RK, Hinton T, Johnston GA. GABAA receptor cysteinyl mutants and the ginkgo terpenoid lactones bilobalide and ginkgolides. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 777:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Jarvis GE, Barbosa R, Thompson AJ. Noncompetitive Inhibition of 5-HT3 Receptors by Citral, Linalool, and Eucalyptol Revealed by Nonlinear Mixed-Effects Modeling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 356:549-62. [PMID: 26669427 PMCID: PMC5378937 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Citral, eucalyptol, and linalool are widely used as flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics. Here, we examined their effects on electrophysiological and binding properties of human 5-HT3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes and human embryonic kidney 293 cells, respectively. Data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to account for random variance in the peak current response between oocytes. The oils caused an insurmountable inhibition of 5‐HT–evoked currents (citral IC50 = 120 µM; eucalyptol = 258 µM; linalool = 141 µM) and did not compete with fluorescently labeled granisetron, suggesting a noncompetitive mechanism of action. Inhibition was not use‐dependent but required a 30-second preapplication. Compound washout caused a slow (∼180 seconds) but complete recovery. Coapplication of the oils with bilobalide or diltiazem indicated they did not bind at the same locations as these channel blockers. Homology modeling and ligand docking predicted binding to a transmembrane cavity at the interface of adjacent subunits. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry showed that an essential oil extracted from Lippia alba contained 75.9% citral. This inhibited expressed 5‐HT3 receptors (IC50 = 45 µg ml−1) and smooth muscle contractions in rat trachea (IC50 = 200 µg ml−1) and guinea pig ileum (IC50 = 20 µg ml−1), providing a possible mechanistic explanation for why this oil has been used to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments. These results demonstrate that citral, eucalyptol, and linalool inhibit 5-HT3 receptors, and their binding to a conserved cavity suggests a valuable target for novel allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin E Jarvis
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.E.J.); Mestrado em Bioprospecção Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil (R.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)
| | - Roseli Barbosa
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.E.J.); Mestrado em Bioprospecção Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil (R.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)
| | - Andrew J Thompson
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (G.E.J.); Mestrado em Bioprospecção Molecular, Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato, Brazil (R.B.); and Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge, United Kingdom (A.J.T.)
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Thompson AJ, Lummis SCR. Discriminating between 5-HT₃A and 5-HT₃AB receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:736-47. [PMID: 23489111 PMCID: PMC3687655 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5-HT3B subunit was first cloned in 1999, and co-expression with the 5-HT3A subunit results in heteromeric 5-HT₃AB receptors that are functionally distinct from homomeric 5-HT₃A receptors. The affinities of competitive ligands at the two receptor subtypes are usually similar, but those of non-competitive antagonists that bind in the pore often differ. A competitive ligand and allosteric modulator that distinguishes 5-HT₃A from 5-HT₃AB receptors has recently been described, and the number of non-competitive antagonists identified with this ability has increased in recent years. In this review, we discuss the differences between 5-HT₃A and 5-HT₃AB receptors and describe the possible sites of action of compounds that can distinguish between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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11
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Johnston GAR. Advantages of an antagonist: bicuculline and other GABA antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:328-36. [PMID: 23425285 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The convulsant alkaloid bicuculline continues to be investigated more than 40 years after the first publication of its action as an antagonist of receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This historical perspective highlights key aspects of the discovery of bicuculline as a GABA antagonist and the sustained interest in this and other GABA antagonists. The exciting advances in the molecular biology, pharmacology and physiology of GABA receptors provide a continuing stimulus for the discovery of new antagonists with increasing selectivity for the myriad of GABA receptor subclasses. Interesting GABA antagonists not structurally related to bicuculline include gabazine, salicylidene salicylhydrazide, RU5135 and 4-(3-biphenyl-5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazole. Bicuculline became the benchmark antagonist for what became known as GABAA receptors, but not all ionotropic GABA receptors are susceptible to bicuculline. In addition, not all GABAA receptor antagonists are convulsants. Thus there are still surprises in store as the study of GABA receptors evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A R Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: ligand-gated ion channels. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1582-606. [PMID: 24528238 PMCID: PMC3892288 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Ligand-gated ion channels are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, transporters and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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Jiang M, Li J, Peng Q, Liu Y, Liu W, Luo C, Peng J, Li J, Yung KKL, Mo Z. Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:167. [PMID: 25256700 PMCID: PMC4189683 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are implicated in inflammatory and apoptotic processes of cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Hence, MAPK pathways represent a promising therapeutic target. Exploring the full potential of inhibitors of MAPK pathways is a useful therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Bilobalide, a predominant sesquiterpene trilactone constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, has been shown to exert powerful neuroprotective properties, which are closely related to both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. We investigated the neuroprotective roles of bilobalide in the models of middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) of cerebral I/R injury. Moreover, we attempted to confirm the hypothesis that its protection effect is via modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and MAPK pathways. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to MCAO for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. Bilobalide was administered intraperitoneally 60 min before induction of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After reperfusion, neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, and brain edema were assessed. Ischemic penumbrae of the cerebral cortex were harvested to determine superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide, TNF-α, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK concentration. Similarly, the influence of bilobalide on the expression of nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK was also observed in an OGD/R in vitro model of I/R injury. RESULTS Pretreatment with bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) significantly decreased neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, infarct weight, brain edema, and concentrations of MDA, nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, and increased SOD activity. Furthermore, bilobalide (5, 10 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly down-regulated both p-JNK1/2 and p-p38 MAPK expression, whereas they had no effect on p-ERK1/2 expression in the ischemic penumbra. Supporting these observations in vivo, pretreatment with bilobalide (50, 100 μM) significantly down-regulated nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-1β, p-JNK1/2, and p-p38 MAPK expression, but did not change p-ERK1/2 expression in rat cortical neurons after OGD/R injury. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral I/R injury are associated with its inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.
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14
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A golden approach to ion channel inhibition. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:481-8. [PMID: 23972927 PMCID: PMC3769878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method to identify binding sites of ion channel-blocking drugs. The Golden Ratio in pharmacology.
Drugs are often used in combination and, for pharmacologists, the manner of their interactions can cast light on drug mechanisms and biological processes. Here we provide simplified descriptions of commonly used analytical methods for analysing drug combinations and describe a new and practical experimental solution to address the mechanistic question: ‘Do two channel-blocking drugs bind at the same site?’ We define two simple mathematical models that describe the effects of two channel blockers acting simultaneously at either the same (Syntopic Model) or different (Allotopic Model) binding sites within a channel pore. We find that the optimum concentrations of two drugs for distinguishing between the two models are related to the mathematical Golden Ratio.
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15
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Bilobalide, a unique constituent of Ginkgo biloba, inhibits inflammatory pain in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2013; 24:298-306. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32836360ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Thompson AJ. Recent developments in 5-HT3 receptor pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2013; 34:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Singh P, Singh IN, Mondal SC, Singh L, Garg VK. Platelet-activating factor (PAF)-antagonists of natural origin. Fitoterapia 2012; 84:180-201. [PMID: 23160091 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Presently herbal medicines are being used by about 80% of the world population for primary health care as they stood the test of time for their safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. The discovery of platelet activating factor antagonists (PAF antagonists) during these decades are going on with different framework, but the researchers led their efficiency in studying in vitro test models. Since it is assumed that PAF play a central role in etiology of many diseases in humans such as asthma, neuronal damage, migraine, cardiac diseases, inflammatory, headache etc. Present days instinctively occurring PAF antagonist exists as a specific grade of therapeutic agents for the humans against these and different diseases either laid hold of immunological or non-immunological types. Ginkgolide, cedrol and many other natural PAF antagonists such as andrographolide, α-bulnesene, cinchonine, piperine, kadsurenone, different Piper species' natural products and marine origin plants extracts or even crude drugs having PAF antagonist properties are being used currently against different inflammatory pathologies. This review is an attempt to summarize the data on PAF and action of natural PAF antagonists on it, which were evaluated by in vivo and in vitro assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, R.V.N.I. Dadri, Greater Noida, 201301, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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D'Andrea G, Colavito D, Dalle Carbonare M, Leon A. Migraine with aura: conventional and non-conventional treatments. Neurol Sci 2011; 32 Suppl 1:S121-9. [PMID: 21533727 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0529-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Migraine with aura (MwA) is a primary headache that affects up 30% of migraine patients. Although the frequency of MwA attacks is usually low and the majority of migraine sufferers do not need prophylactic treatment(s), same particular patients do. This occurs when the neurological symptoms, that characterize the auras, determine anxiety to the migraine sufferers and when the frequency of MwA attacks is or becomes high. In this study, we review the few therapeutic conventional options specifically devoted to cure MwA attacks present in the literature together with those, recent, non-conventional.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni D'Andrea
- Biochemistry Laboratory for the Study of Primary Headaches and Neurological Degenerative Diseases, Research and Innovation, Padova, Italy.
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Thompson AJ, Duke RK, Lummis SCR. Binding sites for bilobalide, diltiazem, ginkgolide, and picrotoxinin at the 5-HT3 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2011; 80:183-90. [PMID: 21505038 PMCID: PMC3127528 DOI: 10.1124/mol.111.071415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilobalide (BB), ginkgolide B (GB), diltiazem (DTZ), and picrotoxinin (PXN) are 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5-HT(3)) receptor antagonists in which the principal sites of action are in the channel. To probe their exact binding locations, 5-HT(3) receptors with substitutions in their pore lining residues were constructed (N-4'Q, E-1'D, S2'A, T6'S, L7'T, L9'V, S12'A, I16'V, D20'E), expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and the effects of the compounds on 5-HT-induced currents were examined. EC(50) values at mutant receptors were less than 6-fold different from those of wild type, indicating that the mutations were well tolerated. BB, GB, DTZ, and PXN had pIC(50) values of 3.33, 3.14, 4.67, and 4.97, respectively. Inhibition by BB and GB was abolished in mutant receptors containing T6'S and S12'A substitutions, but their potencies were enhanced (42- and 125-fold, respectively) in S2'A mutant receptors. S2'A substitution also caused GB ligand trap. PXN potency was modestly enhanced (5-fold) in S2'A, abolished in T6'S, and reduced in L9'V (40-fold) and S12'A (7-fold) receptors. DTZ potency was reduced in L7'T and S12'A receptors (5-fold), and DTZ also displaced [(3)H]granisetron binding, indicating mixed competitive/noncompetitive inhibition. We conclude that regions close to the hydrophobic gate of M2 are important for the inhibitory effects of BB, GB, DTZ, and PXN at the 5-HT(3) receptor; for BB, GB, and PXN, the data show that the 6' channel lining residue is their major site of action, with minor roles for 2', 9', and 12' residues, whereas for DTZ, the 7' and 12' sites are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Thompson AJ, Price KL, Lummis SCR. Cysteine modification reveals which subunits form the ligand binding site in human heteromeric 5-HT3AB receptors. J Physiol 2011; 589:4243-57. [PMID: 21708905 PMCID: PMC3180581 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2011.208439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The ligand binding site of Cys-loop receptors is formed by residues on the principal (+) and complementary (-) faces of adjacent subunits, but the subunits that constitute the binding pocket in many heteromeric receptors are not yet clear. To probe the subunits involved in ligand binding in heteromeric human 5-HT(3)AB receptors, we made cysteine substitutions to the + and - faces of A and B subunits, and measured their functional consequences in receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. All A subunit mutations altered or eliminated function. The same pattern of changes was seen at homomeric and heteromeric receptors containing cysteine substitutions at A(R92) (- face), A(L126)(+), A(N128)(+), A(I139)(-), A(Q151)(-) and A(T181)(+), and these receptors displayed further changes when the sulphydryl modifying reagent methanethiosulfonate-ethylammonium (MTSEA) was applied. Modifications of A(R92C)(-)- and A(T181C)(+)-containing receptors were protected by the presence of agonist (5-HT) or antagonist (d-tubocurarine). In contrast modifications of the equivalent B subunit residues did not alter heteromeric receptor function. In addition a double mutant, A(S206C)(-)(/E229C)(+), only responded to 5-HT following DTT treatment in both homomeric and heteromeric receptors, indicating receptor function was inhibited by a disulphide bond between an A+ and an A- interface in both receptor types. Our results are consistent with binding to an A+A- interface at both homomeric and heteromeric human 5-HT(3) receptors, and explain why the competitive pharmacologies of these two receptors are identical.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
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