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Hervig MES, Toschi C, Petersen A, Vangkilde S, Gether U, Robbins TW. Theory of visual attention (TVA) applied to rats performing the 5-choice serial reaction time task: differential effects of dopaminergic and noradrenergic manipulations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:41-58. [PMID: 36434307 PMCID: PMC9816296 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06269-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Attention is compromised in many psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While dopamine and noradrenaline systems have been implicated in ADHD, their exact role in attentional processing is yet unknown. OBJECTIVES We applied the theory of visual attention (TVA) model, adapted from human research, to the rat 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) to investigate catecholaminergic modulation of visual attentional processing in healthy subjects of high- and low-attention phenotypes. METHODS Rats trained on the standard 5CSRTT and tested with variable stimulus durations were treated systemically with noradrenergic and/or dopaminergic agents (atomoxetine, methylphenidate, amphetamine, phenylephrine and atipamezole). TVA modelling was applied to estimate visual processing speed for correct and incorrect visual perceptual categorisations, independent of motor reaction times, as measures of attentional capacity. RESULTS Atomoxetine and phenylephrine decreased response frequencies, including premature responses, increased omissions and slowed responding. In contrast, methylphenidate, amphetamine and atipamezole sped up responding and increased premature responses. Visual processing speed was also affected differentially. Atomoxetine and phenylephrine slowed, whereas methylphenidate and atipamezole sped up, visual processing, both for correct and incorrect categorisations. Amphetamine selectively improved visual processing for correct, though not incorrect, responses in high-attention rats only, possibly reflecting improved attention. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the application of TVA to the 5CSRTT provides an enhanced sensitivity to capturing attentional effects. Unexpectedly, we found overall slowing effects, including impaired visual processing, following drugs either increasing extracellular noradrenaline (atomoxetine) or activating the α1-adrenoceptor (phenylephrine), while also ameliorating premature responses (impulsivity). In contrast, amphetamine had potential pro-attentional effects by enhancing visual processing, probably due to central dopamine upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El-Sayed Hervig
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Chiara Toschi
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anders Petersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Vangkilde
- Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Gether
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trevor W. Robbins
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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The distribution pattern of M2 and Adrenergic α2 receptors on inferior colliculi in male newborns of diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 2022; 787:136820. [PMID: 35917839 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Despite the high prevalence of diabetes in the world, its possible effects throughut pregnancy on neonatal auditory nervous system development are still unknown. In the present research, maternal diabetes' impact on the M2 and Adrenergicα2 receptors expression in the inferior colliculus (IC) of male newborn rats was investigated. Main methods Female rats were grouped into three: sham, insulin-treated diabetic, and diabetic. Diabetes was induced through streptozotocin (STZ) injection as one dose intraperitoneally (65 mg/kg). After mating and delivery, male rats were euthanized on P0, P7, and P14. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to study the distribution pattern of receptors. Key findings The present study indicated that the expression of M2 receptors in the diabetic group was significantly increased in pairwise comparisons in the sham and diabetic treated with insulin groups (P<0.001, each). The highest M2 expression was for the diabetic group on P14 and the lowest one was for the sham group on P0. The Adrenergicα2a receptors expression in the diabetic group was significantly reduced in pairwise comparisons in the sham and diabetic treated with insulin groups (P <0.001, each). The highest Adrenergicα2a expression was for the sham group on P14 and the lowest one was for the diabetic group on P0. There was no significant difference between the sham and insulin groups regarding all receptors expression. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrated a time-dependent significant decrease in Adrenergicα2a but a time-dependent significant increase in M2 receptors expression.
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Manukyan AL, Grigoryan AS, Hunanyan LS, Harutyunyan HA, Manukyan MV, Mkrtchyan VS, Melkonyan MM. Alfa2-adrenoblockers attenuate the elevated plasma cholesterol, anxiety levels and restore impaired spatial memory of rats under the chronic noise exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140390. [PMID: 32927557 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Noise is considered one of the environmental hazards that negatively affect health. It can cause damage to the auditory, neurological, hormonal and cardiovascular systems, in addition to impairing psychological and cognitive functions. Considering the significance of vascular disturbances and oxidative stress in the development of the aforementioned negative effects, the purpose of our investigation was to study the level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Cl), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Cl), and total cholesterol (TCl) in plasma, in addition to the behavioral characteristics of white rats, and the effects of the α2-adrenoblockers beditin and mesedin to reveal their antiatherogenic effect during noise exposure. The "Open field" and "Y-maze" tests were used in order to evaluate the behavioral states of the rats. Investigations were carried out on albino rats divided into 4 groups. The 1st group of rats served as a control. The 2nd, 3rd and 4th groups were exposed to 91 dBA of noise; the duration of exposure was 8 h per day for 60 days. The 3rd group was injected with beditin and the 4th group with mesedin, both intraperitoneally and repeatedly. According to our results, the chronic exposure to high-volume noise leads to the increase of plasma TCl and LDL-Cl concentrations and the decrease of HDL-Cl levels, resulting in increase of the atherogenic coefficient, which is estimated to be one of the main cardiovascular disease risk factors. The "Open field" and "Y-maze" tests revealed that chronic noise exposure caused disturbances in the behavioral activity, a noise duration-dependent delay in movement and orientation, increased anxiety and deficit in the animals' spatial memory. The administration of α2-adrenoblockers to the noise-exposed animals had a regulatoryeffects of varying intensities, depending on the medication used and the studied parameters under the conditions of chronic acoustic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Manukyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia.
| | - A S Grigoryan
- Department of Pathophysiology Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
| | - L S Hunanyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
| | - H A Harutyunyan
- Science Research Canter, YSMU Yerevan State Medical University M. Heratsi, Armenia.
| | - M V Manukyan
- Graduate Student of Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
| | - V S Mkrtchyan
- Graduate Student of Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
| | - M M Melkonyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Armenia
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Manukyan AL, Grigoryan AS, Hunanyan LS, Harutyunyan HA, Manukyan MV, Melkonyan MM. Adrenergic alpha-2 receptor antagonists cease augmented oxidation of plasma proteins and anxiety of rats caused by chronic noise exposure. Noise Health 2020; 22:63-69. [PMID: 33402606 PMCID: PMC8000136 DOI: 10.4103/nah.nah_31_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noise is one of the environmental factors, which is considered as a powerful stressor for the organism. Generally, the acoustic stress affects the behavior and physiological state of humans and animals. AIMS The goal of this study is to investigate the relationship between chronic noise exposure and the effects of adrenergic alpha-2 receptor antagonists, beditin and mesedin, on the anxiety and oxidation of plasma proteins and fibrinogen in rats. METHODS The experiments were carried out on non-linear albino male rats, divided into four groups (six animals in each): 1. Healthy controls 2. Exposed to noise of a level 91 dB(A), eight hours daily, during 7, 30 and 60 days; 3. Injected with 2 mg/kg of beditin (2-(2-amino-4-thiazolyl)-1,4-benzodioxane hydrochloride)); 4. Injected with 10 mg/kg mesedin (2-(2-methyl-amino-thiozolyl)-1,4-benzodioxane hydrochloride). For evaluating the cognitive impairment, the Any-maze test was applied. The level of carbonylation of proteins was assessed by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine, spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Chronic noise decreased locomotor activity and increased anxiety and oxidation of plasma protein and fibrinogen. Intensity of these changes were dependent on the duration of noise exposure. CONCLUSION The Alpha 2 adrenoblockers alleviate oxidative modification of plasma proteins and reduce the cognitive impairment caused by chronic exposure to noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashkhen Lyova Manukyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Artem Sergey Grigoryan
- Department of Pathophysiology Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Lilit Serob Hunanyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Hayk Ashot Harutyunyan
- Science Research Center (SRC), Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Mariam Varos Manukyan
- Science Research Center (SRC), Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Magdalina Mher Melkonyan
- Department of Medical Chemistry Yerevan State Medical University after M. Heratsi, Yerevan, Armenia
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The locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system and sensory signal processing: A historical review and current perspectives. Brain Res 2019; 1709:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Noradrenergic Modulation of Cognition in Health and Disease. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6031478. [PMID: 28596922 PMCID: PMC5450174 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6031478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine released by the locus coeruleus modulates cellular processes and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system through its actions at a number of pre- and postsynaptic receptors. This transmitter system facilitates sensory signal detection and promotes waking and arousal, processes which are necessary for navigating a complex and dynamic sensory environment. In addition to its effects on sensory processing and waking behavior, norepinephrine is now recognized as a contributor to various aspects of cognition, including attention, behavioral flexibility, working memory, and long-term mnemonic processes. Two areas of dense noradrenergic innervation, the prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus, are particularly important with regard to these functions. Due to its role in mediating normal cognitive function, it is reasonable to expect that noradrenergic transmission becomes dysfunctional in a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases characterized by cognitive deficits. In this review, we summarize the unique role that norepinephrine plays in prefrontal cortical and hippocampal function and how its interaction with its various receptors contribute to cognitive behaviors. We further assess the changes that occur in the noradrenergic system in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia and how these changes contribute to cognitive decline in these pathologies.
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Pérez-Valenzuela C, Gárate-Pérez MF, Sotomayor-Zárate R, Delano PH, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Reboxetine Improves Auditory Attention and Increases Norepinephrine Levels in the Auditory Cortex of Chronically Stressed Rats. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:108. [PMID: 28082872 PMCID: PMC5186796 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress impairs auditory attention in rats and monoamines regulate neurotransmission in the primary auditory cortex (A1), a brain area that modulates auditory attention. In this context, we hypothesized that norepinephrine (NE) levels in A1 correlate with the auditory attention performance of chronically stressed rats. The first objective of this research was to evaluate whether chronic stress affects monoamines levels in A1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to chronic stress (restraint stress) and monoamines levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatographer (HPLC)-electrochemical detection. Chronically stressed rats had lower levels of NE in A1 than did controls, while chronic stress did not affect serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) levels. The second aim was to determine the effects of reboxetine (a selective inhibitor of NE reuptake) on auditory attention and NE levels in A1. Rats were trained to discriminate between two tones of different frequencies in a two-alternative choice task (2-ACT), a behavioral paradigm to study auditory attention in rats. Trained animals that reached a performance of ≥80% correct trials in the 2-ACT were randomly assigned to control and stress experimental groups. To analyze the effects of chronic stress on the auditory task, trained rats of both groups were subjected to 50 2-ACT trials 1 day before and 1 day after of the chronic stress period. A difference score (DS) was determined by subtracting the number of correct trials after the chronic stress protocol from those before. An unexpected result was that vehicle-treated control rats and vehicle-treated chronically stressed rats had similar performances in the attentional task, suggesting that repeated injections with vehicle were stressful for control animals and deteriorated their auditory attention. In this regard, both auditory attention and NE levels in A1 were higher in chronically stressed rats treated with reboxetine than in vehicle-treated animals. These results indicate that NE has a key role in A1 and attention of stressed rats during tone discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Pérez-Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Macarena F. Gárate-Pérez
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Neuropharmacology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
| | - Paul H. Delano
- Program of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Otolaryngology Department, Clinical Hospital of the Universidad de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Auditory and Cognition Center (AUCO)Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexies Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Center for Neurobiology and Brain Plasticity, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de ValparaísoValparaíso, Chile
- Auditory and Cognition Center (AUCO)Santiago, Chile
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Atzori M, Cuevas-Olguin R, Esquivel-Rendon E, Garcia-Oscos F, Salgado-Delgado RC, Saderi N, Miranda-Morales M, Treviño M, Pineda JC, Salgado H. Locus Ceruleus Norepinephrine Release: A Central Regulator of CNS Spatio-Temporal Activation? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2016; 8:25. [PMID: 27616990 PMCID: PMC4999448 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) is synthesized in the Locus Coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem, from where it is released by axonal varicosities throughout the brain via volume transmission. A wealth of data from clinics and from animal models indicates that this catecholamine coordinates the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) and of the whole organism by modulating cell function in a vast number of brain areas in a coordinated manner. The ubiquity of NE receptors, the daunting number of cerebral areas regulated by the catecholamine, as well as the variety of cellular effects and of their timescales have contributed so far to defeat the attempts to integrate central adrenergic function into a unitary and coherent framework. Since three main families of NE receptors are represented-in order of decreasing affinity for the catecholamine-by: α2 adrenoceptors (α2Rs, high affinity), α1 adrenoceptors (α1Rs, intermediate affinity), and β adrenoceptors (βRs, low affinity), on a pharmacological basis, and on the ground of recent studies on cellular and systemic central noradrenergic effects, we propose that an increase in LC tonic activity promotes the emergence of four global states covering the whole spectrum of brain activation: (1) sleep: virtual absence of NE, (2) quiet wake: activation of α2Rs, (3) active wake/physiological stress: activation of α2- and α1-Rs, (4) distress: activation of α2-, α1-, and β-Rs. We postulate that excess intensity and/or duration of states (3) and (4) may lead to maladaptive plasticity, causing-in turn-a variety of neuropsychiatric illnesses including depression, schizophrenic psychoses, anxiety disorders, and attention deficit. The interplay between tonic and phasic LC activity identified in the LC in relationship with behavioral response is of critical importance in defining the short- and long-term biological mechanisms associated with the basic states postulated for the CNS. While the model has the potential to explain a large number of experimental and clinical findings, a major challenge will be to adapt this hypothesis to integrate the role of other neurotransmitters released during stress in a centralized fashion, like serotonin, acetylcholine, and histamine, as well as those released in a non-centralized fashion, like purines and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Atzori
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis PotosíSan Luis Potosí, Mexico; School for Behavior and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at DallasRichardson, TX, USA
| | - Roberto Cuevas-Olguin
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Eric Esquivel-Rendon
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto C Salgado-Delgado
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Nadia Saderi
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Marcela Miranda-Morales
- Neurobiology of Stress Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Mario Treviño
- Laboratory of Cortical Plasticity and Learning, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Juan C Pineda
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
| | - Humberto Salgado
- Electrophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Mérida, Mexico
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Ozcetin A, Cevreli B, Uzbay T. Investigation of the role of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex in rats. Synapse 2016; 70:501-507. [PMID: 27399264 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors target several behavioral functions. These receptors may connect with the brain pathways mediating sensorimotor gating system that associate with psychoses, and the literature that investigate the relationship between alpha-2 receptors and sensorimotor gating system is very limited and some results are controversial. Thus, we aimed to investigate the role of alpha-2 receptors on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle reflex which is a measure of sensorimotor gating. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Adult male Wistar rats were subjects. PPI was measured as the per cent inhibition of the startle reflex produced by a startling pulse stimulus. The average PPI levels were used in the further analyses. Clonidine (0.03-1 mg/kg), an agonist of alpha-2 receptors, idazoxan (10 mg/kg), an antagonist alpha-2 receptors, and saline were injected to rats intraperitoneally. PPI was evaluated at two different startle intensity levels (78 and 86 dB, respectively). PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS Treatments produced some significant changes on PPI of startle reflex at all two levels of startle intensity. While clonidine (0.06, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg) disrupted significantly PPI, idazoxan (10 mg/kg) did not produce any significant effect on PPI. However, pretreatment with idazoxan reversed significantly clonidine-induced disruption of PPI. Neither idazoxan (10 mg/kg) nor clonidine (1 mg/kg) produces any significant change on locomotor activity in naive rats. CONCLUSION Because idazoxan and clonidine also act through imidazoline receptors, our results suggest that alpha-2 and/or imidazoline receptors are associated with PPI of acoustic startle reflex in rats. Stimulation of these receptors may cause sensorimotor gating disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Ozcetin
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Burcu Cevreli
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tayfun Uzbay
- Uskudar University, Neuropsychopharmacology Application and Research Center (NPARC), Istanbul, Turkey.
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Gannon M, Che P, Chen Y, Jiao K, Roberson ED, Wang Q. Noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:220. [PMID: 26136654 PMCID: PMC4469831 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain noradrenergic system supplies the neurotransmitter norepinephrine throughout the brain via widespread efferent projections, and plays a pivotal role in modulating cognitive activities in the cortex. Profound noradrenergic degeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients has been observed for decades, with recent research suggesting that the locus coeruleus (where noradrenergic neurons are mainly located) is a predominant site where AD-related pathology begins. Mounting evidence indicates that the loss of noradrenergic innervation greatly exacerbates AD pathogenesis and progression, although the precise roles of noradrenergic components in AD pathogenesis remain unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize current findings on noradrenergic dysfunction in AD, as well as to point out deficiencies in our knowledge where more research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Gannon
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pulin Che
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Yunjia Chen
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kai Jiao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Erik D Roberson
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
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Reinforcer magnitude and rate dependency: evaluation of resistance-to-change mechanisms. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 25:629-36. [PMID: 25115595 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under many circumstances, reinforcer magnitude appears to modulate the rate-dependent effects of drugs such that when schedules arrange for relatively larger reinforcer magnitudes rate dependency is attenuated compared with behavior maintained by smaller magnitudes. The current literature on resistance to change suggests that increased reinforcer density strengthens operant behavior, and such strengthening effects appear to extend to the temporal control of behavior. As rate dependency may be understood as a loss of temporal control, the effects of reinforcer magnitude on rate dependency may be due to increased resistance to disruption of temporally controlled behavior. In the present experiments, pigeons earned different magnitudes of grain during signaled components of a multiple FI schedule. Three drugs, clonidine, haloperidol, and morphine, were examined. All three decreased overall rates of key pecking; however, only the effects of clonidine were attenuated as reinforcer magnitude increased. An analysis of within-interval performance found rate-dependent effects for clonidine and morphine; however, these effects were not modulated by reinforcer magnitude. In addition, we included prefeeding and extinction conditions, standard tests used to measure resistance to change. In general, rate-decreasing effects of prefeeding and extinction were attenuated by increasing reinforcer magnitudes. Rate-dependent analyses of prefeeding showed rate-dependency following those tests, but in no case were these effects modulated by reinforcer magnitude. The results suggest that a resistance-to-change interpretation of the effects of reinforcer magnitude on rate dependency is not viable.
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von der Gablentz J, Tempelmann C, Münte TF, Heldmann M. Performance monitoring and behavioral adaptation during task switching: an fMRI study. Neuroscience 2014; 285:227-35. [PMID: 25446349 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advances, the neural correlates and neurochemical mechanisms involved in performance monitoring and behavioral adaptation are still a matter for debate. Here, we used a modified Eriksen-Flanker task in a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study that required the participants to derive the correct stimulus-response association based on a feedback given after each flanker stimulus. Participants had to continuously monitor and adapt their performance as the stimulus-response association switched after a jittered time interval without notice. After every switch an increase of reaction times was observed. At the neural level, the feedback indicating the need to switch was associated with activation of the precuneus, the cingulate cortex, the insula and a brainstem region tentatively identified as the locus coeruleus. This brainstem system appears to interact with this cortical network and seems to be essential for performance monitoring and behavioral adaptation. In contrast, the cerebellum crus and prefrontal areas are activated during error feedback processing. Furthermore we found activations of the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus bilaterally after a correct feedback in learnable stimulus-response associations. These results highlight the contribution of brainstem nuclei to performance adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J von der Gablentz
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany.
| | - C Tempelmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - T F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - M Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Bari A, Robbins TW. Noradrenergic versus dopaminergic modulation of impulsivity, attention and monitoring behaviour in rats performing the stop-signal task: possible relevance to ADHD. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 230:89-111. [PMID: 23681165 PMCID: PMC3824307 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3141-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Deficient response inhibition is a prominent feature of many pathological conditions characterised by impulsive and compulsive behaviour. Clinically effective doses of catecholamine reuptake inhibitors are able to improve such inhibitory deficits as measured by the stop-signal task (SST) in humans and other animals. However, the precise therapeutic mode of action of these compounds in terms of their relative effects on dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) systems in prefrontal cortical and striatal regions mediating attention and cognitive control remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We sought to fractionate the effects of global catecholaminergic manipulations on SST performance by using receptor-specific compounds for NA or DA. The results are described in terms of the effects of modulating specific receptor subtypes on various behavioural measures such as response inhibition, perseveration, sustained attention, error monitoring and motivation. RESULTS Blockade of α2-adrenoceptors improved sustained attention and response inhibition, whereas α1 and β1/2 adrenergic receptor antagonists disrupted go performance and sustained attention, respectively. No relevant effects were obtained after targeting DA D1, D2 or D4 receptors, while both a D3 receptor agonist and antagonist improved post-error slowing and compulsive nose-poke behaviour, though generally impairing other task measures. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the use of specific pharmacological agents targeting α2 and β noradrenergic receptors may improve existing treatments for attentional deficits and impulsivity, whereas DA D3 receptors may modulate error monitoring and perseverative behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bari
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK ,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Ashley Avenue 173, BSB 409, 29425 Charleston, SC USA
| | - T. W. Robbins
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB UK
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Gamache K, Pitman RK, Nader K. Preclinical evaluation of reconsolidation blockade by clonidine as a potential novel treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2789-96. [PMID: 22871915 PMCID: PMC3499710 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic events can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Current PTSD treatments typically only produce partial improvement. Hence, there is a need for preclinical research to identify new candidate drugs and to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Animal studies have indicated that fear memories can be weakened by blocking restabilization after retrieval, a process known as reconsolidation. Furthermore, evidence suggests that there are important alterations of the noradrenergic system in PTSD, and hence it may be of interest to study drugs that target this pathway. Here, we investigated the efficacy of clonidine, an α₂-adrenoreceptor agonist, to block reconsolidation in an animal model of persistent traumatic memories. Using an auditory fear conditioning paradigm in rats, we tested the efficacy of clonidine to weaken fear memory retention when administered systemically after retrieval. We evaluated dosage, number of treatments, and specificity in reconsolidation blockade. We found that postretrieval administration of clonidine disrupts fear-related memories in a dose-dependent manner and that two treatments are sufficient for maximal memory impairment. Furthermore, we determined that this effect is long lasting and specific to reconsolidation processes as shown by the selectivity to affect reactivated memories and the absence of spontaneous recovery and of postreactivation short-term memory impairment. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of systemic administration of clonidine following retrieval to persistently disrupt fear memory retention through reconsolidation blockade. This study provides important preclinical parameters for future therapeutic strategies involving clonidine to block reconsolidation as a novel treatment for PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Gamache
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Roger K Pitman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Hormigo S, Horta Júnior JDADCE, Gómez-Nieto R, López DE. The selective neurotoxin DSP-4 impairs the noradrenergic projections from the locus coeruleus to the inferior colliculus in rats. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:41. [PMID: 22754504 PMCID: PMC3385004 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The inferior colliculus (IC) and the locus coeruleus (LC) are two midbrain nuclei that integrate multimodal information and play a major role in novelty detection to elicit an orienting response. Despite the reciprocal connections between these two structures, the projection pattern and target areas of the LC within the subdivisions of the rat IC are still unknown. Here, we used tract-tracing approaches combined with immunohistochemistry, densitometry, and confocal microscopy (CM) analysis to describe a projection from the LC to the IC. Biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) injections into the LC showed that the LC-IC projection is mainly ipsilateral (90%) and reaches, to a major extent, the dorsal and lateral part of the IC and the intercollicular commissure. Additionally, some LC fibers extend into the central nucleus of the IC. The neurochemical nature of this projection is noradrenergic, given that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) colocalize with the BDA-labeled fibers from the LC. To determine the total field of the LC innervations in the IC, we destroyed the LC neurons and fibers using a highly selective neurotoxin, DSP-4, and then studied the distribution and density of TH- and DBH-immunolabeled axons in the IC. In the DSP-4 treated animals, the number of axonal fibers immunolabeled for TH and DBH were deeply decreased throughout the entire rostrocaudal extent of the IC and its subdivisions compared to controls. Our densitometry results showed that the IC receives up to 97% of its noradrenergic innervations from the LC neurons and only 3% from non-coeruleus neurons. Our results also indicate that TH immunoreactivity in the IC was less impaired than the immunoreactivity for DBH after DSP-4 administration. This is consistent with the existence of an important dopaminergic projection from the substantia nigra to the IC. In conclusion, our study demonstrates and quantifies the noradrenergic projection from the LC to the IC and its subdivisions. The re-examination of the TH and DBH immunoreactivity after DSP-4 treatment provides insights into the source, extent, and topographic distribution of the LC efferent network in the IC, and hence, contributes to our understanding of the role of the noradrenaline (NA) system in auditory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Hormigo
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y Leon, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
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