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Zhang M, Chen T, Lu X, Lan X, Chen Z, Lu S. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): advances in structures, mechanisms, and drug discovery. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:88. [PMID: 38594257 PMCID: PMC11004190 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01803-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of human membrane proteins and an important class of drug targets, play a role in maintaining numerous physiological processes. Agonist or antagonist, orthosteric effects or allosteric effects, and biased signaling or balanced signaling, characterize the complexity of GPCR dynamic features. In this study, we first review the structural advancements, activation mechanisms, and functional diversity of GPCRs. We then focus on GPCR drug discovery by revealing the detailed drug-target interactions and the underlying mechanisms of orthosteric drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in the past five years. Particularly, an up-to-date analysis is performed on available GPCR structures complexed with synthetic small-molecule allosteric modulators to elucidate key receptor-ligand interactions and allosteric mechanisms. Finally, we highlight how the widespread GPCR-druggable allosteric sites can guide structure- or mechanism-based drug design and propose prospects of designing bitopic ligands for the future therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Changzheng Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200003, China
| | - Xun Lu
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiaobing Lan
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, Affiliated to Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Protection, Development and Utilization of Medicinal Resources in Liupanshan Area, Ministry of Education, Peptide & Protein Drug Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
- Medicinal Chemistry and Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Zhao Y, Ren X, Li F, Jia B, Wang D, Jia H, Jiao X, Wang L, Li J. P2Y1 receptor in the colonic submucosa of rats and its association with opioid‑induced constipation. Exp Ther Med 2022; 25:67. [PMID: 36605532 PMCID: PMC9798462 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore the expression changes of P2Y purinergic receptor 1 (P2Y1) in the distal colonic submucosa of opioid-induced constipation (OIC) rats and its association with the occurrence of OIC, an OIC rat model was generated by intraperitoneal injection of loperamide hydrochloride, a selective agonist of µ-opioid receptors (MORs). At 7 days post-treatment, the model was assessed by analyzing stool scores and calculating the gastrointestinal (GI) transit ratio of rats. The distribution of P2Y1-expressing neurons in the colonic submucosal plexus was demonstrated by immunofluorescence (IF). Western blotting was performed to evaluate the expression changes of MOR, P2Y1 and ATP synthase subunit β (ATPB) proteins in the colonic submucosa, while reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis was performed to determine the relative mRNA expression of MOR and P2Y1. After 7 days, the feces of OIC rats exhibited an appearance of sausage-shaped pieces and both the stool weight and GI transit ratio of OIC rats were significantly decreased. IF revealed co-expression of P2Y1 and calbindin and MOR and ATPB in the nerve cells of the distal colonic submucosal plexus. Moreover, RT-qPCR analysis showed that the MOR mRNA levels were significantly increased in the distal colonic submucosa of OIC rats, while mRNA levels of P2Y1 were decreased. WB showed that in the distal colonic submucosa of OIC rats, MOR protein expression was increased, whereas that of P2Y1 was significantly decreased. GI transit ratio analysis suggested that the P2Y agonist ATP significantly relieved constipation symptoms in rats, while the P2Y inhibitor MRS2179 aggravated these symptoms. Finally, P2Y1 expression change was shown to be associated with the occurrence of OIC, while expression of MOR and P2Y1 was associated with OIC development in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiong Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojie Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiantao First People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Xiantao, Hubei 433000, P.R. China
| | - Binghan Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Dengke Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Jia
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Xuwen Jiao
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Wang
- The Medical Laboratory Center of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Junping Li, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
| | - Junping Li
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Junping Li, Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 750001, P.R. China
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3
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DiCello JJ, Carbone SE, Saito A, Pham V, Szymaszkiewicz A, Gondin AB, Alvi S, Marique K, Shenoy P, Veldhuis NA, Fichna J, Canals M, Christopoulos A, Valant C, Poole DP. Positive allosteric modulation of endogenous delta opioid receptor signaling in the enteric nervous system is a potential treatment for gastrointestinal motility disorders. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 322:G66-G78. [PMID: 34755545 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00297.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric modulators (AMs) are molecules that can fine-tune signaling by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Although they are a promising therapeutic approach for treating a range of disorders, allosteric modulation of GPCRs in the context of the enteric nervous system (ENS) and digestive dysfunction remains largely unexplored. This study examined allosteric modulation of the delta opioid receptor (DOR) in the ENS and assessed the suitability of DOR AMs for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms using mouse models. The effects of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of DOR, BMS-986187, on neurogenic contractions of the mouse colon and on DOR internalization in enteric neurons were quantified. The ability of BMS-986187 to influence colonic motility was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. BMS-986187 displayed DOR-selective PAM-agonist activity and orthosteric agonist probe dependence in the mouse colon. BMS-986187 augmented the inhibitory effects of DOR agonists on neurogenic contractions and enhanced reflex-evoked DOR internalization in myenteric neurons. BMS-986187 significantly increased DOR endocytosis in myenteric neurons in response to the weakly internalizing agonist ARM390. BMS-986187 reduced the generation of complex motor patterns in the isolated intact colon. BMS-986187 reduced fecal output and diarrhea onset in the novel environment stress and castor oil models of IBS symptoms, respectively. DOR PAMs enhance DOR-mediated signaling in the ENS and have potential benefit for the treatment of dysmotility. This study provides proof of concept to support the use of GPCR AMs for the treatment of gastrointestinal motility disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study assesses the use of positive allosteric modulation as a pharmacological approach to enhance opioid receptor signaling in the enteric nervous system. We demonstrate that selective modulation of endogenous delta opioid receptor signaling can suppress colonic motility without causing constipation. We propose that allosteric modulation of opioid receptor signaling may be a therapeutic strategy to normalize gastrointestinal motility in conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse J DiCello
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Monash University Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simona E Carbone
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ayame Saito
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vi Pham
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sadia Alvi
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiliana Marique
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priyank Shenoy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Queen's Medical Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, The Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Traserra S, Barber C, Maclnnes J, Relea L, MacPherson LC, Cunningham MR, Vergara P, Accarino A, Kennedy C, Jimenez M. Different responses of the blockade of the P2Y1 receptor with BPTU in human and porcine intestinal tissues and in cell cultures. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e14101. [PMID: 33619847 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrointestinal smooth muscle relaxation is accomplished by activation of P2Y1 receptors, therefore this receptor plays an important role in regulation of gut motility. Recently, BPTU was developed as a negative allosteric modulator of the P2Y1 receptor. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of BPTU on purinergic neurotransmission in pig and human gastrointestinal tissues. METHODS Ca2+ imaging in tSA201 cells that express the human P2Y1 receptor, organ bath and microelectrodes in tissues were used to evaluate the effects of BPTU on purinergic responses. KEY RESULTS BPTU concentration dependently (0.1 and 1 µmol L-1 ) inhibited the rise in intracellular Ca2+ evoked by ADP in tSA201 cells. In the pig small intestine, 30 µmol L-1 BPTU reduced the fast inhibitory junction potential by 80%. Smooth muscle relaxations induced by electrical field stimulation were reduced both in pig ileum (EC50 = 6 µmol L-1 ) and colon (EC50 = 35 µmol L-1 ), but high concentrations of BPTU (up to 100 µmol L-1 ) had no effect on human colonic muscle. MRS2500 (1 µmol L-1 ) abolished all responses. Finally, 10 µmol L-1 ADPβS inhibited spontaneous motility and this was partially reversed by 30 µmol L-1 BPTU in pig, but not human colonic tissue and abolished by MRS2500 (1 µmol L-1 ). CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES BPTU blocks purinergic responses elicited via P2Y1 receptors in cell cultures and in pig gastrointestinal tissue. However, the concentrations needed are higher in pig tissue compared to cell cultures and BPTU was ineffective in human colonic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Barber
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jane Maclnnes
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucia Relea
- Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lewis C MacPherson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret R Cunningham
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd),, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Accarino
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd),, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles Kennedy
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas (CIBERehd),, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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5
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Nucleotide P2Y 1 receptor agonists are in vitro and in vivo prodrugs of A 1/A 3 adenosine receptor agonists: implications for roles of P2Y 1 and A 1/A 3 receptors in physiology and pathology. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:543-559. [PMID: 33129204 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09732-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid phosphoester hydrolysis of endogenous purine and pyrimidine nucleotides has challenged the characterization of the role of P2 receptors in physiology and pathology. Nucleotide phosphoester stabilization has been pursued on a number of medicinal chemistry fronts. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo stability and pharmacokinetics of prototypical nucleotide P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) agonists and antagonists. These included the riboside nucleotide agonist 2-methylthio-ADP and antagonist MRS2179, as well as agonist MRS2365 and antagonist MRS2500 containing constrained (N)-methanocarba rings, which were previously reported to form nucleotides that are more slowly hydrolyzed at the α-phosphoester compared with the ribosides. In vitro incubations in mouse and human plasma and blood demonstrated the rapid hydrolysis of these compounds to nucleoside metabolites. This metabolism was inhibited by EDTA to chelate divalent cations required by ectonucleotidases for nucleotide hydrolysis. This rapid hydrolysis was confirmed in vivo in mouse pharmacokinetic studies that demonstrate that MRS2365 is a prodrug of the nucleoside metabolite AST-004 (MRS4322). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the nucleoside metabolites of MRS2365 and 2-methylthio-ADP are adenosine receptor (AR) agonists, notably at A3 and A1ARs. In vivo efficacy of MRS2365 in murine models of traumatic brain injury and stroke can be attributed to AR activation by its nucleoside metabolite AST-004, rather than P2Y1R activation. This research suggests the importance of reevaluation of previous in vitro and in vivo research of P2YRs and P2XRs as there is a potential that the pharmacology attributed to nucleotide agonists is due to AR activation by active nucleoside metabolites.
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Traserra S, Villarte S, Traini C, Palacin S, Vergara P, Vannucchi MG, Jimenez M. The asymmetric innervation of the circular and longitudinal muscle of the mouse colon differently modulates myogenic slow phasic contractions. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13778. [PMID: 31845466 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromuscular transmission has been extensively studied in the circular layer of the mouse colon where a co-transmission of purines acting on P2Y1 receptors and NO has been previously described. However, the corresponding mechanisms in the longitudinal layer are less known. METHODS Electrophysiological and myography techniques were used to evaluate spontaneous phasic contractions (SPC) and neural-mediated responses in the proximal, mid, and distal colon devoid of CD1 mice. Immunohistochemistry against c-kit and PDGFRα was performed in each colonic segment. KEY RESULTS SPC were recorded in both muscle layers at a similar frequency being about four contractions per minute (c.p.m.) in the proximal and distal colon compared to the mid colon (2 c.p.m.). In non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic conditions, L-NNA (1 mmol/L) increased contractility in the circular but not in the longitudinal layer. In the longitudinal muscle, both electrophysiological and mechanical neural-mediated inhibitory responses were L-NNA and ODQ (10 µmol/L) sensitive. NaNP (1 µmol/L) caused cessation of SPC and the response was blocked by ODQ. Neither ADPßS (10 µmol/L) nor CYPPA (10 µmol/L), which both targeted the purinergic pathway, altered longitudinal contractions. PDGFRα + cells were located in both muscle layers and were more numerous compared with cKit + cells, which both formed a heterologous cellular network. A decreasing gradient of the PDGFRα labeling was observed along the colon. CONCLUSION An inhibitory neural tone was absent in the longitudinal layer and neuronal inhibitory responses were mainly nitrergic. Despite the presence of PDGFRα + cells, purinergic responses were absent. Post-junctional pathways located in different cell types might be responsible for neurotransmitter transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Traserra
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Villarte
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Traini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Palacin
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patri Vergara
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Giuliana Vannucchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embryology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marcel Jimenez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Zhang X, Li G. P2Y receptors in neuropathic pain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 186:172788. [PMID: 31494119 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes and evaluates the relationship between neuropathic pain and P2Y receptors from inception to 2019. Purinergic receptors have been well studied in recent years using various molecular biological methods. The main research objective of this review is to determine the association of P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y6, P2Y12 and P2Y13 receptors with neuropathic pain. This review includes the most comprehensive subtypes of P2Y that related to neuropathic pain and the current therapeutic method of neuropathic pain. G protein-coupled P2Y receptors are located on neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglial cells and regulate neurotransmission. Nerve injury is the prime reason for abnormal regulation of P2Y receptor mRNA expression, subsequently, inducing neuropathic pain. Neuropathic pain is a type of chronic pain that is divided into peripheral, central and mixed. Numerous studies demonstrated a positive correlation between the expression level of P2Y receptors and neuropathic pain generation. Also, several reports showed that P2Y short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and P2Y antagonist can be used as an analgesic to relieve neuropathic pain via decreasing P2Y receptor expression level and neural cell activation. However, the transformation process from basic experiments to clinical applications is a long process. Current deficiencies and future research directions are discussed at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinge Zhang
- Queen Mary, the University of London, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Guilin Li
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Diadenosine tetraphosphate activates P2Y 1 receptors that cause smooth muscle relaxation in the mouse colon. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:160-166. [PMID: 31063775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
P2Y1 receptors play an essential role in inhibitory neuromuscular transmission in the gastrointestinal tract. The signalling pathway involves the opening of small conductance calcium activated potassium-channels (Kca2 family) that results in smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation. Inorganic polyphosphates and dinucleotidic polyphosphates are putative neurotransmitters that potentially act on P2Y1 receptors. A pharmacological approach using both orthosteric (MRS2500) and allosteric (BPTU) blockers of the P2Y1 receptor and openers (CyPPA) and blockers (apamin) of Kca2 channels was used to pharmacologically characterise the effect of these neurotransmitters. Organ bath and microelectrodes were used to evaluate the effect of P1,P4-Di (adenosine-5') tetraphosphate ammonium salt (Ap4A), inorganic polyphosphates (PolyP) and CyPPA on spontaneous contractions and membrane potential of mouse colonic smooth muscle cells. PolyP neither modified contractions nor membrane potential. In contrast, Ap4A caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous contractions reaching a maximum effect at 100 μM Ap4A response was antagonised by MRS2500 (1 μM), BPTU (3 μM) and apamin (1 μM). CyPPA (10 μM) inhibited spontaneous contractions and this response was antagonised by apamin but it was not affected by MRS2500 or BPTU. Both CyPPA and Ap4A caused smooth muscle hyperpolarization that was blocked by apamin and MRS2500 respectively. We conclude that Ap4A but not PolyP activates P2Y1 receptors causing smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation. Ap4A signalling causes activation of Kca2 channels through activation of P2Y1 receptors. In contrast, CyPPA acts directly on Kca2 channels. Further studies are needed to evaluate if dinucleotidic polyphosphates are released from inhibitory motor neurons.
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9
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Zhang W, Bonadiman A, Ciorraga M, Benitez MJ, Garrido JJ. P2Y1 Purinergic Receptor Modulate Axon Initial Segment Initial Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:152. [PMID: 31068791 PMCID: PMC6491782 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological and functional polarization of neurons depends on the generation and maintenance of the axon initial segment (AIS). This axonal domain maintains axonal properties but is also the place where the action potential (AP) is generated. All these functions require the AIS, a complex structure that is not fully understood. An integrated structure of voltage-gated ion channels, specific cytoskeleton architecture, as well as, scaffold proteins contributes to these functions. Among them, ankyrinG plays a crucial role to maintain ion channels and membrane proteins. However, it is still elusive how the AIS performs its complex structural and functional regulation. Recent studies reveal that AIS is dynamically regulated in molecular composition, length and location in response to neuronal activity. Some mechanisms acting on AIS plasticity have been uncovered recently, including Ca2+, calpain or calmodulin-mediated modulation, as well as post-translational modifications of cytoskeleton proteins and actin-associated proteins. Neurons are able to respond to different kind of physiological and pathological stimuli from development to maturity by adapting their AIS composition, position and length. This raises the question of which are the neuronal receptors that contribute to the modulation of AIS plasticity. Previous studies have shown that purinergic receptor P2X7 activation is detrimental to AIS maintenance. During initial axonal elongation, P2X7 is coordinated with P2Y1, another purinergic receptor that is essential for proper axon elongation. In this study, we focus on the role of P2Y1 receptor on AIS development and maintenance. Our results show that P2Y1 receptor activity and expression are necessary during AIS initial development, while has no role once AIS maturity is achieved. P2Y1 inhibition or suppression results in a decrease in ankyrinG, βIV-spectrin and voltage-gated sodium channels accumulation that can be rescued by actin stabilization or the modulation of actin-binding proteins at the AIS. Moreover, P2X7 or calpain inhibition also rescues ankyrinG decrease. Hence, a dynamic balance of P2Y1 and P2X7 receptors expression and function during AIS assembly and maturation may represent a fine regulatory mechanism in response to physiological or pathological extracellular purines concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Bonadiman
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ciorraga
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Benitez
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan José Garrido
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Neurobiology, Instituto Cajal, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Moldovan RP, Wenzel B, Teodoro R, Neumann W, Dukic-Stefanovic S, Kraus W, Rong P, Deuther-Conrad W, Hey-Hawkins E, Krügel U, Brust P. Studies towards the development of a PET radiotracer for imaging of the P2Y 1 receptors in the brain: synthesis, 18F-labeling and preliminary biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:142-159. [PMID: 30665144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purine nucleotides such as ATP and ADP are important extracellular signaling molecules in almost all tissues activating various subtypes of purinoreceptors. In the brain, the P2Y1 receptor (P2Y1R) subtype mediates trophic functions like differentiation and proliferation, and modulates fast synaptic transmission, both suggested to be affected in diseases of the central nervous system. Research on P2Y1R is limited because suitable brain-penetrating P2Y1R-selective tracers are not yet available. Here, we describe the first efforts to develop an 18F-labeled PET tracer based on the structure of the highly affine and selective, non-nucleotidic P2Y1R allosteric modulator 1-(2-[2-(tert-butyl)phenoxy]pyridin-3-yl)-3-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]urea (7). A small series of fluorinated compounds was developed by systematic modification of the p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl, the urea and the 2-pyridyl subunits of the lead compound 7. Additionally, the p-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl subunit was substituted by carborane, a boron-rich cluster with potential applicability in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). By functional assays, the new fluorinated derivative 1-{2-[2-(tert-butyl)phenoxy]pyridin-3-yl}-3-[4-(2-fluoroethyl)phenyl]urea (18) was identified with a high P2Y1R antagonistic potency (IC50 = 10 nM). Compound [18F]18 was radiosynthesized by using tetra-n-butyl ammonium [18F]fluoride with high radiochemical purity, radiochemical yield and molar activities. Investigation of brain homogenates using hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) revealed [18F]fluoride as major radiometabolite. Although [18F]18 showed fast in vivo metabolization, the high potency and unique allosteric binding mode makes this class of compounds interesting for further optimizations and investigation of the theranostic potential as PET tracer and BNCT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rareş-Petru Moldovan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Barbara Wenzel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Teodoro
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wilma Neumann
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sladjana Dukic-Stefanovic
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Werner Kraus
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peijing Rong
- Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 100700, Beijing, China
| | - Winnie Deuther-Conrad
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evamarie Hey-Hawkins
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ute Krügel
- Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Universität Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Brust
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Radiopharmaceutical Cancer Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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11
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Dopamine induces inhibitory effects on the circular muscle contractility of mouse distal colon via D1- and D2-like receptors. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 73:395-404. [PMID: 28600746 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0566-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) acts as gut motility modulator, via D1- and D2-like receptors, but its effective role is far from being clear. Since alterations of the dopaminergic system could lead to gastrointestinal dysfunctions, a characterization of the enteric dopaminergic system is mandatory. In this study, we investigated the role of DA and D1- and D2-like receptors in the contractility of the circular muscle of mouse distal colon by organ-bath technique. DA caused relaxation in carbachol-precontracted circular muscle strips, sensitive to domperidone, D2-like receptor antagonist, and mimicked by bromocriptine, D2-like receptor agonist. 7-Chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride (SCH-23390), D1-like receptor antagonist, neural toxins, L-NAME (nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor), 2'-deoxy-N6-methyl adenosine 3',5'-diphosphate diammonium salt (MRS 2179), purinergic P2Y1 antagonist, or adrenergic antagonists were ineffective. DA also reduced the amplitude of neurally evoked cholinergic contractions. The effect was mimicked by (±)-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(1H)-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol hydrobromide (SKF-38393), D1-like receptor agonist and antagonized by SCH-23390, MRS 2179, or L-NAME. Western blotting analysis determined the expression of DA receptor proteins in mouse distal colon. Notably, SCH-23390 per se induced an increase in amplitude of spontaneous and neurally evoked cholinergic contractions, unaffected by neural blockers, L-NAME, MRS 2179, muscarinic, adrenergic, or D2-like receptor antagonists. Indeed, SCH-23390-induced effects were antagonized by an adenylyl cyclase blocker. In conclusion, DA inhibits colonic motility in mice via D2- and D1-like receptors, the latter reducing acetylcholine release from enteric neurons, involving nitrergic and purinergic systems. Whether constitutively active D1-like receptors, linked to adenylyl cyclase pathway, are involved in a tonic inhibitory control of colonic contractility is questioned.
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