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Hu Y, Hu XD, He ZQ, Liu Y, Gui YK, Zhu SH, Da X, Liu YN, Liu LX, Shen QY, Xu GH. Anesthesia/surgery activate MMP9 leading to blood-brain barrier disruption, triggering neuroinflammation and POD-like behavior in aged mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 135:112290. [PMID: 38796964 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery activate matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9), leading to blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and postoperative delirium (POD)-like behavior, especially in the elderly. Aged mice received intraperitoneal injections of either the MMP9 inhibitor SB-3CT, melatonin, or solvent, and underwent laparotomy under 3 % sevoflurane anesthesia(anesthesia/surgery). Behavioral tests were performed 24 h pre- and post-operatively. Serum and cortical tissue levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured using ELISA. Levels of PDGFRβ, MMP9, tight junction, Mfsd2a, caveolin-1, synaptophysin, and postsynaptic densin (PSD)-95 proteins in the prefrontal cortex were assayed using Western blotting. BBB permeability was assessed by detecting IgG in the prefrontal cortex and serum S100β levels. Anesthesia/surgery-induced peripheral inflammation activated MMP9, which in turn injured pericytes and tight junctions and increased transcytosis, thereby disrupting the BBB. Impaired BBB allowed the migration of peripheral inflammation into the central nervous system (CNS), thereby inducing neuroinflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and POD-like behaviors. However, MMP9 inhibition reduced pericyte and tight junction injury and transcytosis, thereby preserving BBB function and preventing the migration of peripheral inflammation into the CNS, thus attenuating synaptic dysfunction and POD-like behavior. In addition, to further validate the above findings, we showed that melatonin exerted similar effects through inhibition of MMP9. The present study shows that after anesthesia/surgery, inflammatory cytokines upregulation is involved in regulating BBB permeability in aged mice through activation of MMP9, suggesting that MMP9 may be a potential target for the prevention of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xu-Dong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Zi-Qing He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yong-Kang Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Si-Hui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Xin Da
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Yi-Nuo Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Li-Xia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China
| | - Qi-Ying Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
| | - Guang-Hong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China; Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, PR China.
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Vo TTL, Shin D, Ha E, Seo JH. Dysfunction of the Neurovascular Unit by Psychostimulant Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15154. [PMID: 37894832 PMCID: PMC10606839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
'Drug abuse' has been recognized as one of the most pressing epidemics in contemporary society. Traditional research has primarily focused on understanding how drugs induce neurotoxicity or degeneration within the central nervous system (CNS) and influence systems related to reward, motivation, and cravings. However, recent investigations have increasingly shifted their attention toward the detrimental consequences of drug abuse on the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a structural component situated in brain vessels, responsible for separating brain tissue from external substances to maintain brain homeostasis. The BBB's function is governed by cellular interactions involving various elements of the 'neurovascular unit (NVU),' such as neurons, endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, and microglia. Disruption of the NVU is closely linked to serious neurodegeneration. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the harmful effects of psychostimulant drugs on the BBB, highlighting the mechanisms through which drugs can damage the NVU. Additionally, the review proposes novel therapeutic targets aimed at protecting the BBB. By understanding the intricate relationships between drug abuse, BBB integrity, and NVU function, researchers and clinicians may uncover new strategies to mitigate the damaging impact of drug abuse on brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Thuy Lu Vo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
| | - Dain Shin
- Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; (T.T.L.V.); (E.H.)
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Wang Y, Zhu Y, Wang J, Dong L, Liu S, Li S, Wu Q. Purinergic signaling: A gatekeeper of blood-brain barrier permeation. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112758. [PMID: 36825149 PMCID: PMC9941648 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review outlined evidence that purinergic signaling is involved in the modulation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability. The functional and structural integrity of the BBB is critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. BBB integrity is maintained primarily by endothelial cells and basement membrane but also be regulated by pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes. In this review, we summarized the purinergic receptors and nucleotidases expressed on BBB cells and focused on the regulation of BBB permeability by purinergic signaling. The permeability of BBB is regulated by a series of purinergic receptors classified as P2Y1, P2Y4, P2Y12, P2X4, P2X7, A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, which serve as targets for endogenous ATP, ADP, or adenosine. P2Y1 and P2Y4 antagonists could attenuate BBB damage. In contrast, P2Y12-mediated chemotaxis of microglial cell processes is necessary for rapid closure of the BBB after BBB breakdown. Antagonists of P2X4 and P2X7 inhibit the activation of these receptors, reduce the release of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and promote the function of BBB closure. In addition, the CD39/CD73 nucleotidase axis participates in extracellular adenosine metabolism and promotes BBB permeability through A1 and A2A on BBB cells. Furthermore, A2B and A3 receptor agonists protect BBB integrity. Thus, the regulation of the BBB by purinergic signaling is complex and affects the opening and closing of the BBB through different pathways. Appropriate selective agonists/antagonists of purinergic receptors and corresponding enzyme inhibitors could modulate the permeability of the BBB, effectively delivering therapeutic drugs/cells to the central nervous system (CNS) or limiting the entry of inflammatory immune cells into the brain and re-establishing CNS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junmeng Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longcong Dong
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuqing Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihui Li
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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4
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Sakai Y, Taguchi M, Morikawa Y, Suenami K, Yanase E, Takayama T, Ikari A, Matsunaga T. Lowering of brain endothelial cell barrier function by exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 364:110052. [PMID: 35872046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Overuse of pyrrolidinophenones (PPs) is known to cause damage to vascular and central nervous systems, but little is known about its effect on brain endothelial barrier function. In this study, we found that exposure to 4'-iodo-α-pyrrolidinononanophenone (I-α-PNP), one of the most potently cytotoxic PPs, at sublethal concentrations decreases trans-endothelial electrical resistance and increases paracellular permeability across a monolayer of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Treatment with I-α-PNP also elevated the production of superoxide anion. Furthermore, the treatment reduced the expression and plasma membrane localization of a tight junction protein claudin-5 (CLDN5), which was almost restored by pretreatment with an antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine. These results indicate that I-α-PNP treatment may down-regulate the plasma membrane-localized CLDN5 by elevating the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The treatment with I-α-PNP increased the nuclear translocation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1), an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor, and pretreating with a FoxO1 inhibitor ameliorated the decrease in CLDN5 mRNA. In addition, I-α-PNP treatment up-regulated the expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9, and the addition of an MMP inhibitor reversed the degradation of CLDN5 by I-α-PNP. Moreover, I-α-PNP treatment facilitated the activation of 26S proteasome-based proteolytic activity and pretreatment with an inhibitor of 26S proteasome, but not autophagy, suppressed the CLDN5 degradation by I-α-PNP. Accordingly, it is suggested that the down-regulation of CLDN5 by exposure to I-α-PNP is ascribable to suppression of the gene transcription due to FoxO1 nuclear translocation through ROS production and to acceleration both of the MMPs (MMP2 and MMP9)- and 26S proteasome-based proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Sakai
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan.
| | - Maki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Suenami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Emiko Yanase
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1112, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Takayama
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Gifu Prefectural Police Headquarters, Gifu, 500-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 501-1196, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, 502-8585, Japan
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Microglial Activation Damages Dopaminergic Neurons through MMP-2/-9-Mediated Increase of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability in a Parkinson's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052793. [PMID: 35269933 PMCID: PMC8910886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation has been considered to be involved in the progressive dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the mechanisms remain unknown. Accumulating evidence indicated a key role of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in neurological disorders. This study is designed to elucidate whether chronic neuroinflammation damages dopaminergic neurons through BBB dysfunction by using a rotenone-induced mouse PD model. Results showed that rotenone dose-dependently induced nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which was associated with increased Evans blue content and fibrinogen accumulation as well as reduced expressions of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5 and occludin, three tight junction proteins for maintaining BBB permeability, in mice, indicating BBB disruption. Rotenone also induced nigral microglial activation. Depletion of microglia or inhibition of microglial activation by PLX3397 or minocycline, respectively, greatly attenuated BBB dysfunction in rotenone-lesioned mice. Mechanistic inquiry revealed that microglia-mediated activation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 (MMP-2/-9) contributed to rotenone-induced BBB disruption and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Rotenone-induced activation of MMP-2/-9 was significantly attenuated by microglial depletion and inactivation. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP-2/-9 by a wide-range inhibitor, SB-3CT, abrogated elevation of BBB permeability and simultaneously increased tight junctions expression. Finally, we found that microglial depletion and inactivation as well as inhibition of MMP-2/-9 significantly ameliorated rotenone-elicited nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration and motor dysfunction in mice. Altogether, our findings suggested that microglial MMP-2/-9 activation-mediated BBB dysfunction contributed to dopaminergic neurodegeneration in rotenone-induced mouse PD model, providing a novel view for the mechanisms of Parkinsonism.
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6
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Guo Z, Ruan Z, Zhang D, Liu X, Hou L, Wang Q. Rotenone impairs learning and memory in mice through microglia-mediated blood brain barrier disruption and neuronal apoptosis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132982. [PMID: 34822863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone is a neurotoxic pesticide widely used in agriculture. Dopaminergic neuron has long been considered as the target of rotenone. We recently reported that rotenone exposure also resulted in hippocampal and cortical neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction in mice. However, the mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we elucidated whether blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption and subsequent neuronal apoptosis mediated by microglial activation were involved in rotenone-elicited cognitive impairments. Results showed that rotenone dose-dependently elevated evens blue extravasation, fibrinogen accumulation and reduced expressions of tight junction proteins in the hippocampus and cortex of mice. Interestingly, microglial depletion and inactivation by PLX3397 and minocycline, respectively, markedly attenuated rotenone-elicited increase of BBB permeability, indicating a critical role of microglia. Furthermore, microglial depletion and inactivation were shown to abrogate rotenone-induced activation of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2/-9), two important factors to regulate tight junction degradation and BBB permeability, in mice. Moreover, SB-3CT, a widely used MMP-2/-9 inhibitor, increased BBB integrity and simultaneously elevated expressions of tight junction proteins in rotenone-intoxicated mice. Finally, we found that SB-3CT significantly mitigated rotenone-induced neuronal apoptosis and synaptic loss as well as learning and memory impairments in mice. Altogether, this study revealed that rotenone elicited cognitive impairments in mice through microglia-mediated BBB disruption and neuronal apoptosis via MMP-2/-9, providing a novel aspect for the pathogenesis of pesticide-induced neurotoxicity and Parkinson's disease (PD)-related dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Guo
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Zhengzheng Ruan
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Public Health Development Branch, Shaoxing Yuecheng People's Hospital, Shaoxing, 312000, China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; Xi'an Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xi'an, 710018, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Liyan Hou
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Qingshan Wang
- School of Public Health, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China; National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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7
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Fonseca DA, Ribeiro DM, Tapadas M, Cotrim MD. Ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Cardiovascular effects and mechanisms. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 903:174156. [PMID: 33971177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA (known as "ecstasy") is a recreational drug of abuse, popular worldwide for its distinctive psychotropic effects. Currently, the therapeutic potential of MDMA in psychotherapy has attracted a lot of interest from the scientific community, despite the multitude of effects that this drug of abuse elicits on the human body. While neuronal effects have been the most studied, cardiovascular effects have also been described, as increased blood pressure and heart rate are the most recognizable. However, other effects have also been described at the cardiac (impaired cardiac contractile function, arrhythmias, myocardial necrosis and valvular heart disease) and vascular (vasoconstriction, disruption of vascular integrity and altered haemostasis) levels. Several mechanisms have been proposed, from the interaction with monoamine transporters and receptors to the promotion of oxidative stress or the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This review provides an overview of the cardiovascular implications of MDMA intake and underlying mechanisms, relevant when considering its consumption as drug of abuse but also when considering its therapeutic potential in psychiatry. Moreover, the risk/benefit ratio of the therapeutic use of MDMA remains to be fully elucidated from a cardiovascular standpoint, particularly in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A Fonseca
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Daniel M Ribeiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Tapadas
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Dulce Cotrim
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Care, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
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8
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Ma Y, Bian C, Song D, Yao G, Nie R. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine causes retinal damage in C57BL/6J mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 39:1556-1564. [PMID: 32552070 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120930253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a powerfully addictive psychostimulant with pronounced effects on the central nervous system, but the precise mechanism of MDMA-induced toxicity remains unclear, specifically on the retina. This study was performed to investigate the effects of MDMA treatment on the retina and explore the underlying mechanism. C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into control and MDMA groups. Mice were treated with MDMA at progressively increasing doses (1-6 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 4 times per day. Electroretinography was used to test the retinal function. Pathological changes of the retina were examined by toluidine blue staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure the levels of cytokines in the retina. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were used to measure gene and protein expression in the retina, respectively. Our study showed that MDMA treatment impaired retinal function and decreased retinal thickness. MDMA treatment also increased transforming growth factor β as well as inflammatory factors in the retina. Moreover, MDMA treatment increased protein expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and decreased tight junction protein expression in the retina. Our study indicated that treatment of MDMA caused retinal damage in C57BL/6J mice, associated with an increase of MMPs and a decrease of tight junction proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - C Bian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Tai'an, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - D Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - G Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Tai'an, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
| | - R Nie
- Department of Geriatrics III, Tai'an City Central Hospital, Tai'an, People's Republic of China
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Silencing matrix metalloproteinase 9 exerts a protective effect on astrocytes after oxygen-glucose deprivation and is correlated with suppression of aquaporin-4. Neurosci Lett 2020; 731:135047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Costa G, De Luca MA, Piras G, Marongiu J, Fattore L, Simola N. Neuronal and peripheral damages induced by synthetic psychoactive substances: an update of recent findings from human and animal studies. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:802-816. [PMID: 31719240 PMCID: PMC6990793 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.268895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies indicate that synthetic psychoactive substances, in addition to having abuse potential, may elicit toxic effects of varying severity at the peripheral and central levels. Nowadays, toxicity induced by synthetic psychoactive substances poses a serious harm for health, since recreational use of these substances is on the rise among young and adult people. The present review summarizes recent findings on the peripheral and central toxicity elicited by “old” and “new” synthetic psychoactive substances in humans and experimental animals, focusing on amphetamine derivatives, hallucinogen and dissociative drugs and synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Costa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta De Luca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gessica Piras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jacopo Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Liana Fattore
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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11
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Lu Z, Zhang D, Cui K, Fu X, Man J, Lu H, Yu L, Gao Y, Liu X, Liao L, Li X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wang J. Neuroprotective Action of Teriflunomide in a Mouse Model of Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Neuroscience 2019; 428:228-241. [PMID: 31887363 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Teriflunomide has been reported to inhibit microglial activation in experimental models of traumatic brain injury. However, its roles in ischemic stroke and underlying mechanisms of action are still undiscovered. In this study, we investigated the effects of teriflunomide on brain edema, neurologic deficits, infarct volume, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and neurogenesis in a mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). tMCAO mice treated with teriflunomide showed lower brain water content on day 3, milder neurologic deficits and smaller infarct volume on day 7 than those treated with vehicle. Additionally, mice received teriflunomide had fewer activated Iba-1-positive microglia and lower protein levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and 3-Nitrotyrosine (3-NT) compared with those received vehicle on day 3. Further, teriflunomide alleviated Evans blue dye leakage, increased pericyte coverage and protein levels of platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB), platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) and Bcl2, and decreased the number of PDGFRβ/matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9)-positive cells. Moreover, teriflunomide reduced the loss of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin. Finally, teriflunomide significantly upregulated the number of 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU)/doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells and expression of mammalian achaete-scute homolog 1 (Mash1), DCX and Pbx1 in subventricular zone (SVZ) on day 7 after stroke. Our results indicate that teriflunomide exhibits protective roles in ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuroinflammation, alleviating BBB disruption and enhancing neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfang Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Kefei Cui
- Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaojie Fu
- Department of Neurointervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jiang Man
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Lie Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Yufeng Gao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xianliang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Linghui Liao
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Yongxin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052 Henan Province, China.
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12
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Jin X, Wang T, Liao Y, Guo J, Wang G, Zhao F, Jin Y. Neuroinflammatory Reactions in the Brain of 1,2-DCE-Intoxicated Mice during Brain Edema. Cells 2019; 8:cells8090987. [PMID: 31461951 PMCID: PMC6770564 DOI: 10.3390/cells8090987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) mRNA and protein was upregulated during 1,2-dichloroethane (1,2-DCE) induced brain edema in mice. We also found that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) signaling pathway resulted in MMP-9 overexpression and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in mice treated with 1,2-DCE. In this study, we further hypothesized that inflammatory reactions mediated by the p38 MAPK/ NF-κB signaling pathway might be involved in MMP-9 overexpression, blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption and edema formation in the brain of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice. Our results revealed that subacute poisoning by 1,2-DCE upregulates protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and p-p65 in mouse brains. Pretreatment with an inhibitor against p38 MAPK attenuates these changes. Moreover, pretreatment with an inhibitor against NF-κB attenuates alterations in brain water content, pathological indications notable in brain edema, as well as mRNA and protein expression on levels of MMP-9, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, iNOS, and IL-1β, tight junction proteins (TJs), GFAP and Iba-1 in the brain of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice. Furthermore, pretreatment with an inhibitor against MMP-9 obstructs the decrease of TJs in the brain of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice. Lastly, pretreatment with an antagonist against the IL-1β receptor also attenuates changes in protein levels of p-p38 MAPK, p-p65, p-IκB, VCAM -1, ICAM-1, IL-1β, and Iba-1 in the brain of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated-mice. Taken together, findings from the current study indicate that the p38 MAPK/ NF-κB signaling pathway might be involved in the activation of glial cells, and the overproduction of proinflammatory factors, which might induce inflammatory reactions in the brain of 1,2-DCE-intoxicated mice that leads to brain edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang 110034, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingjun Liao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Gaoyang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Fenghong Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Yaping Jin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, Liaoning, China.
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13
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Hong S, JianCheng H, JiaWen W, ShuQin Z, GuiLian Z, HaiQin W, Ru Z, Zhen G, HongWei R. Losartan inhibits development of spontaneous recurrent seizures by preventing astrocyte activation and attenuating blood-brain barrier permeability following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Xu G, Li Y, Ma C, Wang C, Sun Z, Shen Y, Liu L, Li S, Zhang X, Cong B. Restraint Stress Induced Hyperpermeability and Damage of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Amygdala of Adult Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:32. [PMID: 30814927 PMCID: PMC6381322 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intense or prolonged exposure to stress can damage various brain structures, including the amygdala and hippocampus, which are associated with emotional-cognitive functions. Furthermore, this deterioration has been linked to a myriad of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, in particular through disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). However, insights remain scarce concerning the effects and mechanisms associated with stress on the BBB in the amygdala. This study explored the effects of restraint stress on the permeability and integrity of the BBB in the amygdala of male adult SD rats. Serum levels of corticosterone (CORT) and S100B were determined through ELISA. The permeability of the BBB was assessed by measuring Evans Blue (EB) leakage in tissue samples from the rats’ amygdala. These samples were immunostained for markers of tight junctions (Claudin-5, Occludin, ZO-1) and adherens junctions (VE-cadherin), as well as GLUT-1 and AQP-4. Staining was evaluated through confocal microscopy, and the level of expression of these proteins was quantified using the Western Blot (WB) technique. The ultrastructure of brain microvascular endothelial cells was assessed with transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) content in serum and amygdalar tissues were determined by employing ELISA. Exposure to restraint stress was associated with higher serum levels of S100B and EB leakage in amygdala tissues, especially in days 14 and 21 of the experiment, indicating increased permeability of the BBB. After restraint stress, significant decreases in protein expression were detected for tight junctions, adherens junctions and GLUT-1, while a significant increase was observed for AQP-4. The variation trends of fluorescence intensity generally paralleled these results. Following restraint stress, transmission electron microscopy ascertained enlarged gaps in tight junctions and thickened basal membranes in amygdalar capillaries. In addition, increased IL-1β contents in serum and amygdalar tissues were observed in the restraint-stressed groups. These findings suggest that restraint stress mediates time-dependent alterations in the permeability of the BBB, with modifications in the expression of proteins from tight junctions and adherens junctions, as well as ultrastructural changes in brain microvascular endothelial cells. And it was associated with the inflammation. These alterations may be associated with behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yingmin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chunling Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhaoling Sun
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yiwen Shen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Forensic Science, Beijing Public Security Bureau, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bin Cong
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center of Forensic Medical Molecular Identification, College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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15
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Li F, Geng X, Yip J, Ding Y. Therapeutic Target and Cell-signal Communication of Chlorpromazine and Promethazine in Attenuating Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption after Ischemic Stroke. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:145-156. [PMID: 30569751 PMCID: PMC6362522 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718819443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke destroys blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity. There are currently no effective treatments available in the clinical setting. Post-ischemia treatment with phenothiazine drugs [combined chlorpromazine and promethazine (C+P)] has been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke. The present study determined the effect of C+P in BBB integrity. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the following groups (n=8 each): (1) stroke, (2) stroke treated by C+P with temperature control, and (3) stroke treated by C+P without temperature control. Infarct volume and neurological deficits were measured to assess the neuroprotective effect of C+P. BBB permeability was determined by brain edema and Evans blue leakage. Expression of BBB integral molecules, including proteins of aquaporin-4 and -9 (AQP-4, AQP-9), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9), zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1/5, occludin, and laminin were determined by Western blot. Stroke caused brain infarction and neurological deficits, as well as BBB damage, which were all attenuated by C+P through drug-induced hypothermia. When the reduced temperature was controlled to physiological levels, C+P still conferred neuroprotection, suggesting a therapeutic effect independent of hypothermia. Furthermore, C+P significantly attenuated the increase in AQP-4, AQP-9, MMP-2, and MMP-9 levels after stroke, and reversed the decrease in tight junction protein (ZO-1, claudin-1/5, occludin) and basal laminar protein (laminin) levels. This study clearly indicates a beneficial effect of C+P on BBB integrity after stroke, which may be independent of drug-induced hypothermia. These findings further prove the clinical target and cell-signal communication of C+P treatment, which may direct us closer toward the development of an efficacious neuroprotective therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwu Li
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA.,3 Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - James Yip
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- 1 China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,2 Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
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16
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Zeng G, Ding W, Li Y, Sun M, Deng L. Morroniside protects against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuron apoptosis and MMP2/9 expression. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2229-2234. [PMID: 30186462 PMCID: PMC6122141 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of morroniside against matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2/9 and focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. A rat model of focal cerebral I/R injury rats was established and rats were administered with 30, 90 or 270 mg/kg/day morroniside for 7 days. The expression of MMP2/9 and neuronal apoptosis were assessed. In addition, the expression of active caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were measured. The results revealed that MMP2 and MMP9 expression was upregulated and the percentage of apoptotic neurons was increased in rats with focal cerebral I/R injury compared with the control. However, treatment with morroniside significantly inhibited I/R-induced MMP2/9 expression and neuron apoptosis compared with the untreated I/R injury group. Morroniside administration also decreased the expression of active caspase-3 and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio compared with untreated rats with focal cerebral I/R injury. The inhibitory effect of morroniside on MMP2/9 expression and neuron apoptosis was dose dependent. In summary, the results of the present study suggest that morroniside is able to protect against cerebral I/R injury in the brain and may have potential as a therapeutic treatment for patients who have suffered a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi 341000, P.R. China
| | - Weijiang Ding
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Meiying Sun
- Department of Neurology, The People's Hospital of Fuzhou, Fuzhou, Jiangxi 344000, P.R. China
| | - Liying Deng
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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17
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Autophagy- and MMP-2/9-mediated Reduction and Redistribution of ZO-1 Contribute to Hyperglycemia-increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability During Early Reperfusion in Stroke. Neuroscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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18
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Isolated persistent acute global amnesia after acute abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA). J Neurol Sci 2018; 386:36-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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19
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Hou Z, Tian R, Han F, Hao S, Wu W, Mao X, Tao X, Lu T, Dong J, Zhen Y, Liu B. Decompressive craniectomy protects against hippocampal edema and behavioral deficits at an early stage of a moderately controlled cortical impact brain injury model in adult male rats. Behav Brain Res 2018; 345:1-8. [PMID: 29452194 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decompressive craniectomy (DC) has been shown to be a life-saving therapeutic treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, which also might result in post-operative behavioral dysfunction. However, there is still no definite conclusion about whether the behavioral dysfunction already existed at an early stage after the DC operation or is just a long-term post-operation complication. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to analyze whether DC treatment was beneficial to behavioral function at an early stage post TBI. In this study, we established a controlled cortical impact injury rat model to evaluate the therapeutic effect of DC treatment on behavioral deficits at 1 d, 2 d, 3 d and 7 d after TBI. Our results showed that rats suffered significant behavioral and mood deficits after TBI compared to the control group, while decompressive craniectomy treatment could normalize MMP-9 expression levels and reduce hippocampal edema formation, stabilize the expression of Synapsin I, which was a potential indicator of maintaining the hippocampal synaptic function, thus counteracting behavioral but not mood decay in rats subjected to TBI. In conclusion, decompressive craniectomy, excepting for its life-saving effect, could also play a potential beneficial neuroprotective role on behavioral but not mood deficits at an early stage of moderate traumatic brain injury in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonggang Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Runfa Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Feifei Han
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, PR China
| | - Shuyu Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Weichuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baoan District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518102, PR China
| | - Xiang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Te Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Jinqian Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Yun Zhen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baoan District Central Hospital, Shenzhen, 518102, PR China.
| | - Baiyun Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Neurotrauma Laboratory, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, PR China; Nerve Injury and Repair Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100050, PR China.
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