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Zeng X, Liu H, Huang G, Wang Y, Zhou W, Wang Y, Chen X, Cheng X, Zhuang R, Li J, Fang J, Huang L, Zhang X, Guo Z. Development of Preladenant-Based Radiotracers for Imaging A 2AR in Tumors. J Med Chem 2024. [PMID: 39036887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Activation of the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) can lead to tumor immunosuppression, which results in poor prognosis of immunotherapy. The aim of this study was to design novel 18F-labeled probes ([18F]F-PFP2 and [18F]F-PFP4) to visualize A2AR in the tumor. The uptake of radioprobes in A2AR-negative 4T1 breast tumor was lower than that of A2AR-positive B16F10 melanoma at 1 h p.i. (1.22 ± 0.36% ID/g vs 2.80 ± 0.72% ID/g), 2 h p.i. (1.09 ± 0.20% ID/g vs 2.93 ± 0.76% ID/g) and 3 h p.i. (0.89 ± 0.27% ID/g vs 2.73 ± 0.58% ID/g), respectively. B16F10 lung metastasis models were employed to expand the application scenarios, observing significantly higher uptake of [18F]F-PFP2 in metastatic lesions compared to normal lung tissue (5.55 ± 2.18% ID/g vs 1.89 ± 0.65% ID/g, tumor/lung ratio ∼3). It is given that [18F]F-PFP2 might lay the foundation for establishing an A2AR-targeted imaging evaluation system for tumors, which will provide more precise guidance for personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hongwu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Guolong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wuhao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yike Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuedong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xingxing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Rongqiang Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jindian Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianyang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lumei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- Theranostics and Translational Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &, Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhide Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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Lee N, Choi JY, Ryu YH. The development status of PET radiotracers for evaluating neuroinflammation. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 58:160-176. [PMID: 38932754 PMCID: PMC11196502 DOI: 10.1007/s13139-023-00831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is associated with the pathophysiologies of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Evaluating neuroinflammation using positron emission tomography (PET) plays an important role in the early diagnosis and determination of proper treatment of brain diseases. To quantify neuroinflammatory responses in vivo, many PET tracers have been developed using translocator proteins, imidazole-2 binding site, cyclooxygenase, monoamine oxidase-B, adenosine, cannabinoid, purinergic P2X7, and CSF-1 receptors as biomarkers. In this review, we introduce the latest developments in PET tracers that can image neuroinflammation, focusing on clinical trials, and further consider their current implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namhun Lee
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812 Korea
| | - Jae Yong Choi
- Division of Applied RI, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812 Korea
- Radiological and Medico-Oncological Sciences, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hoon Ryu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kroll T, Grözinger M, Matusch A, Elmenhorst D, Novakovic A, Schneider F, Bauer A. Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on cerebral A 1 adenosine receptor availability: a PET study in patients suffering from treatment-resistant major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1228438. [PMID: 37520217 PMCID: PMC10380952 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1228438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sleep deprivation and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) effectively ameliorate symptoms in major depressive disorder (MDD). In rodents, both are associated with an enhancement of cerebral adenosine levels, which in turn likely influence adenosinergic receptor expression. The aim of the current study was to investigate cerebral A1 adenosine receptor (A1AR) availability in patients with MDD as a potential mediating factor of antidepressant effects of ECT using [18F]CPFPX and positron emission tomography (PET). Methods Regional A1AR availability was determined before and after a series of ECT applications (mean number ± SD 10.4 ± 1.2) in 14 subjects (4 males, mean age 49.5 ± 11.8 years). Clinical outcome, measured by neuropsychological testing, and ECT parameters were correlated with changes in A1AR availability. Results ECT had a strong antidepressive effect (p < 0.01) while on average cerebral A1AR availability remained unaltered between pre-and post-ECT conditions (F = 0.65, p = 0.42, mean difference ± SD 3.93% ± 22.7%). There was no correlation between changes in clinical outcome parameters and regional A1AR availability, although individual patients showed striking bidirectional alterations of up to 30-40% in A1AR availability after ECT. Solely, for the mean seizure quality index of the applied ECTs a significant association with changes in A1AR availability was found (rs = -0.6, p = 0.02). Discussion In the present study, therapeutically effective ECT treatment did not result in coherent changes of A1AR availability after a series of ECT treatments. These findings do not exclude a potential role for cerebral A1ARs in ECT, but shift attention to rather short-termed and adaptive mechanisms during ECT-related convulsive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kroll
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Grözinger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Matusch
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - David Elmenhorst
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Multimodal Neuroimaging Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ana Novakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Schneider
- University Hospital, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Bauer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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4
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Pizarro-Galleguillos BM, Kunert L, Brüggemann N, Prasuhn J. Neuroinflammation and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: Connecting Neuroimaging with Pathophysiology. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1411. [PMID: 37507950 PMCID: PMC10375976 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for disease-modifying therapies in patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). However, these disorders face unique challenges in clinical trial designs to assess the neuroprotective properties of potential drug candidates. One of these challenges relates to the often unknown individual disease mechanisms that would, however, be relevant for targeted treatment strategies. Neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are two proposed pathophysiological hallmarks and are considered to be highly interconnected in PD. Innovative neuroimaging methods can potentially help to gain deeper insights into one's predominant disease mechanisms, can facilitate patient stratification in clinical trials, and could potentially map treatment responses. This review aims to highlight the role of neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in patients with PD (PwPD). We will specifically introduce different neuroimaging modalities, their respective technical hurdles and challenges, and their implementation into clinical practice. We will gather preliminary evidence for their potential use in PD research and discuss opportunities for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Matís Pizarro-Galleguillos
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Liesa Kunert
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jannik Prasuhn
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Center for Brain, Behavior, and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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5
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Mlambo R, Liu J, Wang Q, Tan S, Chen C. Receptors Involved in Mental Disorders and the Use of Clozapine, Chlorpromazine, Olanzapine, and Aripiprazole to Treat Mental Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040603. [PMID: 37111360 PMCID: PMC10142280 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses are a global health challenge, and effective medicines are needed to treat these conditions. Psychotropic drugs are commonly prescribed to manage mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, but unfortunately, they can cause significant and undesirable side effects, such as myocarditis, erectile dysfunction, and obesity. Furthermore, some schizophrenic patients may not respond to psychotropic drugs, a condition called schizophrenia-treatment resistance. Fortunately, clozapine is a promising option for patients who exhibit treatment resistance. Unlike chlorpromazine, scientists have found that clozapine has fewer neurological side effects. Additionally, olanzapine and aripiprazole are well-known for their moderating effects on psychosis and are widely used in clinical practice. To further maximize drug efficacy, it is critical to deeply understand the receptors or signaling pathways central to the nervous system, such as serotonin, histamine, trace amines, dopamine, and G-protein coupled receptors. This article provides an overview of the receptors mentioned above, as well as the antipsychotics that interact with them, such as olanzapine, aripiprazole, clozapine, and chlorpromazine. Additionally, this article discusses the general pharmacology of these medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Mlambo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Songwen Tan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Chuanpin Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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6
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Pinna A, Parekh P, Morelli M. Serotonin 5-HT 1A receptors and their interactions with adenosine A 2A receptors in Parkinson's disease and dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109411. [PMID: 36608814 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine neuronal loss that characterizes Parkinson's Disease (PD) is associated to changes in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and adenosine, which contribute to the symptomatology of PD and to the onset of dyskinetic movements associated to levodopa treatment. The present review describes the role played by serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and the adenosine A2A receptors on dyskinetic movements induced by chronic levodopa in PD. The focus is on preclinical and clinical results showing the interaction between serotonin 5-HT1A receptors and other receptors such as 5-HT1B receptors and adenosine A2A receptors. 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonists and A2A receptor antagonists, administered in combination, contrast dyskinetic movements induced by chronic levodopa without impairing motor behaviour, suggesting that this drug combination might be a useful therapeutic approach for counteracting the PD motor deficits and dyskinesia associated with chronic levodopa treatment. This article is part of the Special Issue on "The receptor-receptor interaction as a new target for therapy".
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Pinna
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, UOS of Cagliari, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
| | - Pathik Parekh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Neuroscience Institute, UOS of Cagliari, c/o Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuroscience, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042, Monserrato (CA), Italy.
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7
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Zhao Y, Liu X, Yang G. Adenosinergic Pathway in Parkinson's Disease: Recent Advances and Therapeutic Perspective. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3054-3070. [PMID: 36786912 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized pathologically by α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation. In PD, the current mainstay of symptomatic treatment is levodopa (L-DOPA)-based dopamine (DA) replacement therapy. However, the development of dyskinesia and/or motor fluctuations which is relevant to levodopa is restricting its long-term utility. Given that the ability of which is to modulate the striato-thalamo-cortical loops and function to modulate basal ganglia output, the adenosinergic pathway (AP) is qualified as a potential promising non-DA target. As an indispensable component of energy production pathways, AP modulates cellular metabolism and gene regulation in both neurons and neuroglia cells through the recognition and degradation of extracellular adenosine. In addition, AP is geared to the initiation, evolution, and resolution of inflammation as well. Besides the above-mentioned crosstalk between the adenosine and dopamine signaling pathways, the functions of adenosine receptors (A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R) and metabolism enzymes in modulating PD pathological process have been extensively investigated in recent decades. Here we reviewed the emerging findings focused on the function of adenosine receptors, adenosine formation, and metabolism in the brain and discussed its potential roles in PD pathological process. We also recapitulated clinical studies and the preclinical evidence for the medical strategies targeting the Ado signaling pathway to improve motor dysfunction and alleviate pathogenic process in PD. We hope that further clinical studies should consider this pathway in their monotherapy and combination therapy, which would open new vistas to more targeted therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guofeng Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, 215 Hepingxi Road, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Gonzalez-Robles C, Weil RS, van Wamelen D, Bartlett M, Burnell M, Clarke CS, Hu MT, Huxford B, Jha A, Lambert C, Lawton M, Mills G, Noyce A, Piccini P, Pushparatnam K, Rochester L, Siu C, Williams-Gray CH, Zeissler ML, Zetterberg H, Carroll CB, Foltynie T, Schrag A. Outcome Measures for Disease-Modifying Trials in Parkinson's Disease: Consensus Paper by the EJS ACT-PD Multi-Arm Multi-Stage Trial Initiative. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:1011-1033. [PMID: 37545260 PMCID: PMC10578294 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) platform trials can accelerate the identification of disease-modifying treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) but there is no current consensus on the optimal outcome measures (OM) for this approach. OBJECTIVE To provide an up-to-date inventory of OM for disease-modifying PD trials, and a framework for future selection of OM for such trials. METHODS As part of the Edmond J Safra Accelerating Clinical Trials in Parkinson Disease (EJS ACT-PD) initiative, an expert group with Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) representatives' input reviewed and evaluated available evidence on OM for potential use in trials to delay progression of PD. Each OM was ranked based on aspects such as validity, sensitivity to change, participant burden and practicality for a multi-site trial. Review of evidence and expert opinion led to the present inventory. RESULTS An extensive inventory of OM was created, divided into: general, motor and non-motor scales, diaries and fluctuation questionnaires, cognitive, disability and health-related quality of life, capability, quantitative motor, wearable and digital, combined, resource use, imaging and wet biomarkers, and milestone-based. A framework for evaluation of OM is presented to update the inventory in the future. PPIE input highlighted the need for OM which reflect their experience of disease progression and are applicable to diverse populations and disease stages. CONCLUSION We present a range of OM, classified according to a transparent framework, to aid selection of OM for disease-modifying PD trials, whilst allowing for inclusion or re-classification of relevant OM as new evidence emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Matthew Burnell
- Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London, London, UK
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Waggan I, Rissanen E, Tuisku J, Joutsa J, Helin S, Parkkola R, Rinne JO, Airas L. Adenosine A 2A receptor availability in patients with early- and moderate-stage Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:300-310. [PMID: 36053386 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adenosine 2A (A2A) receptors co-localize with dopamine D2 receptors in striatopallidal medium spiny neurons of the indirect pathway. A2A receptor activation in the striatum or pallidum decreases D2 signaling. In contrast, A2A receptor antagonism may help potentiate it. Furthermore, previous PET studies have shown increased A2A receptor availability in striatum of late-stage PD patients with dyskinesia. However, human in vivo evidence for striatal A2A receptor availability in early-stage PD is limited. This study aimed to investigate possible differences in A2A receptor availability in the striatum and pallidum of early- and moderate-stage PD patients without dyskinesias. METHODS Brain MRI and PET with [11C]TMSX radioligand, targeting A2A receptors, was performed in 9 patients with early- and 9 with moderate-stage PD without dyskinesia and in 6 healthy controls. Distribution volume ratios (DVR) were calculated to assess specific [11C]TMSX binding in caudate, putamen and pallidum. RESULTS A2A receptor availability (DVR) was decreased in the bilateral caudate of early-stage PD patients when compared with healthy controls (P = 0.02). Conversely, DVR was increased bilaterally in the pallidum of moderate-stage PD patients compared to healthy controls (P = 0.03). Increased mean striatal DVR correlated with higher motor symptom severity ([Formula: see text] = 0.47, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Our results imply regional and disease stage-dependent changes in A2A receptor signaling in PD pathophysiology and in response to dopaminergic medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Waggan
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Eero Rissanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jouni Tuisku
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Juho Joutsa
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Semi Helin
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Parkkola
- Department of Radiology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Juha O Rinne
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Airas
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4A, 6th floor, 6007, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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10
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Ishibashi K, Miura Y, Wagatsuma K, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K, Ishii K. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Occupancy by Caffeine After Coffee Intake in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:853-857. [PMID: 35001424 PMCID: PMC9306703 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coffee intake can decrease the risk for Parkinson's disease (PD). Its beneficial effects are allegedly mediated by caffeine through adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist action. Objective We aimed to calculate occupancy rates of striatal A2ARs by caffeine after coffee intake in PD. Methods Five patients with PD underwent 11C‐preladenant positron emission tomography scanning at baseline and after intake of coffee containing 129.5 mg (n = 3) or 259 mg (n = 2) of caffeine. Concurrently, serum caffeine levels were measured. Results The mean serum caffeine level (μg/mL) was 0.374 at baseline and increased to 4.48 and 8.92 by 129.5 and 259 mg of caffeine, respectively. The mean occupancy rates of striatal A2ARs by 129.5 and 259 mg of caffeine were 54.2% and 65.1%, respectively. Conclusions A sufficient A2AR occupancy can be obtained by drinking a cup of coffee, which is equivalent to approximately 100 mg of caffeine. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Miura
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Toyohara J, Sakata M, Wagatsuma K, Tago T, Ishibashi K, Ishii K, Elsinga P, Ishiwata K. Test-retest reproducibility of cerebral adenosine A 2A receptor quantification using [ 11C]preladenant. Ann Nucl Med 2022; 36:15-23. [PMID: 34564828 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-021-01678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the reproducibility of cerebral adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) quantification using [11C]preladenant ([11C]PLN) and PET in a test-retest study. METHODS Eight healthy male volunteers were enrolled. Dynamic 90 min PET scans were performed twice at the same time of the day to avoid the effect of diurnal variation. Subjects refrained from caffeine from 12 h prior to scanning, and serum caffeine was measured before radioligand injection. Arterial blood was sampled repeatedly during scanning and the fraction of the parent compound in plasma was determined. Total distribution volume (VT) was estimated using 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1-TCM and 2-TCM, respectively) and Logan graphical analysis (Logan plot) (t* = 30 min). Plasma-free fraction (fP) of [11C]PLN was measured and used for correction of VT values. Distribution volume ratio (DVR) was calculated from VT of target and reference regions and obtained by noninvasive Logan graphical reference tissue model (LGAR) (t* = 30 min). Absolute test-retest variability (aTRV), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of VT and DVR were calculated as indexes of repeatability. Correlation between DVR and serum concentration of caffeine (a nonselective A2AR blocker) was analyzed by Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS Regional time-activity curves were well described by 2-TCM models. Estimation of VT by 2-TCM produced some erroneous values; therefore, the more robust Logan plot was selected as the appropriate model. Global mean aTRV was 20% for VT and 14% for VT/fP (ICC, 0.72 for VT and 0.87 for VT/fP). Global mean aTRV of DVR was 13% for Logan plot and 10% for LGAR (ICC, 0.70 for Logan plot and 0.81 for LGAR). DVR estimates using LGAR and Logan plot were in good agreement (r2 = 0.96). Coefficients of variation for VT, VT/fP, DVR (Logan plot), and DVR (LGAR) were 47%, 47%, 27%, and 18%, respectively. Despite low serum caffeine levels, significant concentration-dependent effects on [11C]PLN binding to target regions were observed (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS In this study, moderate test-retest reproducibility and large inter-subject differences were observed with [11C]PLN PET, possibly attributable to competition by baseline amount of caffeine. Analysis of plasma caffeine concentration is recommended during [11C]PLN PET studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION UMIN000030040.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- School of Allied Health Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Philip Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
- Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, 7-115 Yatsuyamada, Koriyama, Fukushima, 963-8563, Japan
- Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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12
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Bidesi NSR, Vang Andersen I, Windhorst AD, Shalgunov V, Herth MM. The role of neuroimaging in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2021; 159:660-689. [PMID: 34532856 PMCID: PMC9291628 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. Two hallmarks of PD are the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. There is no cure for PD, and all existing treatments focus on alleviating the symptoms. PD diagnosis is also based on the symptoms, such as abnormalities of movement, mood, and cognition observed in the patients. Molecular imaging methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET) can detect objective alterations in the neurochemical machinery of the brain and help diagnose and study neurodegenerative diseases. This review addresses the application of functional MRI, PET, and SPECT in PD patients. We provide an overview of the imaging targets, discuss the rationale behind target selection, the agents (tracers) with which the imaging can be performed, and the main findings regarding each target's state in PD. Molecular imaging has proven itself effective in supporting clinical diagnosis of PD and has helped reveal that PD is a heterogeneous disorder, which has important implications for the development of future therapies. However, the application of molecular imaging for early diagnosis of PD or for differentiation between PD and atypical parkinsonisms has remained challenging. The final section of the review is dedicated to new imaging targets with which one can detect the PD-related pathological changes upstream from dopaminergic degeneration. The foremost of those targets is alpha-synuclein. We discuss the progress of tracer development achieved so far and challenges on the path toward alpha-synuclein imaging in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S R Bidesi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Vang Andersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vladimir Shalgunov
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias M Herth
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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13
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Moreira-de-Sá A, Lourenço VS, Canas PM, Cunha RA. Adenosine A 2A Receptors as Biomarkers of Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:702581. [PMID: 34335174 PMCID: PMC8322233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.702581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine is produced with increased metabolic activity or stress, acting as a paracrine signal of cellular effort. Adenosine receptors are most abundant in the brain, where adenosine acts through inhibitory A1 receptors to decrease activity/noise and through facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) to promote plastic changes in physiological conditions. By bolstering glutamate excitotoxicity and neuroinflammation, A2AR also contribute to synaptic and neuronal damage, as heralded by the neuroprotection afforded by the genetic or pharmacological blockade of A2AR in animal models of ischemia, traumatic brain injury, convulsions/epilepsy, repeated stress or Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. A2AR overfunction is not only necessary for the expression of brain damage but is actually sufficient to trigger brain dysfunction in the absence of brain insults or other disease triggers. Furthermore, A2AR overfunction seems to be an early event in the demise of brain diseases, which involves an increased formation of ATP-derived adenosine and an up-regulation of A2AR. This prompts the novel hypothesis that the evaluation of A2AR density in afflicted brain circuits may become an important biomarker of susceptibility and evolution of brain diseases once faithful PET ligands are optimized. Additional relevant biomarkers would be measuring the extracellular ATP and/or adenosine levels with selective dyes, to identify stressed regions in the brain. A2AR display several polymorphisms in humans and preliminary studies have associated different A2AR polymorphisms with altered morphofunctional brain endpoints associated with neuropsychiatric diseases. This further prompts the interest in exploiting A2AR polymorphic analysis as an ancillary biomarker of susceptibility/evolution of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreira-de-Sá
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vanessa S Lourenço
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paula M Canas
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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WANG Y, LÜ X, XU H, MENG Z, LI J, XU Z, XUE M. [Separation and identification of impurities from intermediates of istradefylline]. Se Pu 2021; 39:430-436. [PMID: 34227764 PMCID: PMC9404203 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2020.10013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Istradefylline is a novel selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist that is used to treat Parkinson's disease and improve motor dysfunction in the early stage of this disease. During the synthesis of intermediate A1 (6-amino-1,3-diethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione), at least two by-products were formed under alkaline or high-temperature conditions. In a previous study, one of the by-products in the synthesis of the intermediate was studied, and its structure was identified as (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butene amide. In this study, we used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to analyze another impurity formed during the synthesis of A1, and the following steps were executed: 0.4 g of intermediate was weighed and added to a 50 mL beaker, followed by the sequential addition of 8 mL water and 8 mL acetonitrile, and then, ultrasonic dissolution was performed. Finally, the solution was filtered through a 0.45-μm organic membrane and the test sample solution was obtained. We used the Agilent zorbax C18 chromatography column, with acetonitrile (A)/water(B) as the mobile phase under gradient elution ((tmin/A∶B)=t0/20∶80, t15/60∶40, t20-t50/90∶10). The detector wavelength is 268 nm. In order to separate the impurity from A1, we used a Ceres B preparative column, with acetonitrile-water (30/70, v/v) as the mobile phase. The flow rate was set at 30 mL/min, and the detection wavelength was 268 nm. The structure of the impurity was confirmed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), one-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). In MS experiments, an electrospray ionization (ESI) source was used with positive ion scanning. In the NMR experiments, we used tetramethylsilane (TMS) as the internal standard and deuterated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO-d6) as the solvent to obtain the spectra. The results of preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) showed that good separation effect could be achieved by isocratic elution, and the impurity was perfectly separated. The1H-NMR spectral data are as follows:1H-NMR (600 MHz, DMSO): δ 1.01 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.02 (q, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 1.07 (t, J=6.9 Hz, 3H), 3.04 (p, J=6.8 Hz, 2H), 3.74 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.94 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 5.85 (s, 1H). The 13C-NMR spectral data are summarized as follows: 13C-NMR (150 MHz, DMSO): δ13.9, 14.1, 15.9, 34.6, 34.9, 36.9, 81.9, 152.2, 153.3, 159.3, 162.0. The impurity was characterized by single-crystal XRD, and its spatial structure was further verified and determined as 1-(1,3-diethyl-2,6-dioxo-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrimidin-4-yl)-3-ethylurea. Based on the chemical structure of the impurity, we propose the following mechanism for the impurity: when A1 is synthesized under alkaline conditions or at high temperature, excessive diethylurea continues to undergo amidation with A1 to obtain this by-product. Although the formation mechanism of the impurity studied in this paper is different from that of the intermediate A1 impurity (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butene amide, both the impurities are formed at high temperatures. Both will be accompanied by A1 in the subsequent reaction of istradefylline synthesis. The relationship between drug impurities and drug safety is a complex relationship that is affected by many factors. Generally, most impurities in drugs have potential biological activities, and some even interact with the drugs, thus affecting their efficacy and safety and inducing toxic effects. Therefore, to ensure the quality of istradefylline, it is necessary to control the impurity content during the production. The findings of this paper may provide guidelines for controlling the impurity content in istradefylline.
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15
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Yang X, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, van der Es D. Molecular probes for the human adenosine receptors. Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:85-108. [PMID: 33313997 PMCID: PMC7954947 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09753-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine receptors, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are activated by the endogenous ligand adenosine, have been considered potential therapeutic targets in several disorders. To date however, only very few adenosine receptor modulators have made it to the market. Increased understanding of these receptors is required to improve the success rate of adenosine receptor drug discovery. To improve our understanding of receptor structure and function, over the past decades, a diverse array of molecular probes has been developed and applied. These probes, including radioactive or fluorescent moieties, have proven invaluable in GPCR research in general. Specifically for adenosine receptors, the development and application of covalent or reversible probes, whether radiolabeled or fluorescent, have been instrumental in the discovery of new chemical entities, the characterization and interrogation of adenosine receptor subtypes, and the study of adenosine receptor behavior in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review summarizes these applications, and also serves as an invitation to walk another mile to further improve probe characteristics and develop additional tags that allow the investigation of adenosine receptors and other GPCRs in even finer detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan van der Es
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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16
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Ntetsika T, Papathoma PE, Markaki I. Novel targeted therapies for Parkinson's disease. Mol Med 2021; 27:17. [PMID: 33632120 PMCID: PMC7905684 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-021-00279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second more common neurodegenerative disease with increasing incidence worldwide associated to the population ageing. Despite increasing awareness and significant research advancements, treatment options comprise dopamine repleting, symptomatic therapies that have significantly increased quality of life and life expectancy, but no therapies that halt or reverse disease progression, which remain a great, unmet goal in PD research. Large biomarker development programs are undertaken to identify disease signatures that will improve patient selection and outcome measures in clinical trials. In this review, we summarize PD-related mechanisms that can serve as targets of therapeutic interventions aiming to slow or modify disease progression, as well as previous and ongoing clinical trials in each field, and discuss future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Ntetsika
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Solnavägen 1E, 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paraskevi-Evita Papathoma
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Danderyd Hospital Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ioanna Markaki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Solnavägen 1E, 113 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Prasad K, de Vries EFJ, Elsinga PH, Dierckx RAJO, van Waarde A. Allosteric Interactions between Adenosine A 2A and Dopamine D 2 Receptors in Heteromeric Complexes: Biochemical and Pharmacological Characteristics, and Opportunities for PET Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041719. [PMID: 33572077 PMCID: PMC7915359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine and dopamine interact antagonistically in living mammals. These interactions are mediated via adenosine A2A and dopamine D2 receptors (R). Stimulation of A2AR inhibits and blockade of A2AR enhances D2R-mediated locomotor activation and goal-directed behavior in rodents. In striatal membrane preparations, adenosine decreases both the affinity and the signal transduction of D2R via its interaction with A2AR. Reciprocal A2AR/D2R interactions occur mainly in striatopallidal GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway that are involved in motor control, and in striatal astrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens, they also take place in MSNs involved in reward-related behavior. A2AR and D2R co-aggregate, co-internalize, and co-desensitize. They are at very close distance in biomembranes and form heteromers. Antagonistic interactions between adenosine and dopamine are (at least partially) caused by allosteric receptor–receptor interactions within A2AR/D2R heteromeric complexes. Such interactions may be exploited in novel strategies for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, substance abuse, and perhaps also attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Little is known about shifting A2AR/D2R heteromer/homodimer equilibria in the brain. Positron emission tomography with suitable ligands may provide in vivo information about receptor crosstalk in the living organism. Some experimental approaches, and strategies for the design of novel imaging agents (e.g., heterobivalent ligands) are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
| | - Erik F. J. de Vries
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
| | - Rudi A. J. O. Dierckx
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, C.Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (E.F.J.d.V.); (P.H.E.); (R.A.J.O.D.)
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.v.W.); Tel.: +31-50-3613215
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18
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Berger AA, Winnick A, Welschmeyer A, Kaneb A, Berardino K, Cornett EM, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, Urits I. Istradefylline to Treat Patients with Parkinson's Disease Experiencing "Off" Episodes: A Comprehensive Review. Neurol Int 2020; 12:109-129. [PMID: 33302331 PMCID: PMC7768423 DOI: 10.3390/neurolint12030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that leads to significant morbidity and disability. PD is caused by a loss of dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), and peripherally; the syndromic parkinsonism symptoms of movement disorder, gait disorder, rigidity and tremor are mostly driven by the loss of these neurons in the basal ganglia. Unfortunately, a significant proportion of patients taking levodopa, the standard of care treatment for PD, will begin to experience a decrease in effectiveness at varying times. These periods, referred to as “off episodes”, are characterized by increased symptoms and have a detrimental effect on quality of life and disability. Istradefylline, a novel adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, is indicated as a treatment addition to levodopa/carbidopa in patients experiencing “off episodes”. It promotes dopaminergic activity by antagonizing adenosine in the basal ganglia. This review will discuss istradefylline as a treatment for PD patients with off episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amnon A. Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Ariel Winnick
- Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Alexandra Welschmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (A.W.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Alicia Kaneb
- Department of Anesthesiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (A.W.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Kevin Berardino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA; (A.W.); (A.K.); (K.B.)
| | - Elyse M. Cornett
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-248-515-9211
| | - Alan D. Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine—Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68124, USA
- Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants—Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Department of Anesthesiology, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA; (A.D.K.); (O.V.); (I.U.)
- Southcoast Health, Southcoast Physicians Group Pain Medicine, Wareham, MA 02571, USA
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19
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Sun MJ, Liu F, Zhao YF, Wu XA. In Vivo Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Adenosine A 2A Receptors. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:599857. [PMID: 33324226 PMCID: PMC7726429 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.599857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As an invasive nuclear medical imaging technology, positron emission tomography (PET) possess the possibility to imaging the distribution as well as the density of selective receptors via specific PET tracers. Inspired by PET, the development of radio-chemistry has greatly promoted the progress of innovative imaging PET tracers for adenosine receptors, in particular adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs). PET imaging of A2A receptors play import roles in the research of adenosine related disorders. Several radio-tracers for A2A receptors imaging have been evaluated in human studies. This paper reviews the recent research progress of PET tracers for A2A receptors imaging, and their applications in the diagnosis and treatment of related disease, such as cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disease. The future development of A2A PET tracers were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Juan Sun
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Laboratory Pathology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Ya-Fei Zhao
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Acupuncture and Chronobiology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Laboratory of Clinical Nuclear Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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20
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Ishibashi K, Miura Y, Wagatsuma K, Toyohara J, Ishiwata K, Ishii K. Adenosine A 2A Receptor Occupancy by Long-Term Istradefylline Administration in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2020; 36:268-269. [PMID: 33200448 PMCID: PMC7894182 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ishibashi
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Miura
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Wagatsuma
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichi Ishiwata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.,Institute of Cyclotron and Drug Discovery Research, Southern Tohoku Research Institute for Neuroscience, Koriyama, Japan.,Department of Biofunctional Imaging, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
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Xu H, Wang Y, Wang H, Zheng Z, Meng Z, Xue M, Xu Z. Investigation of Photostability of Istradefylline Aqueous Solution. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201904148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. No.1 Lutai avenue 255086, ZiBo Shandong China
| | - Yiyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. No.1 Lutai avenue 255086, ZiBo Shandong China
| | - Hongyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. No.1 Lutai avenue 255086, ZiBo Shandong China
| | - Zhonghui Zheng
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. No.1 Lutai avenue 255086, ZiBo Shandong China
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringBeijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
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22
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The protective effect of inosine against rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease in mice; role of oxido-nitrosative stress, ERK phosphorylation, and A2AR expression. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2020; 393:1041-1053. [PMID: 31915844 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01804-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a severe disabling syndrome in which neuroinflammation and various signaling pathways are believed to mediate dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Here, the possible disease-modifying effects of the purine nucleoside inosine were examined against rotenone-induced PD. Mice were allocated into six groups, namely, a normal control group receiving dimethylsulfoxide, a PD control group receiving rotenone, a standard treatment group receiving L-dopa/carbidopa together with rotenone, and three treatment groups receiving inosine in low, medium, and high doses together with rotenone. At the end of the experimental protocol, three behavioral tests were performed to assess PD motor manifestations, namely, wire-hanging test, wood-walking test, and stair test. After performing the behavioral study, mice striata were isolated for the colorimetric assay of hypoxanthine, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of dopamine, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and nitrite, the Western blot estimation of total and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (tERK and pERK), the polymerase chain reaction estimation of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) expression, as well as the histopathological examination of substantia nigra and striatal tissue. Inosine protected against PD progression in a dose-dependent manner, with the effect comparable to the standard treatment L-dopa/carbidopa, evidenced by behavioral, biochemical, and histologic findings. The beneficial antiparkinsonian effect of inosine could be attributed to the ability of the drug to ameliorate neuroinflammation and oxido-nitrosative stress, together with suppression of ERK phosphorylation and down-regulation of A2AR expression. Inosine could therefore be considered as a disease-modifying agent against PD, but further studies are claimed to confirm such effects clinically.
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Xu H, Wang Y, Wang H, Zheng Z, Meng Z, Xue M, Xu Z. Separation and identification of an impurity from the istradefylline intermediate. RSC Adv 2020; 10:14493-14499. [PMID: 35497116 PMCID: PMC9052088 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra09074f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Istradefylline is a selective adenosine antagonist for the A2a receptor, and it is used to treat the Parkinson's disease and improve dyskinesia in the early stage of the Parkinson's disease. An impurity in the istradefylline intermediate A1 (6-amino-1,3-diethyl-2,4-(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione) was identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); it was separated by preparative HPLC and further characterized by UV, IR, MS, NMR, 2D NMR and single-crystal XRD analyses. The impurity was identified as (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butenamide, which originated from the synthetic process of the intermediate A1. The structure of this impurity might affect the efficiency and safety of istradefylline; therefore, the research and control of this impurity are necessary for ensuring the quality of istradefylline. An impurity has been separated by preparative HPLC and characterized by IR, MS, NMR and XRD analyses as (E)-N-ethyl-2-cyano-3-ethylamino-2-butenamide, which is a by-product of the intermediate A1 obtained from the istradefylline.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Yiyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Hongyi Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
- Shandong Xinhua Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | | | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Beijing
- China
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Tracers for non-invasive radionuclide imaging of immune checkpoint expression in cancer. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:29. [PMID: 31696402 PMCID: PMC6834817 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates impressive improvements in the treatment of several types of cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to therapy while severe immune-related adverse effects are prevalent. Currently, patient stratification is based on immunotherapy marker expression through immunohistochemical analysis on biopsied material. However, expression can be heterogeneous within and between tumor lesions, amplifying the sampling limitations of biopsies. Analysis of immunotherapy target expression by non-invasive quantitative molecular imaging with PET or SPECT may overcome this issue. In this review, an overview of tracers that have been developed for preclinical and clinical imaging of key immunotherapy targets, such as programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death ligand-1, IDO1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 is presented. We discuss important aspects to consider when developing such tracers and outline the future perspectives of molecular imaging of immunotherapy markers. Graphical abstract Current techniques in immune checkpoint imaging and its potential for future applications ![]()
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Li J, Hong X, Li G, Conti PS, Zhang X, Chen K. PET Imaging of Adenosine Receptors in Diseases. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:1445-1463. [PMID: 31284861 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190708163407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are a class of purinergic G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Extracellular adenosine is a pivotal regulation molecule that adjusts physiological function through the interaction with four ARs: A1R, A2AR, A2BR, and A3R. Alterations of ARs function and expression have been studied in neurological diseases (epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease), cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and inflammation and autoimmune diseases. A series of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) probes for imaging ARs have been developed. The PET imaging probes have provided valuable information for diagnosis and therapy of diseases related to alterations of ARs expression. This review presents a concise overview of various ARs-targeted radioligands for PET imaging in diseases. The most recent advances in PET imaging studies by using ARs-targeted probes are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jindian Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xingfang Hong
- Laboratory of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dali University, Dali 671000, China
| | - Guoquan Li
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Peter S Conti
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Xianzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC103, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
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Radiotracers for imaging of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:75-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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