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Taherian N, Vaezi G, Neamati A, Hojjati V, Ghorbani-Taherdehi F, Sahebkar A, Gorji-Valokola M. The dose-dependent neuroprotective effect of norepinephrine in improving memory retrieval in an experimental model of multiple sclerosis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Brain Res Bull 2024; 209:110907. [PMID: 38395110 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that causes cognitive impairments by damaging the hippocampal tissue. Conversely, norepinephrine (NEP) has anti-inflammatory and re-myelinating properties, which improve cognitive impairments. The aim of this study was to assess the neuroprotective effects of NEP on learning and memory disorders in an experimental animal model of MS. Two guide cannulas were bilaterally implanted in the rat hippocampal CA1 regions. After recovery, the animals received 3 μl of 0.01% ethidium bromide (EtB) in each of both hippocampal regions. After three days, the rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (8 rats/group), including control, sham 1, sham 2, and three groups of NEP 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg by intrahippocampal injection. Behavioral tests (e.g. shuttle box test and open-field test) were then performed. Finally, ROS, MDA, GSH, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β concentrations in the left CA1 area, as well as using western-blot analysis, p-p38, p-JNK, p-AKT, p-ERK1/2, p-NMDA, p-AMPA, p-CREB, and BDNF proteins in the right CA1 region evaluated. The EtB injection increased ROS, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β levels, as well as p-JNK and p-P38, except all other proteins, while decreasing GSH content, as well as step-through latency and locomotor activity in sham groups compared to the control group. Conversely, NEP (0.5 and 1 mg/kg, particularly at the dose of 1 mg/kg) counterbalanced all the alterations mentioned above in comparison to the sham groups. The EtB induced learning and memory impairment; however, NEP dose-dependently restored these impairments to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Taherian
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Gholamhassan Vaezi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Ali Neamati
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vida Hojjati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Faezeh Ghorbani-Taherdehi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Gorji-Valokola
- Department of Food and Drug Administration, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Brain and Spinal Injury Repair Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Sampaio TB, Schamne MG, Santos JR, Ferro MM, Miyoshi E, Prediger RD. Exploring Parkinson's Disease-Associated Depression: Role of Inflammation on the Noradrenergic and Serotonergic Pathways. Brain Sci 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38275520 PMCID: PMC10813485 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disease, with genetic and environmental factors contributing to the disease onset. Classically, PD is a movement disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway and intraneuronal aggregates mainly constituted of the protein α-synuclein. However, PD patients also display non-motor symptoms, including depression, which have been linked to functional abnormalities of non-dopaminergic neurons, including serotonergic and noradrenergic ones. Thus, through this comprehensive literature review, we shed light on the noradrenergic and serotonergic impairment linked to depression in PD, focusing on the putative involvement of inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marissa Giovanna Schamne
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Jean Rodrigo Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Centro Oeste, Guarapuava 85040-167, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Machado Ferro
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Edmar Miyoshi
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa 84030-900, PR, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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Boi L, Fisone G. Investigating affective neuropsychiatric symptoms in rodent models of Parkinson's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 174:119-186. [PMID: 38341228 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Affective neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, anxiety and apathy are among the most frequent non-motor symptoms observed in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). These conditions often emerge during the prodromal phase of the disease and are generally considered to result from neurodegenerative processes in meso-corticolimbic structures, occurring in parallel to the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Depression, anxiety, and apathy are often treated with conventional medications, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and dopaminergic agonists. The ability of these pharmacological interventions to consistently counteract such neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD is still relatively limited and the development of reliable experimental models represents an important tool to identify more effective treatments. This chapter provides information on rodent models of PD utilized to study these affective neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neurotoxin-based and genetic models are discussed, together with the main behavioral tests utilized to identify depression- and anxiety-like behaviors, anhedonia, and apathy. The ability of various therapeutic approaches to counteract the symptoms observed in the various models is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Boi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Savall ASP, Fidelis EM, de Mello JD, Quines CB, Denardin CC, Marques LS, Klann IP, Nogueira CW, Sampaio TB, Pinton S. Neuroprotective effect of Eugenia uniflora against intranasal MPTP-induced memory impairments in rats: The involvement of pro-BDNF/p75 NTR pathway. Life Sci 2023; 324:121711. [PMID: 37088413 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a multisystemic neurodegenerative disorder that includes motor and non-motor symptoms, and common symptoms include memory loss and learning difficulties. Thus, we investigated the neuroprotective potential of a hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian purple cherry (Eugenia uniflora) (HAE-BC) on memory impairments induced by intranasal 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration in rats and the involvement of hippocampal BDNF/TrkB/p75NTR pathway in its effects. Adult male Wistar rats were exposed to MPTP (1 mg/nostril) or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later, the HAE-BC treatments began at doses of 300 or 2000 mg/kg/day or vehicle for 14 days. From 7 days after the MPTP induction, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests to evaluate several cognitive paradigms. HAE-BC treatments, at both doses, blocked the MPTP-caused disruption in the social recognition memory, short- and long-term object recognition memories, and working memory. Furthermore, MPTP-induced motor deficit linked to striatal tyrosine hydroxylase levels decreased, which was blocked by HAE-BC. Our findings demonstrated that HAE-BC blocked the MPTP-induced increase in the hippocampal pro-BDNF, TrkB.t1, and p75NTR levels. The pro-BDNF/p75NTR interaction negatively regulates synaptic transmission and plasticity, and the neuroprotective effect of HAE-BC was related, at least partly, to the modulation of this hippocampal signaling pathway. Thus, our study reports the first evidence of the potential therapeutic of E. uniflora in a Parkinson's disease model in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Luiza Souza Marques
- Federal University of Santa Maria - Campus Camobi, Santa Maria CEP 97105-900, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Simone Pinton
- Federal University of Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana CEP 97500-970, RS, Brazil.
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Hayley S, Vahid-Ansari F, Sun H, Albert PR. Mood disturbances in Parkinson's disease: From prodromal origins to application of animal models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106115. [PMID: 37037299 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex illness with a constellation of environmental insults and genetic vulnerabilities being implicated. Strikingly, many studies only focus on the cardinal motor symptoms of the disease and fail to appreciate the major non-motor features which typically occur early in the disease process and are debilitating. Common comorbid psychiatric features, notably clinical depression, as well as anxiety and sleep disorders are thought to emerge before the onset of prominent motor deficits. In this review, we will delve into the prodromal stage of PD and how early neuropsychiatric pathology might unfold, followed by later motor disturbances. It is also of interest to discuss how animal models of PD capture the complexity of the illness, including depressive-like characteristics along with motor impairment. It remains to be determined how the underlying PD disease processes contributes to such comorbidity. But some of the environmental toxicants and microbial pathogens implicated in PD might instigate pro-inflammatory effects favoring α-synuclein accumulation and damage to brainstem neurons fueling the evolution of mood disturbances. We posit that comprehensive animal-based research approaches are needed to capture the complexity and time-dependent nature of the primary and co-morbid symptoms. This will allow for the possibility of early intervention with more novel and targeted treatments that fit with not only individual patient variability, but also with changes that occur over time with the evolution of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hayley
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - F Vahid-Ansari
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - H Sun
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - P R Albert
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (Neuroscience), University of Ottawa, Canada
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Mou YK, Guan LN, Yao XY, Wang JH, Song XY, Ji YQ, Ren C, Wei SZ. Application of Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models in the Study of Parkinson's Disease-Related Depression: Profile and Proposal. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890512. [PMID: 35645772 PMCID: PMC9136050 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression can be a non-motor symptom, a risk factor, and even a co-morbidity of Parkinson's disease (PD). In either case, depression seriously affects the quality of life of PD patients. Unfortunately, at present, a large number of clinical and basic studies focused on the pathophysiological mechanism of PD and the prevention and treatment of motor symptoms. Although there has been increasing attention to PD-related depression, it is difficult to achieve early detection and early intervention, because the clinical guidelines mostly refer to depression developed after or accompanied by motor impairments. Why is there such a dilemma? This is because there has been no suitable preclinical animal model for studying the relationship between depression and PD, and the assessment of depressive behavior in PD preclinical models is as well a very challenging task since it is not free from the confounding from the motor impairment. As a common method to simulate PD symptoms, neurotoxin-induced PD models have been widely used. Studies have found that neurotoxin-induced PD model animals could exhibit depression-like behaviors, which sometimes manifested earlier than motor impairments. Therefore, there have been attempts to establish the PD-related depression model by neurotoxin induction. However, due to a lack of unified protocol, the reported results were diverse. For the purpose of further promoting the improvement and optimization of the animal models and the study of PD-related depression, we reviewed the establishment and evaluation strategies of the current animal models of PD-related depression based on both the existing literature and our own research experience, and discussed the possible mechanism and interventions, in order to provide a reference for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Kui Mou
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Li-Na Guan
- Department of Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Yao
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Jia-Hui Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Song
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Ji
- Department of Nephrology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Department of Neurology, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
| | - Shi-Zhuang Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Qingdao University, Yantai, China
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Alberts T, Antipova V, Holzmann C, Hawlitschka A, Schmitt O, Kurth J, Stenzel J, Lindner T, Krause BJ, Wree A, Witt M. Olfactory Bulb D 2/D 3 Receptor Availability after Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:94. [PMID: 35202123 PMCID: PMC8879205 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory deficits occur as early non-motor symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) in humans. The first central relay of the olfactory pathway, the olfactory bulb (OB), depends, among other things, on an intact, functional crosstalk between dopaminergic interneurons and dopamine receptors (D2/D3R). In rats, hemiparkinsonism (hemi-PD) can be induced by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), disrupting dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In a previous study, we showed that subsequent injection of botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) into the striatum can reverse most of the pathological motor symptoms and normalize the D2/D3R availability. To determine whether this rat model is suitable to explain olfactory deficits that occur in humans with PD, we examined the availability of D2/D3R by longitudinal [18F]fallypride-PET/CT, the density of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the OB, olfactory performance by an orienting odor identification test adapted for rats, and a connectome analysis. PET/CT and immunohistochemical data remained largely unchanged after 6-OHDA lesion in experimental animals, suggesting that outcomes of the 6-OHDA hemi-PD rat model do not completely explain olfactory deficits in humans. However, after subsequent ipsilateral BoNT-A injection into the striatum, a significant 8.5% increase of the D2/D3R availability in the ipsilateral OB and concomitant improvement of olfactory performance were detectable. Based on tract-tracing meta-analysis, we speculate that this may be due to indirect connections between the striatum and the OB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Alberts
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Veronica Antipova
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center for Cell Signaling, Metabolism and Aging, Macroscopic and Clinical Anatomy, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Carsten Holzmann
- Department of Medical Genetics, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Schmitt
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Kurth
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jan Stenzel
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindner
- Core Facility Small Animal Imaging, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Witt
- Department of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Center of Transdisciplinary Neuroscience Rostock, D-18147 Rostock, Germany
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Prasad EM, Hung SY. Behavioral Tests in Neurotoxin-Induced Animal Models of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E1007. [PMID: 33081318 PMCID: PMC7602991 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, neurodegenerative diseases are a major cause of disability around the world. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second-leading cause of neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. In PD, continuous loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes dopamine depletion in the striatum, promotes the primary motor symptoms of resting tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and postural instability. The risk factors of PD comprise environmental toxins, drugs, pesticides, brain microtrauma, focal cerebrovascular injury, aging, and hereditary defects. The pathologic features of PD include impaired protein homeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, nitric oxide, and neuroinflammation, but the interaction of these factors contributing to PD is not fully understood. In neurotoxin-induced PD models, neurotoxins, for instance, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), paraquat, rotenone, and permethrin mainly impair the mitochondrial respiratory chain, activate microglia, and generate reactive oxygen species to induce autooxidation and dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis. Since no current treatment can cure PD, using a suitable PD animal model to evaluate PD motor symptoms' treatment efficacy and identify therapeutic targets and drugs are still needed. Hence, the present review focuses on the latest scientific developments in different neurotoxin-induced PD animal models with their mechanisms of pathogenesis and evaluation methods of PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Maruthi Prasad
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Shih-Ya Hung
- Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, No.91, Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, No. 2, Yude Road, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
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9
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Lippiello P, Hoxha E, Cristiano C, Malvicini E, Stanley A, Russo R, Tempia F, Miniaci MC. Role of β3-adrenergic receptor in the modulation of synaptic transmission and plasticity in mouse cerebellar cortex. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2263-2274. [PMID: 33174240 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Convergent lines of evidence have recently highlighted β3-adrenoreceptors (ARs) as a potentially critical target in the regulation of nervous and behavioral functions, including memory consolidation, anxiety, and depression. Nevertheless, the role of β3-ARs in the cerebellum has been never investigated. To address this issue, we first examined the effects of pharmacological manipulation of β3-ARs on motor learning in mice. We found that blockade of β3-ARs by SR 59230A impaired the acquisition of the rotarod task with no effect on general locomotion. Since the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell (PF-PC) synapse is considered to be the main cerebellar locus of motor learning, we assessed β3-AR modulatory action on this synapse as well as its expression in cerebellar slices. We demonstrate, for the first time, a strong expression of β3-ARs on Purkinje cell soma and dendrites. In addition, whole-cell patch-clamp recordings revealed that bath application of β3-AR agonist CL316,243 depressed the PF-PC excitatory postsynaptic currents via a postsynaptic mechanism mediated by the PI3K signaling pathway. Application of CL316,243 also interfered with the expression of PF long-term potentiation, whereas SR 59230A prevented the induction of LTD at PF-PC synapse. These results underline the critical role of β3-AR on cerebellar synaptic transmission and plasticity and provide a new mechanism for adrenergic modulation of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pellegrino Lippiello
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Eriola Hoxha
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Cristiano
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Malvicini
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Adrien Stanley
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roberto Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Tempia
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
- National Institute of Neuroscience (INN), Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Miniaci
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Role of Prefrontal Cortex on Recognition Memory Deficits in Rats following 6-OHDA-Induced Locus Coeruleus Lesion. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8324565. [PMID: 32733637 PMCID: PMC7369663 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8324565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), the main source of cerebral noradrenaline (NA), has been reported in diverse neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's diseases (PD). There is increasing evidence indicating the role of NA deficiency in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the development of early cognitive impairments in PD. Here, we evaluated whether a selective noradrenergic lesion of LC caused by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) may induce memory deficits and neurochemical alterations in the PFC. Adult male Wistar rats received stereotaxic bilateral injections of 6-OHDA (5 μg/2 μl) into the LC, and two stainless-steel guide cannulas were implanted in the PFC. The SHAM group received just vehicle. To induce a selective noradrenergic lesion, animals received nomifensine (10 mg/kg), a dopamine transporter blocker, one hour before surgery. 6-OHDA-lesioned rats displayed impairments of the short- and long-term object recognition memory associated to reduced content of tyrosine hydroxylase in the LC. Neurochemical analysis revealed an altered mitochondrial membrane potential in LC. Regarding the PFC, an increased ROS production, cell membrane damage, and mitochondrial membrane potential disruption were observed. Remarkably, bilateral NA (1 μg/0.2 μl) infusion into the PFC restored the recognition memory deficits in LC-lesioned rats. These findings indicate that a selective noradrenergic LC lesion induced by 6-OHDA deregulates a noradrenergic network in the PFC, which could be involved in the early memory impairments observed in nondemented PD patients.
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