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Mao Y, Pan L, Li W, Xiao S, Qi R, Zhao L, Wang J, Cai Y. Stroboscopic lighting with intensity synchronized to rotation velocity alleviates motion sickness gastrointestinal symptoms and motor disorders in rats. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:941947. [PMID: 35965602 PMCID: PMC9366139 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.941947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is caused by mismatch between conflicted motion perception produced by motion challenges and expected “internal model” of integrated motion sensory pattern formed under normal condition in the brain. Stroboscopic light could reduce MS nausea symptom via increasing fixation ability for gaze stabilization to reduce visuo-vestibular confliction triggered by distorted vision during locomotion. This study tried to clarify whether MS induced by passive motion could be alleviated by stroboscopic light with emitting rate and intensity synchronized to acceleration–deceleration phase of motion. We observed synchronized and unsynchronized stroboscopic light (SSL: 6 cycle/min; uSSL: 2, 4, and 8 cycle/min) on MS-related gastrointestinal symptoms (conditioned gaping and defecation responses), motor disorders (hypoactivity and balance disturbance), and central Fos protein expression in rats receiving Ferris wheel-like rotation (6 cycle/min). The effects of color temperature and peak light intensity were also examined. We found that SSL (6 cycle/min) significantly reduced rotation-induced conditioned gaping and defecation responses and alleviated rotation-induced decline in spontaneous locomotion activity and disruption in balance beam performance. The efficacy of SSL against MS behavioral responses was affected by peak light intensity but not color temperature. The uSSL (4 and 8 cycle/min) only released defecation but less efficiently than SSL, while uSSL (2 cycle/min) showed no beneficial effect in MS animals. SSL but not uSSL inhibited Fos protein expression in the caudal vestibular nucleus, the nucleus of solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus, the central nucleus of amygdala, and the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, while uSSL (4 and 8 cycle/min) only decreased Fos expression in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. These results suggested that stroboscopic light synchronized to motion pattern might alleviate MS gastrointestinal symptoms and motor disorders and inhibit vestibular-autonomic pathways. Our study supports the utilization of motion-synchronous stroboscopic light as a potential countermeasure against MS under abnormal motion condition in future.
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Bernanke A, Sette S, Hernandez N, Zimmerman S, Murphy J, Francis R, Reavis Z, Kuhn C. Male and female rats exhibit comparable gaping behavior but activate brain regions differently during expression of conditioned nausea. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:291-300. [PMID: 35621171 PMCID: PMC9354039 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five to fifty percent of patients undergoing chemotherapy will develop anticipatory nausea and vomiting (ANV), in which symptoms occur in anticipation of treatment. ANV is triggered by environmental cues and shows little response to traditional antiemetic therapy, suggesting that unique neural pathways mediate this response. Understanding the underlying neural mechanisms of this disorder is critical to the development of novel therapeutic interventions. The purpose of the present study was to identify brain areas activated during ANV and characterize sex differences in both the behavior and the brain areas activated during ANV. We used a rat model of ANV by pairing a novel context with the emetic drug lithium chloride (LiCl) to produce conditioned nausea behaviors in the LiCl-paired environment. We quantitated gaping, an analog of human vomiting, after acute or repeated LiCl in a unique environment. To identify brain regions associated with gaping, we measured c-fos activation by immunochemical staining after these same treatments. We found that acute LiCl activated multiple brain regions including the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, central nucleus of the amygdala, nucleus of the solitary tract and area postrema, none of which were activated during ANV. ANV activated c-fos expression in the frontal cortex, insula and paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of males but not females. These data suggest that therapies such as ondansetron which target the area postrema are not effective in ANV because it is not activated during the ANV response. Further studies aimed at characterizing the neural circuits and cell types that are activated in the conditioned nausea response will help identify novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of this condition, improving both quality of life and outcomes for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Bernanke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Rock EM, Limebeer CL, Smoum R, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Effect of oleoyl glycine and oleoyl alanine on lithium chloride induced nausea in rats and vomiting in shrews. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:377-383. [PMID: 34676441 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-06005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The fatty acid amide oleoyl glycine (OlGly) and its more stable methylated form oleoyl alanine (OlAla) reduce naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD)-induced conditioned gaping (nausea) responses in rats. In addition, OlGly has been shown to reduce lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping in rats and vomiting in Suncus murinus (house musk shrews). OBJECTIVES Here, we compared the potential of these fatty acid amides to maintain their anti-nausea/anti-emetic effect over a delay. The following experiments examined the potential of a wider dose range of OlGly and OlAla to interfere with (1) LiCl-induced conditioned gaping in rats and (2) LiCl-induced vomiting in shrews, when administered 20 or 70 min prior to illness. RESULTS OlAla (1, 5, 20 mg/kg) reduced LiCl-induced conditioned gaping, with OlGly only effective at the high dose (20 mg/kg), with no effect of pretreatment delay time. At the high dose of 20 mg/kg, OlGly increased passive drips during conditioning suggesting a sedative effect. In shrews, both OlGly and OlAla (1, 5 mg/kg) suppressed LiCl-induced vomiting, with no effect of pretreatment delay. OlAla more effectively suppressed vomiting, with OlAla (5 mg/kg) also increasing the latency to the first vomiting reaction. CONCLUSIONS OlAla was more effective than OlGly in reducing both LiCl-induced gaping in rats and LiCl-induced vomiting in shrews. These findings provide further evidence that these fatty acid amides may be useful treatments for nausea and vomiting, with OlAla demonstrating superior efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Facility, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute of Drug Research, Medical Facility, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G2W1, Canada.
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Mapping excessive "disgust" in the brain: Ventral pallidum inactivation recruits distributed circuitry to make sweetness "disgusting". COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 20:141-159. [PMID: 31836960 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00758-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ventral pallidum (VP) is an important structure in processing reward. The VP may be the only brain structure where localized lesions in rats replace normal facial "liking" expressions to sweetness with excessive "disgust" reactions, such as gapes and chin rubs, that are normally reserved for unpalatable tastes. The posterior half of the VP (pVP) contains a hedonic hot spot where opioid or related neurochemical stimulations can amplify positive "liking" reactions to sweet taste. This is the same site where lesions or pharmacological inactivations replace positive hedonic reactions to sucrose with intense negative "disgust." In the present study, we aimed to identify brain networks recruited by pVP inactivation to generate excessive "disgust," using neuronal Fos expression as a marker of neurobiological activation. Microinjections in pVP of inhibitory GABAA/B agonists (muscimol and baclofen) caused rats to exhibit excessive "disgust" reactions to sucrose. Excessive "disgust" was accompanied by recruitment of neural Fos activation in several subcortical structures, including the posterior medial shell of nucleus accumbens (which also contains another GABAergic "disgust"-inducing "hedonic cold spot"), the bed nucleus of stria terminalis, lateral habenula, hypothalamus, and midbrain ventral tegmentum. Fos suppression was found in cortical limbic regions, including previously identified hedonic hot spots in the anteromedial orbitofrontal cortex and posterior insula. Finally, in addition to inducing excessive "disgust," pVP inactivation abolished motivational "wanting" to eat palatable food, reduced positive social interactions, and reordered sensorimotor relations. Our findings identify potential "disgust" generators in the brain that are released into excitation by pVP inhibition and may serve as targets for future research.
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Effect of combined doses of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid on acute nausea in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:901-914. [PMID: 31897571 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE This study evaluated the potential of combined cannabis constituents to reduce nausea. OBJECTIVES Using the lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced conditioned gaping model of nausea in male rats, we aimed to: 1) Determine effective anti-nausea doses of cannabidiol (CBD) 2) Determine effectiveness and the mechanism of action of combined subthreshold doses of CBD and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 3) Determine effective doses of synthetic cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) 4) Determine effective doses of synthetic tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) 5) Determine the mechanism of action for THCA 6) Determine effectiveness and the mechanism of action of combined subthreshold doses of CBDA and THCA RESULTS: CBD (0.5-5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]) reduces LiCl-induced conditioned gaping (but 0.1, 20, 40 mg/kg are ineffective). Combined subthreshold doses of CBD (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and THC (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) produce suppression of conditioned gaping, and this effect is blocked by administration of either WAY100635 (a serotonin 1A [5-HT1A]) receptor antagonist or SR141716 (SR; a CB1 receptor antagonist). THCA (0.01 mg/kg, i.p.) reduces conditioned gaping and administration of MK886 (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha [PPARα] antagonist) blocked THCA's anti-nausea effect. Combined subthreshold doses of CBDA (0.00001 mg/kg, i.p.) and THCA (0.001 mg/kg, i.p.) produce suppression of conditioned gaping, and this effect is blocked by administration of WAY100635 or MK886. CONCLUSION Combinations of very low doses of CBD + THC or CBDA + THCA robustly reduce LiCl-induced conditioned gaping. Clinical trials are necessary to determine the efficacy of using single or combined cannabinoids as adjunct treatments with existing anti-emetic regimens to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea.
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Rock EM, Ayoub SM, Limebeer CL, Gene A, Wills KL, DeVuono MV, Smoum R, Di Marzo V, Lichtman AH, Mechoulam R, Parker LA. Acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal elicits nausea-like somatic behaviors in rats in a manner suppressed by N-oleoylglycine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:375-384. [PMID: 31712968 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acute naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (MWD) produces a conditioned place aversion (CPA) in rats even after one or two exposures to high-dose (20 mg/kg, sc) morphine followed 24-h later by naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc). However, the somatic withdrawal reactions produced by acute naloxone-precipitated MWD in rats have not been investigated. A recently discovered fatty acid amide, N-oleoylglycine (OlGly), which has been suggested to act as a fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitor and as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) agonist, was previously shown to interfere with a naloxone-precipitated MWD-induced CPA in rats. OBJECTIVES The aims of these studies were to examine the somatic withdrawal responses produced by acute naloxone-precipitated MWD and determine whether OlGly can also interfere with these responses. RESULTS Here, we report that following two exposures to morphine (20 mg/kg, sc) each followed by naloxone (1 mg/kg, sc) 24 h later, rats display nausea-like somatic reactions of lying flattened on belly, abdominal contractions and diarrhea, and display increased mouthing movements and loss of body weight. OlGly (5 mg/kg, ip) interfered with naloxone-precipitated MWD-induced abdominal contractions, lying on belly, diarrhea and mouthing movements in male Sprague-Dawley rats, by both a cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and a PPARα mechanism of action. Since these withdrawal reactions are symptomatic of nausea, we evaluated the potential of OlGly to interfere with lithium chloride (LiCl)-induced and MWD-induced conditioned gaping in rats, a selective measure of nausea; the suppression of MWD-induced gaping reactions by OlGly was both CB1 and PPARα mediated. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the aversive effects of acute naloxone-precipitated MWD reflect nausea, which is suppressed by OlGly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Rock
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Samantha M Ayoub
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Limebeer
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexia Gene
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kiri L Wills
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marieka V DeVuono
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Reem Smoum
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Endocannabinoid Research Group, Consiglio Nazionale delle Richerche, Pozzuli, Naples, Italy.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome/Endocannabinoid Axis in Metabolomic Health, University of Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Aron H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Institute for Drug Research, Medical Faculty, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Linda A Parker
- Department of Psychology and Collaborative Neuroscience Program, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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