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Rezaul Islam M, Akash S, Murshedul Islam M, Sarkar N, Kumer A, Chakraborty S, Dhama K, Ahmed Al-Shaeri M, Anwar Y, Wilairatana P, Rauf A, Halawani IF, Alzahrani FM, Khan H. Alkaloids as drug leads in Alzheimer's treatment: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights. Brain Res 2024; 1834:148886. [PMID: 38582413 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has few effective treatment options and continues to be a major global health concern. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that typically affects elderly people. Alkaloids have potential sources for novel drug discovery due to their diverse chemical structures and pharmacological activities. Alkaloids, natural products with heterocyclic nitrogen-containing structures, are considered potential treatments for AD. This review explores the neuroprotective properties of alkaloids in AD, focusing on their ability to regulate pathways such as amyloid-beta aggregation, oxidative stress, synaptic dysfunction, tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. The FDA has approved alkaloids such as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like galantamine and rivastigmine. This article explores AD's origins, current market medications, and clinical applications of alkaloids in AD therapy. This review explores the development of alkaloid-based drugs for AD, focusing on pharmacokinetics, blood-brain barrier penetration, and potential adverse effects. Future research should focus on the clinical evaluation of promising alkaloids, developing recently discovered alkaloids, and the ongoing search for novel alkaloids for medical treatment. A pharmaceutical option containing an alkaloid may potentially slow down the progression of AD while enhancing its symptoms. This review highlights the potential of alkaloids as valuable drug leads in treating AD, providing a comprehensive understanding of their mechanisms of action and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Murshedul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Nadia Sarkar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Savar, Dhaka 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences IUBAT-International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, 4 Embankment Drive Road, Sector 10, Uttara Model Town, Dhaka 1230, Bangladesh; Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Sandip Chakraborty
- State Disease Investigation Laboratory, ARDD, Abhoynagar, Agartala, West Tripura, Pin-799005, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) Izatnagar-243 122, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Majed Ahmed Al-Shaeri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim F Halawani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fuad M Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, 23200 Mardan, Pakistan.
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Ju Y, Bu D, Wang H, Li B, Cheng D. In silico prediction aided preparation of antioxidant soybean peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis for ameliorating lead exposure-induced toxicity. Food Funct 2024; 15:3365-3379. [PMID: 38289622 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04697d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Food derived bioactive peptides are prominent dietary supplements to protect against oxidative stress induced by lead (Pb) exposure. This study aimed to develop a new strategy for rapid preparation of highly active antioxidant soybean polypeptides (ASPs) against Pb toxicity. In silico enzymatic hydrolysis simulation and antioxidant activity prediction showed that pepsin, chymotrypsin and bromelain can produce peptides with the highest activity. The preparation process was then optimized, and the obtained ASP showed good antioxidant and metal-chelating activities in vitro. An in vivo study showed that ASP exerted prominent protective effects against Pb-induced cognitive impairment and tissue damage in mice by reducing Pb deposition and enhancing the antioxidant capacity in tissues and was superior to Vc, DMSA or their combination in some aspects. ASP composition analysis demonstrated that its prominent antioxidant activity might be attributed to the high proportion of amino acid residues E, L, P and V in the peptide sequence and L, V and A at the C- and N-termini. In conclusion, in silico prediction could facilitate the preparation of ASP. And the ASP prepared with the new strategy exerted prominent protective effects against Pb toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Dingdong Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Haozhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Bingye Li
- Tianxiang (Shandong) Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Room 1001, Block H2, Innovation Valley Industrial Park, Haichuan Road, Liuhang Street, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Dai Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin Economy Technological Development Area, Tianjin 300457, China.
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Wei R, He JQ, Chen WH, Tam KY. Evaluations of the neuroprotective effects of a dual-target isoquinoline inhibitor in the triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2023; 802:137166. [PMID: 36889377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients exhibit neuropathological features, such as amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurogenic fibrillary tangles. These features are thought to play important pathogenic roles, including neuronal dysfunction and apoptosis in the disease progression. Herein, we systematically evaluated a previously reported dual-target isoquinoline inhibitor (9S) for cholinesterase and Aβ aggregation in in vitro and in vivo models of AD. 9S exhibited neuroprotective effects in Aβ-induced and PHF6-induced PC12 cell models as well as in an okadaic acid-induced SH-SY5Y cell model, which were due to attenuated neuronal apoptosis through modulations of GSK-3β phosphorylation and reactive oxygen species. One-month administration of 9S to triple transgenic AD (3 × Tg-AD) female mice (aged 6 months) led to significant improvement in cognitive deficits. Whereas similar treatment regimens for older 3 × Tg-AD female mice (aged 10 months) showed negligible neuroprotective effects. These findings suggest the importance of therapeutic intervention at the early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wei
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, PR China
| | - Jun-Qiu He
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China
| | - Wen-Hua Chen
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, PR China.
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, PR China.
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Ju Y, Bu D, Li B, Cheng D. Protective function and mechanisms of soybean peptides on aluminum maltolate induced brain and liver toxicity on C57BL/6 mice. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Ma X, Zhao Y, Yang T, Gong N, Chen X, Liu G, Xiao J. Integration of network pharmacology and molecular docking to explore the molecular mechanism of Cordycepin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1058780. [PMID: 36620771 PMCID: PMC9817107 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1058780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cordycepin is a nucleoside adenosine analog and an active ingredient isolated from the liquid fermentation of Cordyceps. This study sought to explore the mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of Cordycepin against Alzheimer's disease using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. Methods TCMSP, SYMMAP, CTD, Super-pred, SEA, GeneCards, DisGeNET database, and STRING platform were used to screen and construct the target and protein interaction network of Cordycepin for Alzheimer's disease. The results of Gene Ontology annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were obtained based on the DAVID database. The Omicshare database was also applied in GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the key targets. The protein-protein interaction network was constructed using the STRING database, and the potential effective targets for AD were screened based on the degree values. The correlation between the potential targets of Cordycepin in the treatment of AD and APP, MAPT, and PSEN2 was analyzed using (GEPIA) databases. We obtained potential targets related to aging using the Aging Altas database. Molecular docking analysis was performed by AutoDock Vina and Pymol software. Finally, we validated the significant therapeutic targets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results A total of 74 potential targets of Cordycepin for treating Alzheimer's disease were identified. The potential targets of Cordycepin for the treatment of AD mainly focused on Lipid and atherosclerosis (hsa05417), Platinum drug resistance (hsa01524), Apoptosis (hsa04210), and Pathways in cancer (hsa05200). Our findings suggest that the therapeutic effect of Cordycepin on AD is primarily associated with these biological processes. We obtained 12 potential therapeutic targets for AD using the degree value in Cytoscape. Interestingly, AKT1, MAPK8, BCL2L1, FOXO3, and CTNNB1 were not only significantly associated with pathogenic genes (APP, MAPT, and PSEN2) but also with longevity in Alzheimer's Disease. Thus we speculated that the five target genes were potential core targets mediating the therapeutic effect of Cordycepin against AD. Moreover, molecular docking results analysis showed good binding affinity between Cordycepin and the five core targets. Overall, MAPK8, FOXO3 and CTNNB1 may have significant clinical and treatment implications. Conclusion Network pharmacology demonstrated that Cordycepin exerts a therapeutic effect against Alzheimer's disease via multiple targets and signaling pathways and has huge prospects for application in treating neurodegenerative diseases.
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Ju Y, Tam KY. Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:543-549. [PMID: 34380884 PMCID: PMC8504384 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a rather complex neurodegenerative disease, which is attributed to a combination of multiple factors. Among the many pathological pathways, synaptic dysfunctions, such as synapses loss and deficits in synaptic plasticity, were thought to be strongly associated with cognitive decline. The deficiencies in various sorts of neurotransmissions are responsible for the multifarious neurodegenerative symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, for example, the cholinergic and glutamatergic deficits for cognitive decline, the excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission dyshomeostasis for synaptic plasticity deficits and epileptiform symptoms, and the monoamine neurotransmission for neuropsychiatric symptoms. Amyloid cascade hypothesis is the most popular pathological theory to explain Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and attracts considerable attention. Multiple lines of genetic and pathological evidence support the predominant role of amyloid beta in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Neurofibrillary tangles assembled by microtubule-associated protein tau are other important histopathological characteristics in Alzheimer's disease brains. Cascade of tau toxicity was proved to lead to neuron damage, neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in brain. Ageing is the main risk factor of neurodegenerative diseases, and is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, reduced metabolism, endocrine insufficiencies and organ failures. These aging related risk factors were also proved to be some of the risk factors contributing to Alzheimer's disease. In Alzheimer's disease drug development, many good therapeutic strategies have been investigated in clinical evaluations. However, complex mechanism of Alzheimer's disease and the interplay among different pathological factors call for the come out of all-powerful therapies with multiple curing functions. This review seeks to summarize some of the representative treatments targeting different pathological pathways currently under clinical evaluations. Multi-target therapies as an emerging strategy for Alzheimer's disease treatment will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojun Ju
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau Special Adiministrative Region, China
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau Special Adiministrative Region, China
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Resveratrol-based compounds and neurodegeneration: Recent insight in multitarget therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 233:114242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Jiang S, Xiang X, Wang J, Ning L. Novel strategies for the fight of Alzheimer's disease targeting amyloid-β protein. J Drug Target 2021; 30:259-268. [PMID: 34435898 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.1973482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is recognised as a devastating neurodegenerative disease throughout the world and lack of effective treatments, is a growing concern in modern society with a growing population of elderly patients. A growing number of studies reveal that abnormal accumulation and deposition of Aβ is responsible for AD. Inspired by this, strategies for the treatment of AD targeting-Aβ clearance have been discussed for a long period, exploring new drugs which is capable of destroying soluble Aβ oligomers and unsolvable Aβ aggregates. In this paper, results of recent clinical trials on several anti-amyloid-β drugs are presented and several emerging anti-amyloid AD therapies based on recent studies are reviewed. Furthermore, some of the current challenges and novel strategies to prevent AD are addressed. Herein, this review focuses on current pharmacotherapy of AD targeting-Aβ and intends to design a promising therapeutic agent for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xie
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Engineering College, Huangshan University, Huangshan, China
| | - Shangfei Jiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Xiang
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linhong Ning
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Center, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing, China
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Vasilopoulou F, Rodríguez-Arévalo S, Bagán A, Escolano C, Griñán-Ferré C, Pallàs M. Disease-modifying treatment with I 2 imidazoline receptor ligand LSL60101 in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: a comparative study with donepezil. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3017-3033. [PMID: 33817786 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The development of effective therapeutic strategies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge. I2 imidazoline receptor ligands have a neuroprotective role in AD. Moreover, co-treatment of AChE inhibitors with neuroprotective agents have shown better effects on the prevention of dementia. Here, we assessed the potential therapeutic effect of the I2 ligand, donepezil and their combination in 5XFAD mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH 5XFAD female mice were treated with low doses (1 mg·kg-1 ·day-1 ) of LSL60101, donepezil and donepezil plus LSL60101, during 4 weeks per os. Novel object recognition, Morris water maze, open field, elevated plus maze and three-chamber tests were used to evaluate the cognitive and behavioural status after treatment. The effects on AD-like pathology were assessed with immunohistochemistry, western blot, ELISA and qPCR. KEY RESULTS Chronic low-dose treatment with LSL60101 and donepezil reversed cognitive deficits and impaired social behaviour. LSL60101 treatment did not affect anxiety-like behaviour in contrast to donepezil. In the 5XFAD brains, LSL60101 and donepezil/LSL60101 treatments attenuated amyloid-β pathology by decreasing amyloid-β40 and amyloid-β42 levels, amyloid-β plaque number and tau hyperphosphorylation. These alterations were accompanied by reduced microglia marker Iba-1 levels and increased Trem2 gene expression. LSL60101 and donepezil decreased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytic marker reactivity. However, only LSL60101 and donepezil/LSL60101 treatments significantly increased the synaptic marker levels of post-synaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic low-dose treatment with selective I2 - ligands can be an effective treatment for AD and provide insights into combination treatments for symptomatic and disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Vasilopoulou
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Rodríguez-Arévalo
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Bagán
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Escolano
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry (Associated Unit to CSIC), Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Griñán-Ferré
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institut de Neurociències, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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