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Influence of action video gaming on spatial representation in the haptic modality. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2769-2781. [PMID: 32990773 PMCID: PMC7644526 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05931-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Spatial representation in the haptic domain has been shown to be prone to systematic errors. When participants are asked to make two bars haptically parallel, their performance deviates from what would be veridically parallel. This is hypothesized to be caused by the bias of the egocentric reference frame. Stimulating the use of an allocentric reference frame has previously been shown to improve performance in haptic parallelity matching. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of action video game experience on parallelity performance. We hypothesized that participants who extensively play action video games with a so-called ‘bird’s-eye view’ are likely to process spatial information more allocentrically, resulting in better performance in haptic parallelity matching. This was tested in two groups of male participants, 10 participants with extensive action video gaming experience (AVGPs) and 10 participants without or hardly any action video gaming experience (NAVGPs). Additionally, the effect of visual–haptic practice on haptic parallelity performance was tested. In the haptic blocks, blindfolded participants had to feel the orientation of a reference bar with their non-dominant hand and had to match this orientation on a test bar with their dominant hand. In subsequent visual–haptic blocks, they had full view of the set-up and visually paralleled both bars. As hypothesized, AVGPs performed significantly better in haptic blocks than NAVGPs. Visual–haptic practice resulted in significantly better performance in subsequent haptic blocks in both groups. These results suggest that playing action video games might enhance haptic spatial representation, although a causative relationship still needs to be established.
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Van Mier HI. Combining visual and haptic practice significantly reduced deviations in haptic parallelity matching. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 203:103008. [PMID: 31955033 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that making two bars parallel to each other in the haptic domain results in (often) large and systematic errors. This is most likely due to the biasing influence of the egocentric reference frame. Even presenting participants with either haptic or visual information about parallelity or direct error feedback did not result in veridical performance. The present study was set up to assess to what extent haptic performance could be improved by providing combined visual and haptic practice. Thirty-two participants (sixteen females and males) used their dominant hand to make a test bar parallel to a reference bar located at the side of the non-dominant hand. Haptic sessions (in which participants were blindfolded and had to perceive parallelity using their hands) were alternated with visual sessions (in which they could physically see both bars and could also use their eyes to perceive parallelity on the test bar without feeling the reference bar) over a series of eleven sessions. Results showed that performance in the haptic condition significantly improved as an effect of visual practice. This effect was similar in both genders. While gender differences were significant in the haptic condition, with male participants outperforming female participants, this was not the case in the visual condition. However, veridical performance was not obtained in the haptic condition for each gender and deviations were significantly larger than in the visual condition, replicating earlier findings of a rather robust influence of the egocentric reference frame in haptic parallelity matching.
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Van Mier HI. Changing the influence of the egocentric reference frame impacts deviations in haptic parallelity matching. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2387-2395. [PMID: 31292694 PMCID: PMC6675910 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The large systematic deviations in haptic parallelity matching are most likely due to the biasing influence of the hand-centered egocentric reference frame. Previous results showed that eliminating or reducing this bias resulted in smaller deviations, with significantly larger effects observed in female participants. The current study investigated the effect of reducing the egocentric bias in a pure haptic condition. Blind-folded male and female participants had to feel the orientation of a reference bar with their non-dominant hand and to parallel this orientation on a test bar with their dominant hand. In one condition, they were instructed to use their flat-stretched hand to feel and match the bars, while in the other condition (HPF), they were instructed to set the test bar while gripping the bar with the fingers and thumb. It was hypothesized that the latter would reduce the biasing influence of the hand-centered egocentric reference frame. Results showed that this was indeed the case. Deviations were significantly smaller for HPF; however, this effect was the same in both genders. The previously observed gender effect, showing a significantly larger improvement for women when reducing the influence of the egocentric reference frame, was not replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke I Van Mier
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Mueller SM, Bernigau D, Muelling C, Grunwald M. Does Studying Veterinary Medicine Improve Students' Haptic Perception Ability? A Pilot Study With Two Age-Groups. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2019; 46:408-414. [PMID: 30806559 DOI: 10.3138/jvme.0417-051r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Haptic perception is an important tool for veterinarians. The present study analyzed the association between the haptic perception threshold of veterinary students and their palpatory experience. To approach this goal, 35 female students of veterinary medicine were divided into two groups with different levels of experience: (a) students with little practical experience, at the beginning of their studies (first year), and (b) students close to the end of their theoretical training (fourth year). To thoroughly evaluate the students' sense of touch, three different test procedures were used: the Haptic Threshold Test (HTT), the Haptic Figures Test (HFT), and tactile acuity. Contrary to our expectations, we found worse mean haptic perception thresholds (HTT) in the more experienced students than in the less experienced group. This effect was significantly correlated with age. Furthermore, we found that longer exploration times were not sufficient to compensate for shortcomings in haptic perception. We also found large interindividual differences. Future studies should investigate whether and to what extend these effects have an impact on students' palpation performance on simulators and live animals. Moreover, which beneficial effects may be achieved through an additional haptic training for students with inferior haptic thresholds should be investigated. Improving haptic perception abilities in veterinary students could be one important step toward achieving satisfactory Day One Competences in university graduates.
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Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the ability of 28 younger and older adults to visually bisect distances in depth both indoors and outdoors; half of the observers were male and half were female. Observers viewed 15-m and 30-m distance extents in four different environmental settings (two outdoor grassy fields and an indoor hallway and atrium) and were required to adjust the position of a marker to place it at the midpoint of each stimulus distance interval. Overall, the observers' judgments were more accurate indoors than outdoors. In outdoor environments, many individual observers exhibited perceptual compression of farther distances (e.g., these observers placed the marker closer than the actual physical midpoints of the stimulus distance intervals). There were significant modulatory effects of both age and sex upon the accuracy and precision of the observers' judgments. The judgments of the male observers were more accurate than those of the female observers and they were less influenced by environmental context. In addition, the accuracies of the younger observers' judgments were less influenced by context than those of the older observers. With regard to the precision of the observers' judgments, the older females exhibited much more variability across repeated judgments than the other groups of observers (younger males, younger females, and older males). The results of our study demonstrate that age and sex are important variables that significantly affect the visual perception of distance.
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Kappers AML. Minute hands of clocks indicating the same time are not perceived as haptically parallel. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3001. [PMID: 29445191 PMCID: PMC5813094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21415-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have already shown that a large idiosyncratic orientation difference is needed to perceive two bars that are far apart as haptically parallel. There exist also strong indications that if such bars are imagined to be minute hands of clocks, errors made in clock time estimates and clock time settings are much smaller. The current study investigated this seemingly discrepancy. Participants partook in three experiments: parallel setting, clock time estimate and clock time setting, in this order. As the individual parallel settings were used in the subsequent clock time estimate experiment, and the estimated clock times in the clock time setting experiment, the deviations could be compared directly. In all three experiments, the deviations were systematic and idiosyncratic, and consistent with a biasing influence of an egocentric reference frame. However, the deviations in the two clock time experiments were indeed much smaller than in the parallel setting experiment. Task instruction and strengthened focus on an allocentric reference frame are the most likely explanations. These findings provide fundamental insights in the processing of spatial information. Taking these findings into account when designing haptic devices may make these more intuitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid M L Kappers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1081 BT, The Netherlands.
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van Mier HI. Reducing the motor response in haptic parallel matching eliminates the typically observed gender difference. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:105-12. [PMID: 26378006 PMCID: PMC4713722 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When making two bars haptically parallel to each other, large deviations have been observed, most likely caused by the bias of a hand-centered egocentric reference frame. A consistent finding is that women show significantly larger deviations than men when performing this task. It has been suggested that this difference might be due to the fact that women are more egocentrically oriented than men or are less efficient in overcoming the egocentric bias of the hand. If this is indeed the case, reducing the bias of the egocentric reference frame should eliminate the above-mentioned gender difference. This was investigated in the current study. Sixty participants (30 men, 30 women) were instructed to haptically match (task HP) the orientation of a test bar with the dominant hand to the orientation of a reference bar that was perceived with the non-dominant hand. In a haptic visual task (task HV), in which only the reference bar and exploring hand were out of view, no motor response was required, but participants had to “match” the perceived orientation by verbally naming the parallel orientation that was read out on a test protractor. Both females and males performed better in the HV task than in the HP task. Significant gender effects were only found in the haptic parallelity task (HP), corroborating the idea that women perform at the same level as men when the egocentric bias of the hand is reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke I van Mier
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Skolnick AJ. Gender differences when touching something gross: unpleasant? No. Disgusting? Yes! The Journal of General Psychology 2015; 140:144-57. [PMID: 24837533 DOI: 10.1080/00221309.2013.781989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
While many studies find women self-report higher disgust sensitivity than men, few studies have examined gender differences with behavioral tasks in senses other than vision. On a haptic task, we tested the hypothesis that women would report greater disgust but not greater unpleasantness than men. Forty-four undergraduates (29 women) touched 8 out-of-sight stimuli with sensory (unpleasantness) and emotional (disgust) responses recorded. The stimuli consisted of 2 neutral, 2 pleasant, and 4 unpleasant (3 disgust-evoking) objects. No gender differences were found for reporting stimuli unpleasantness. In contrast, women rated their disgust significantly higher than men when touching the high disgust-evoking objects. Unpleasantness of the stimuli correlated with disgust to the objects, but disgust sensitivity (Disgust Scale-Revised) was not a strong predictor of disgust responses. Besides differentiating unpleasantness from disgust, this was also the first study to show gender differences in a disgust-evoking haptic task.
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Van Mier HI. Effects of visual information regarding allocentric processing in haptic parallelity matching. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2013; 144:352-60. [PMID: 23938339 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed that haptic perception of parallelity deviates from physical reality. Large and systematic deviations have been found in haptic parallelity matching most likely due to the influence of the hand-centered egocentric reference frame. Providing information that increases the influence of allocentric processing has been shown to improve performance on haptic matching. In this study allocentric processing was stimulated by providing informative vision in haptic matching tasks that were performed using hand- and arm-centered reference frames. Twenty blindfolded participants (ten men, ten women) explored the orientation of a reference bar with the non-dominant hand and subsequently matched (task HP) or mirrored (task HM) its orientation on a test bar with the dominant hand. Visual information was provided by means of informative vision with participants having full view of the test bar, while the reference bar was blocked from their view (task VHP). To decrease the egocentric bias of the hands, participants also performed a visual haptic parallelity drawing task (task VHPD) using an arm-centered reference frame, by drawing the orientation of the reference bar. In all tasks, the distance between and orientation of the bars were manipulated. A significant effect of task was found; performance improved from task HP, to VHP to VHPD, and HM. Significant effects of distance were found in the first three tasks, whereas orientation and gender effects were only significant in tasks HP and VHP. The results showed that stimulating allocentric processing by means of informative vision and reducing the egocentric bias by using an arm-centered reference frame led to most accurate performance on parallelity matching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanneke I Van Mier
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Puspitawati I, Jebrane A, Vinter A. Local and global processing in blind and sighted children in a naming and drawing task. Child Dev 2013; 85:1077-1090. [PMID: 24016216 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the spatial analysis of tactile hierarchical patterns in 110 early-blind children aged 6-8 to 16-18 years, as compared to 90 blindfolded sighted children, in a naming and haptic drawing task. The results revealed that regardless of visual status, young children predominantly produced local responses in both tasks, whereas the production of integrated responses emerged later. Development of local and global processing seems to proceed similarly in the two populations, but local processing continued to occur at high levels over a larger age range in the blind. The possibility of visual mediation is pointed out, as totally blind children tended to process information locally more often than blind children with minimal light perception.
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van Dijk R, Kappers AML, Postma A. Superior spatial touch: improved haptic orientation processing in deaf individuals. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:283-9. [PMID: 23897133 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3653-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated haptic spatial orientation processing in deaf signers, hearing sign language interpreters, and hearing controls. Blindfolded participants had to set two bars parallel in the horizontal plane, with either a 2-s or a 10-s delay between inspection of the reference bar and the setting of the test bar. The deaf group outperformed the other two groups which did not differ from each other. Together these results indicate that deaf individuals can better identify the allocentric spatial coordinates of haptically inspected orientations. These results are discussed in terms of the possible neurocognitive consequences of auditory deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick van Dijk
- School of Sign Language Interpreting, HU University of Applied Sciences, Padualaan 97, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fernandes AM, Albuquerque PB. Tactual perception: a review of experimental variables and procedures. Cogn Process 2012; 13:285-301. [PMID: 22669262 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-012-0443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on tactual perception. Throughout this review, we will highlight some of the most relevant aspects in the touch literature: type of stimuli; type of participants; type of tactile exploration; and finally, the interaction between touch and other senses. Regarding type of stimuli, we will analyse studies with abstract stimuli such as vibrations, with two- and three-dimensional stimuli, and also concrete stimuli, considering the relation between familiar and unfamiliar stimuli and the haptic perception of faces. Under the "type of participants" topic, we separated studies with blind participants, studies with children and adults, and also performed an overview of sex differences in performance. The type of tactile exploration is explored considering conditions of active and passive touch, the relevance of movement in touch and the relation between haptic exploration and time. Finally, interactions between touch and vision, touch and smell and touch and taste are explored in the last topic. The review ends with an overall conclusion on the state of the art for the tactual perception literature. With this work, we intend to present an organised overview of the main variables in touch experiments, compiling aspects reported in the tactual literature, and attempting to provide both a summary of previous findings, and a guide to the design of future works on tactual perception and memory, through a presentation of implications from previous studies.
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Comparison of the haptic and visual deviations in a parallelity task. Exp Brain Res 2010; 208:467-73. [PMID: 21132493 PMCID: PMC3018272 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2500-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Deviations in both haptic and visual spatial experiments are thought to be caused by a biasing influence of an egocentric reference frame. The strength of this influence is strongly participant-dependent. By using a parallelity test, it is studied whether this strength is modality-independent. In both haptic and visual conditions, large, systematic and participant-dependent deviations were found. However, although the correlation between the haptic and visual deviations was significant, the explained variance due to a common factor was only 20%. Therefore, the degree to which a participant is “egocentric” depends on modality and possibly even more generally, on experimental condition.
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Perceptual learning of view-independence in visuo-haptic object representations. Exp Brain Res 2009; 198:329-37. [PMID: 19484467 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that cross-modal recognition of unfamiliar objects is view-independent, in contrast to view-dependence within-modally, in both vision and haptics. Does the view-independent, bisensory representation underlying cross-modal recognition arise from integration of unisensory, view-dependent representations or intermediate, unisensory but view-independent representations? Two psychophysical experiments sought to distinguish between these alternative models. In both experiments, participants began from baseline, within-modal, view-dependence for object recognition in both vision and haptics. The first experiment induced within-modal view-independence by perceptual learning, which was completely and symmetrically transferred cross-modally: visual view-independence acquired through visual learning also resulted in haptic view-independence and vice versa. In the second experiment, both visual and haptic view-dependence were transformed to view-independence by either haptic-visual or visual-haptic cross-modal learning. We conclude that cross-modal view-independence fits with a model in which unisensory view-dependent representations are directly integrated into a bisensory, view-independent representation, rather than via intermediate, unisensory, view-independent representations.
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Norman JF, Bartholomew AN, Burton CL. Aging preserves the ability to perceive 3D object shape from static but not deforming boundary contours. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008; 129:198-207. [PMID: 18632085 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A single experiment investigated how younger (aged 18-32 years) and older (aged 62-82 years) observers perceive 3D object shape from deforming and static boundary contours. On any given trial, observers were shown two smoothly-curved objects, similar to water-smoothed granite rocks, and were required to judge whether they possessed the "same" or "different" shape. The objects presented during the "different" trials produced differently-shaped boundary contours. The objects presented during the "same" trials also produced different boundary contours, because one of the objects was always rotated in depth relative to the other by 5, 25, or 45 degrees. Each observer participated in 12 experimental conditions formed by the combination of 2 motion types (deforming vs. static boundary contours), 2 surface types (objects depicted as silhouettes or with texture and Lambertian shading), and 3 angular offsets (5, 25, and 45 degrees). When there was no motion (static silhouettes or stationary objects presented with shading and texture), the older observers performed as well as the younger observers. In the moving object conditions with shading and texture, the older observers' performance was facilitated by the motion, but the amount of this facilitation was reduced relative to that exhibited by the younger observers. In contrast, the older observers obtained no benefit in performance at all from the deforming (i.e., moving) silhouettes. The reduced ability of older observers to perceive 3D shape from motion is probably due to a low-level deterioration in the ability to detect and discriminate motion itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Farley Norman
- Department of Psychology and Center for the Study of Lifespan Development, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101-1030, USA.
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Differential effects of non-informative vision and visual interference on haptic spatial processing. Exp Brain Res 2008; 190:31-41. [PMID: 18553074 PMCID: PMC2515586 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-008-1447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of non-informative vision and visual interference upon haptic spatial processing, which supposedly derives from an interaction between an allocentric and egocentric reference frame. To this end, a haptic parallelity task served as baseline to determine the participant-dependent biasing influence of the egocentric reference frame. As expected, large systematic participant-dependent deviations from veridicality were observed. In the second experiment we probed the effect of non-informative vision on the egocentric bias. Moreover, orienting mechanisms (gazing directions) were studied with respect to the presentation of haptic information in a specific hemispace. Non-informative vision proved to have a beneficial effect on haptic spatial processing. No effect of gazing direction or hemispace was observed. In the third experiment we investigated the effect of simultaneously presented interfering visual information on the haptic bias. Interfering visual information parametrically influenced haptic performance. The interplay of reference frames that subserves haptic spatial processing was found to be related to both the effects of non-informative vision and visual interference. These results suggest that spatial representations are influenced by direct cross-modal interactions; inter-participant differences in the haptic modality resulted in differential effects of the visual modality.
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Keep an eye on your hands: on the role of visual mechanisms in processing of haptic space. Cogn Process 2008; 9:63-8. [PMID: 18196305 PMCID: PMC2254467 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-007-0201-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Revised: 11/27/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present paper reviews research on a haptic orientation processing. Central is a task in which a test bar has to be set parallel to a reference bar at another location. Introducing a delay between inspecting the reference bar and setting the test bar leads to a surprising improvement. Moreover, offering visual background information also elevates performance. Interestingly, (congenitally) blind individuals do not or to a weaker extent show the improvement with time, while in parallel to this, they appear to benefit less from spatial imagery processing. Together this strongly points to an important role for visual processing mechanisms in the perception of haptic inputs.
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