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Georges C, Hoffmann D, Schiltz C. How Math Anxiety Relates to Number-Space Associations. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1401. [PMID: 27683570 PMCID: PMC5021703 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the considerable prevalence of math anxiety, it is important to identify the factors contributing to it in order to improve mathematical learning. Research on math anxiety typically focusses on the effects of more complex arithmetic skills. Recent evidence, however, suggests that deficits in basic numerical processing and spatial skills also constitute potential risk factors of math anxiety. Given these observations, we determined whether math anxiety also depends on the quality of spatial-numerical associations. Behavioral evidence for a tight link between numerical and spatial representations is given by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect, characterized by faster left-/right-sided responses for small/large digits respectively in binary classification tasks. We compared the strength of the SNARC effect between high and low math anxious individuals using the classical parity judgment task in addition to evaluating their spatial skills, arithmetic performance, working memory and inhibitory control. Greater math anxiety was significantly associated with stronger spatio-numerical interactions. This finding adds to the recent evidence supporting a link between math anxiety and basic numerical abilities and strengthens the idea that certain characteristics of low-level number processing such as stronger number–space associations constitute a potential risk factor of math anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Georges
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Research Unit Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Danielle Hoffmann
- Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Schiltz
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Research Unit Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
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Freund N, Valencia-Alfonso CE, Kirsch J, Brodmann K, Manns M, Güntürkün O. Asymmetric top-down modulation of ascending visual pathways in pigeons. Neuropsychologia 2016; 83:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Edler D, Bestgen AK, Kuchinke L, Dickmann F. True-3D accentuating of grids and streets in urban topographic maps enhances human object location memory. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116959. [PMID: 25679208 PMCID: PMC4334546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive representations of learned map information are subject to systematic distortion errors. Map elements that divide a map surface into regions, such as content-related linear symbols (e.g. streets, rivers, railway systems) or additional artificial layers (coordinate grids), provide an orientation pattern that can help users to reduce distortions in their mental representations. In recent years, the television industry has started to establish True-3D (autostereoscopic) displays as mass media. These modern displays make it possible to watch dynamic and static images including depth illusions without additional devices, such as 3D glasses. In these images, visual details can be distributed over different positions along the depth axis. Some empirical studies of vision research provided first evidence that 3D stereoscopic content attracts higher attention and is processed faster. So far, the impact of True-3D accentuating has not yet been explored concerning spatial memory tasks and cartography. This paper reports the results of two empirical studies that focus on investigations whether True-3D accentuating of artificial, regular overlaying line features (i.e. grids) and content-related, irregular line features (i.e. highways and main streets) in official urban topographic maps (scale 1/10,000) further improves human object location memory performance. The memory performance is measured as both the percentage of correctly recalled object locations (hit rate) and the mean distances of correctly recalled objects (spatial accuracy). It is shown that the True-3D accentuating of grids (depth offset: 5 cm) significantly enhances the spatial accuracy of recalled map object locations, whereas the True-3D emphasis of streets significantly improves the hit rate of recalled map object locations. These results show the potential of True-3D displays for an improvement of the cognitive representation of learned cartographic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Edler
- Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Lars Kuchinke
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Dickmann
- Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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The influence of executive functions on spatial biases varies during the lifespan. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2014; 10:170-80. [PMID: 25279854 PMCID: PMC6987890 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many perceptual processes, such as language or face perception, are asymmetrically organised in the hemispheres already in childhood. These asymmetries induce behaviourally observable spatial biases in which the observer perceives stimuli in one of the hemispaces more efficiently or more frequently than in the other one. Another source for spatial biases is spatial attention which is also asymmetrically organised in the hemispheres. The bias induced by attention is directed towards the right side, which is clearly demonstrated by patients with neglect but also in lesser degree by healthy observers in cognitively loading situations. Recent findings indicate that children and older adults show stronger spatial biases than young adults. We discuss how the development of executive functions might contribute to the manifestation of spatial biases during the lifespan. We present a model in which the interaction between the asymmetrical perceptual processes, the age-related development of the lateralised spatial attention and the development of the executive functions influence spatial perceptual performance and in which the development and decline of the executive processes during the lifespan modify the spatial biases.
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van der Ham IJ, Postma A, Laeng B. Lateralized perception: The role of attention in spatial relation processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 45:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Edler D, Bestgen AK, Kuchinke L, Dickmann F. Grids in topographic maps reduce distortions in the recall of learned object locations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98148. [PMID: 24869486 PMCID: PMC4037198 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, it has been shown that cognitive map representations based on cartographic visualisations are systematically distorted. The grid is a traditional element of map graphics that has rarely been considered in research on perception-based spatial distortions. Grids do not only support the map reader in finding coordinates or locations of objects, they also provide a systematic structure for clustering visual map information (“spatial chunks”). The aim of this study was to examine whether different cartographic kinds of grids reduce spatial distortions and improve recall memory for object locations. Recall performance was measured as both the percentage of correctly recalled objects (hit rate) and the mean distance errors of correctly recalled objects (spatial accuracy). Different kinds of grids (continuous lines, dashed lines, crosses) were applied to topographic maps. These maps were also varied in their type of characteristic areas (LANDSCAPE) and different information layer compositions (DENSITY) to examine the effects of map complexity. The study involving 144 participants shows that all experimental cartographic factors (GRID, LANDSCAPE, DENSITY) improve recall performance and spatial accuracy of learned object locations. Overlaying a topographic map with a grid significantly reduces the mean distance errors of correctly recalled map objects. The paper includes a discussion of a square grid's usefulness concerning object location memory, independent of whether the grid is clearly visible (continuous or dashed lines) or only indicated by crosses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Edler
- Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Lars Kuchinke
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frank Dickmann
- Department of Geography, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Meadmore KL, Liversedge SP, Wenger MJ, Donnelly N. Exploring the relationship between response time, sensitivity and bias in categorical and coordinate visuospatial processes: Evidence for hemispheric specialisation. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.903255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Alderson RM, Kasper LJ, Patros CHG, Hudec KL, Tarle SJ, Lea SE. Working memory deficits in boys with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): An examination of orthographic coding and episodic buffer processes. Child Neuropsychol 2014; 21:509-30. [PMID: 24830472 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2014.917618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The episodic buffer component of working memory was examined in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and typically developing peers (TD). Thirty-two children (ADHD = 16, TD = 16) completed three versions of a phonological working memory task that varied with regard to stimulus presentation modality (auditory, visual, or dual auditory and visual), as well as a visuospatial task. Children with ADHD experienced the largest magnitude working memory deficits when phonological stimuli were presented via a unimodal, auditory format. Their performance improved during visual and dual modality conditions but remained significantly below the performance of children in the TD group. In contrast, the TD group did not exhibit performance differences between the auditory- and visual-phonological conditions but recalled significantly more stimuli during the dual-phonological condition. Furthermore, relative to TD children, children with ADHD recalled disproportionately fewer phonological stimuli as set sizes increased, regardless of presentation modality. Finally, an examination of working memory components indicated that the largest magnitude between-group difference was associated with the central executive. Collectively, these findings suggest that ADHD-related working memory deficits reflect a combination of impaired central executive and phonological storage/rehearsal processes, as well as an impaired ability to benefit from bound multimodal information processed by the episodic buffer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matt Alderson
- a Department of Psychology , Oklahoma State University , Stillwater , Oklahoma , USA
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Hornung C, Schiltz C, Brunner M, Martin R. Predicting first-grade mathematics achievement: the contributions of domain-general cognitive abilities, nonverbal number sense, and early number competence. Front Psychol 2014; 5:272. [PMID: 24772098 PMCID: PMC3983481 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Early number competence, grounded in number-specific and domain-general cognitive abilities, is theorized to lay the foundation for later math achievement. Few longitudinal studies have tested a comprehensive model for early math development. Using structural equation modeling and mediation analyses, the present work examined the influence of kindergarteners' nonverbal number sense and domain-general abilities (i.e., working memory, fluid intelligence, and receptive vocabulary) and their early number competence (i.e., symbolic number skills) on first grade math achievement (i.e., arithmetic, shape and space skills, and number line estimation) assessed 1 year later. Latent regression models revealed that nonverbal number sense and working memory are central building blocks for developing early number competence in kindergarten and that early number competence is key for first grade math achievement. After controlling for early number competence, fluid intelligence significantly predicted arithmetic and number line estimation while receptive vocabulary significantly predicted shape and space skills. In sum we suggest that early math achievement draws on different constellations of number-specific and domain-general mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hornung
- Cognitive Science and Assessment, Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Schiltz
- Cognitive Science and Assessment, Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Martin Brunner
- Department for Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Romain Martin
- Cognitive Science and Assessment, Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, University of Luxembourg Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Franciotti R, D’Ascenzo S, Di Domenico A, Onofrj M, Tommasi L, Laeng B. Focusing narrowly or broadly attention when judging categorical and coordinate spatial relations: a MEG study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83434. [PMID: 24386197 PMCID: PMC3873295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We measured activity in the dorsal system of the human cortex with magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a matching-to-sample plus cueing paradigm, where participants judged the occurrence of changes in either categorical or coordinate spatial relations (e.g., exchanges of left versus right positions or changes in the relative distances) between images of pairs of animals. The attention window was primed in each trial to be either small or large by using cues that immediately preceded the matching image. In this manner, we could assess the modulatory effects of the scope of attention on the activity of the dorsal system of the human cortex during spatial relations processing. The MEG measurements revealed that large spatial cues yielded greater activations and longer peak latencies in the right inferior parietal lobe for coordinate trials, whereas small cues yielded greater activations and longer peak latencies in the left inferior parietal lobe for categorical trials. The activity in the superior parietal lobe, middle frontal gyrus, and visual cortex, was also modulated by the size of the spatial cues and by the type of spatial relation change. The present results support the theory that the lateralization of each kind of spatial processing hinges on differences in the sizes of regions of space attended to by the two hemispheres. In addition, the present findings are inconsistent with the idea of a right-hemispheric dominance for all kinds of challenging spatial tasks, since response times and accuracy rates showed that the categorical spatial relation task was more difficult than the coordinate task and the cortical activations were overall greater in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Franciotti
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
- ITAB, “G. d’Annunzio” University Foundation, Chieti, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Stefania D’Ascenzo
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Di Domenico
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Tommasi
- Department of Psychology, Humanities and Territory, G. d’Annunzio University, Chieti, Italy
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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van der Ham IJM, Dijkerman HC, van den Berg E. The effect of attentional scope on spatial relation processing: a case study. Neurocase 2013; 19:505-12. [PMID: 22853631 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2012.701640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Patient NC showed impairment on several tasks making use of coordinate spatial information, while categorical processing was at control level. Her assessment of local and global features of visual stimuli indicated that she had a local bias of attention, whereas controls showed a global bias. Her problems with coordinate tasks can be explained by this reduced global attentional focus. These findings confirm previous reports suggesting that the processing of categorical spatial relations benefits from a small scope of attention, whereas a relatively large scope of attention enhances coordinate spatial relation processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke J M van der Ham
- a Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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12
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Roseberry S, Göksun T, Hirsh-Pasek K, Golinkoff RM. Carving Categories in a Continuous World: Preverbal Infants Discriminate Categorical Changes Before Distance Changes in Dynamic Events. SPATIAL COGNITION AND COMPUTATION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13875868.2011.564338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Caffò AO, De Caro MF, Picucci L, Notarnicola A, Settanni A, Livrea P, Lancioni GE, Bosco A. Reorientation deficits are associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2012; 27:321-30. [PMID: 22815081 PMCID: PMC10845505 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512452035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Spatial memory can be impaired in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI). The present study investigates categorical spatial memory deficits using a virtual navigation-based reorientation task. METHODS Twenty-eight amnestic single domain and 23 amnestic multiple domain patients were compared with 53 healthy elderly controls on the performance of the virtual reorientation test (VReoT). RESULTS The reorientation performance of participants in both aMCI groups was significantly worse than that of controls suggesting that VReoT detects spatial memory deficits. No significant difference emerged between the 2 groups of patients. A subsequent receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that a score of 8 had a sensitivity of 80.4% and a specificity of 94.3% (area under the curve = 0.90). CONCLUSION The VReoT seemed to be accurate in differentiating patients with aMCI from controls and may represent an evaluation supplement for spatial memory deficits in prodromal stages of Alzheimer's dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro O. Caffò
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria F. De Caro
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luciana Picucci
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Notarnicola
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Settanni
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Livrea
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Giulio E. Lancioni
- Department of Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Bosco
- Department of Psychology and Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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van der Ham IJM, Duijndam MJA, Raemaekers M, van Wezel RJA, Oleksiak A, Postma A. Retinotopic mapping of categorical and coordinate spatial relation processing in early visual cortex. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38644. [PMID: 22723872 PMCID: PMC3378555 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial relations are commonly divided in two global classes. Categorical relations concern abstract relations which define areas of spatial equivalence, whereas coordinate relations are metric and concern exact distances. Categorical and coordinate relation processing are thought to rely on at least partially separate neurocognitive mechanisms, as reflected by differential lateralization patterns, in particular in the parietal cortex. In this study we address this textbook principle from a new angle. We studied retinotopic activation in early visual cortex, as a reflection of attentional distribution, in a spatial working memory task with either a categorical or a coordinate instruction. Participants were asked to memorize a dot position, with regard to a central cross, and to indicate whether a subsequent dot position matched the first dot position, either categorically (opposite quadrant of the cross) or coordinately (same distance to the centre of the cross). BOLD responses across the retinotopic maps of V1, V2, and V3 indicate that the spatial distribution of cortical activity was different for categorical and coordinate instructions throughout the retention interval; a more local focus was found during categorical processing, whereas focus was more global for coordinate processing. This effect was strongest for V3, approached significance in V2 and was absent in V1. Furthermore, during stimulus presentation the two instructions led to different levels of activation in V3 during stimulus encoding; a stronger increase in activity was found for categorical processing. Together this is the first demonstration that instructions for specific types of spatial relations may yield distinct attentional patterns which are already reflected in activity early in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke J M van der Ham
- Helmholtz Institute, Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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15
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van der Ham IJ, van Wezel RJ, Oleksiak A, van Zandvoort MJ, Frijns CJ, Jaap Kappelle L, Postma A. The effect of stimulus features on working memory of categorical and coordinate spatial relations in patients with unilateral brain damage. Cortex 2012; 48:737-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Distinct neural networks underlie encoding of categorical versus coordinate spatial relations during active navigation. Neuroimage 2012; 60:1630-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Effects of pointing on the recall of simultaneous and sequential visuospatial arrays: a role for retrieval strategies? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2011; 76:699-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0394-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Hornung C, Brunner M, Reuter RA, Martin R. Children's working memory: Its structure and relationship to fluid intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Fisk JE, Montgomery C, Hadjiefthyvoulou F. Visuospatial working memory impairment in current and previous ecstasy/polydrug users. Hum Psychopharmacol 2011; 26:313-21. [PMID: 22700465 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous research suggests that ecstasy users are impaired in processing visuospatial information. However, for the most part, the deficits observed appear to involve the recall and recognition of complex visual and geometric patterns. The present research sought to determine whether ecstasy use was associated with deficits in serial spatial recall and visuospatial working memory (VSWM). METHODS Thirty-eight current ecstasy/polydrug users, 16 previous ecstasy/polydrug users and 52 non ecstasy users completed serial simple spatial recall and VSWM tasks. RESULTS Both the current and previous users of ecstasy exhibited deficits on the VSWM task. Following controls for group differences in aspects of cannabis and cocaine use, the overall group effect fell to just below statistical significance. However, the difference contrast comparing users with nonusers continued to demonstrate a statistically significant ecstasy-related VSWM deficit. CONCLUSIONS Ecstasy users were impaired in processing visuospatial information especially under conditions of high processing demand. The results are consistent with ecstasy-related impairment either in the short-term posterior parietal and occipital area store or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex processes, which augment it under conditions of higher processing demands. Further research is needed to pinpoint the actual source of the ecstasy/polydrug-related VSWM deficits that have been observed here and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Fisk
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK.
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YOU XQ, LI J. Coordinate Spatial Relations Processing Based on Representation of Parameters. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2011. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2010.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Laeng B, Okubo M, Saneyoshi A, Michimata C. Processing Spatial Relations With Different Apertures of Attention. Cogn Sci 2010; 35:297-329. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1551-6709.2010.01139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Lateralization of spatial categories: A comparison of verbal and visuospatial categorical relations. Mem Cognit 2010; 38:582-90. [DOI: 10.3758/mc.38.5.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Park DC, Polk TA, Hebrank AC, Jenkins LJ. Age differences in default mode activity on easy and difficult spatial judgment tasks. Front Hum Neurosci 2010; 3:75. [PMID: 20126437 PMCID: PMC2814559 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.075.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The default network is a system of brain areas that are engaged when the mind is not involved in goal-directed activity. Most previous studies of age-related changes in default mode processing have used verbal tasks. We studied non-verbal spatial tasks that vary in difficulty. We presented old and young participants with two spatial judgment tasks: an easy categorical judgment and a more demanding coordinate judgment. We report that (a) Older adults show markedly less default network modulation than young on the demanding spatial task, but there is age equivalence on the easy task; (b) This Age × Task interaction is restricted to the default network: Brain areas that are deactivated by the tasks, but that are outside the default network, show no interaction; (c) Young adults exhibit significantly stronger functional connectivity among posterior regions of the default network compared with older adults, whereas older adults exhibit stronger connectivity between medial prefrontal cortex and other sites; and (d) The relationship of default activity to reaction time performance on the spatial tasks is mediated by age: in old adults, those who deactivate the default network most also perform best, whereas the opposite is true in younger adults. These results extend the findings of age-related changes in default mode processing and connectivity to visuo-spatial tasks and demonstrate that the results are specific to the default network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise C Park
- Center for Vital Longevity, University of Texas at Dallas Dallas, TX, USA
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Two qualitatively different impairments in making rotation operations. Cortex 2009; 47:166-79. [PMID: 19914616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that mental rotation is a cognitive process which engages a distributed cortical network including the frontal, premotor and parietal regions. Like other visual-spatial transformations it could require operations on both metric and categorical spatial representations. Previous reports have implicated respectively the right hemisphere being involved in the metric processing and the left hemisphere in the categorical processing. By using a modified version of the Bricolo et al.'s task (2000), we attempted to establish the cortical regions relevant for the categorical and metric aspects of mental rotation transformations. Two groups of patients were found to be impaired in our study, namely the left prefrontal and the right parietal. In particular, whereas the right parietal group made poor use of categorical information, the left prefrontal patients showed a broader mental rotation impairment with a significant number of metric errors. The results are discussed in terms of the model of Kosslyn et al. (1989) about the possible mental transformation impairments following brain lesions.
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Saneyoshi A, Michimata C. Lateralized effects of categorical and coordinate spatial processing of component parts on the recognition of 3D non-nameable objects. Brain Cogn 2009; 71:181-6. [PMID: 19800727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Participants performed two object-matching tasks for novel, non-nameable objects consisting of geons. For each original stimulus, two transformations were applied to create comparison stimuli. In the categorical transformation, a geon connected to geon A was moved to geon B. In the coordinate transformation, a geon connected to geon A was moved to a different position on geon A. The Categorical task consisted of the original and the categorically transformed objects. The Coordinate task consisted of the original and the coordinately transformed objects. The original object was presented to the central visual field, followed by a comparison object presented to the right or left visual half-fields (RVF and LVF). The results showed an RVF advantage for the Categorical task and an LVF advantage for the Coordinate task. The possibility that categorical and coordinate spatial processing subsystems would be basic computational elements for between- and within-category object recognition was discussed.
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van der Ham IJ, Raemaekers M, van Wezel RJ, Oleksiak A, Postma A. Categorical and coordinate spatial relations in working memory: An fMRI study. Brain Res 2009; 1297:70-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Do spatial directions, such as "to the right," influence the integration and segregation of information into situation models? According to a single-framework hypothesis, spatial location serves as an event framework, and spatial directions serve as relational information within that framework but do not establish separate sublocation frameworks. Alternatively, according to a fragmented-framework hypothesis, spatial directions lead the larger framework to be broken down such that each direction is treated as a separate sublocation, thereby producing retrieval interference. In three experiments, people memorized sentences about objects in locations. The results support the fragmented-framework hypothesis. Control conditions ruled out explanations based on the ease of memorization, retrieval demands, or sentence complexity.
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Oleksiak A, Postma A, van der Ham IJ, van Wezel RJ. Temporal dynamics of decisions on spatial categories and distances do not differ. Brain Cogn 2009; 69:209-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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