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Soballa P, Schöpper LM, Frings C, Merz S. Spatial biases in inhibition of return. VISUAL COGNITION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2023.2188336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
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2
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Malevich T, Buonocore A, Hafed ZM. Dependence of the stimulus-driven microsaccade rate signature in rhesus macaque monkeys on visual stimulus size and polarity. J Neurophysiol 2020; 125:282-295. [PMID: 33427577 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00304.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microsaccades have a steady rate of occurrence during maintained gaze fixation, which gets transiently modulated by abrupt sensory stimuli. Such modulation, characterized by a rapid reduction in microsaccade frequency followed by a stronger rebound phase of high microsaccade rate, is often described as the microsaccadic rate signature, owing to its stereotyped nature. Here, we investigated the impacts of stimulus polarity (luminance increments or luminance decrements relative to background luminance) and size on the microsaccadic rate signature. We presented brief, behaviorally irrelevant visual flashes consisting of large or small, white or black stimuli over an otherwise gray image background. Both large and small stimuli caused robust early microsaccadic inhibition, but postinhibition microsaccade rate rebound was significantly delayed and weakened for large stimuli when compared with small ones. Critically, small black stimuli were associated with stronger modulations in the microsaccade rate signature than small white stimuli, particularly in the postinhibition rebound phase, and black stimuli also amplified the incidence of early stimulus-directed microsaccades. Our results demonstrate that the microsaccadic rate signature is sensitive to stimulus size and polarity, and they point to dissociable neural mechanisms underlying early microsaccadic inhibition after stimulus onset and later microsaccadic rate rebound at longer times thereafter. These results also demonstrate early access of oculomotor control circuitry to diverse sensory representations, particularly for momentarily inhibiting saccade generation with short latencies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Microsaccade rate is transiently reduced after sudden stimulus onsets, and then strongly rebounds before returning to baseline. We explored the influence of stimulus polarity (black vs. white) and size on this "rate signature." Large stimuli caused more muted microsaccadic rebound than small ones, and microsaccadic rebound was also differentially affected by black versus white stimuli, particularly with small stimuli. These results suggest dissociated neural mechanisms for microsaccadic inhibition and rebound in the microsaccadic rate signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Malevich
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Neural and Behavioural Sciences, International Max-Planck Research School, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Antimo Buonocore
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ziad M Hafed
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany.,Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Tuebingen University, Tuebingen, Germany
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3
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Martín-Arévalo E, Funes MJ, Lupiáñez J. On the time course of spatial cueing: Dissociating between a set for fast reorienting and a set for cue-target segregation. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 203:103004. [PMID: 31935658 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tests whether two different manipulations leading to an earlier appearance of Inhibition of Return might operate by setting the system in different ways. Whereas the use of a range of very long SOAs has been proposed to set the system for an early reorienting of attention (Cheal & Chastain, 2002), introducing a distractor at the location opposite the target seems to induce a set to represent the cue and the target as separated events instead of the same event (Lupiáñez et al., 1999, 2001). The effects of these two manipulations were directly compared by using a spatial stroop paradigm. Although both manipulations altered the time course of cueing effects, we report here a pattern of critical dissociations: (i) the distractor manipulation was unique in introducing a shift towards more negative cueing affecting generally all levels of SOA, including the shortest 100 ms SOA; and (ii) the distractor manipulation, but not the range of SOAs, was also able to prevent the expected interaction between spatial stroop effects and cueing effects at the shortest SOA, typically found in previous experiments in the absence of a distractor (Funes et al., 2003). This pattern of dissociations is well accommodated into the hypothesis that these two attentional sets are different in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martín-Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain..
| | - María Jesús Funes
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
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4
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Martín-Arévalo E, Lupiáñez J, Narganes-Pineda C, Marino G, Colás I, Chica AB. The causal role of the left parietal lobe in facilitation and inhibition of return. Cortex 2019; 117:311-322. [PMID: 31185374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Following non-informative peripheral cues, responses are facilitated at the cued compared to the uncued location at short cue-target intervals. This effect reverses at longer intervals, giving rise to Inhibition of Return (IOR). The integration-segregation hypothesis (Lupiáñez, 2010) suggests that peripheral cues always produce an onset-detection cost regardless the behavioral cueing effect that is measured - either facilitation or IOR. In the present study, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to investigate the causal contribution of this detection cost to performance. We used a cueing paradigm with a target discrimination task that was preceded by a non-informative peripheral cue. The presence-absence of a central intervening event was manipulated. Online TMS to the left superior parietal lobe (compared to an active vertex stimulation) lead to an overall more positive effect (faster responses for cued as compared to uncued trials), by putatively impairing the detection cost contribution to performance. The data revealed a strong association between overall RT and the TMS effect, and also between overall RT and the integrity of the first branch of the left superior longitudinal fascicule. These results have critical implications not only for the open debate about the mechanism/s underlying spatial orienting effects, but also for the growing literature demonstrating that white matter connectivity is crucial for explaining inter-individual behavioral variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martín-Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
| | - J Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - C Narganes-Pineda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - G Marino
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - I Colás
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Ana B Chica
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
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5
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Pan F, Wu X, Zhang L, Ou Y. Inhibition of Return Is Modulated by Negative Stimuli: Evidence from Subliminal Perception. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1012. [PMID: 28676777 PMCID: PMC5477568 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) is considered as a “blindness mechanism” that emotional stimuli have no impact on it. Most previous studies suggested that IOR was not modulated by emotional cues. However, one key question they ignored was that only supraliminal presentation of emotional stimuli was used in their experiments. The present experiment is aimed at exploring the possible interaction between the IOR effect and subliminal emotional process. We manipulated three different kinds of valence strength of negative stimuli (high negative, HN; moderate negative, MN; low negative, LN) which were presented under the subliminal perception level and an event-related potentials (ERPs) recording was adopted. The results showed that, compared to MN and HN, the IOR effect triggered by peripheral cues was more significant for LN with aspects of behavioral and electrophysiological data (a reduction P1 effect, more negative on cued trials than on uncued trials for both early posterior Nd and Nd components). This indicated that IOR can be modulated by emotionally relevant stimuli. The automatic processing that was triggered by subliminally negative stimuli of peripheral cues had an influence on the shifting of spatial attention that was triggered by IOR. These two mechanisms may occur in the perceptual stage simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fada Pan
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Xiaogang Wu
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
| | - Yuhong Ou
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Education Science, Nantong UniversityNantong, China
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6
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Herreros L, Lambert AJ, Chica AB. Orienting of attention with and without cue awareness. Neuropsychologia 2017; 99:165-171. [PMID: 28284987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many cognitive processes operate without consciousness, and exogenous attentional capture seems to be one of them. While endogenously attending to the opposite location of a cue cannot occur without cue awareness, attending the cued location in an exogenous or stimulus driven form can occur even when participants are not aware of the presence of the cue (McCormick, 1997). Orienting attention to a specific location shortens reaction times to supra-threshold stimuli, and increases the likelihood of consciously perceiving near-threshold stimuli in that location. Effects of unconscious cues have mostly been demonstrated in reaction times to supra-threshold targets. In some studies, unconscious cues were perceptually less salient than conscious cues, which introduced a confound between cue awareness and cue saliency. In the present study, we used near-threshold cues and targets, which were titrated to be consciously perceived in ~50% of the trials, therefore eliminating the cue saliency confound. Moreover, we explored for the first time the effects of cue awareness on the conscious perception of subsequently presented near-threshold targets. Our results demonstrate that when cues and targets did not spatially overlap, conscious cues enhanced target localization when they appeared near the target location. In contrast, non-consciously perceived cues impaired target localization when they appeared near the target location, producing a cost in detecting subsequently presented near-threshold targets. This indicates that attentional orienting by unconscious cues cannot be accounted for by the idea that attention modulates perceptual representations, boosting them nearer to the conscious threshold. Rather, the effect of unconscious cues on target localization is qualitatively different to that elicited by conscious cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Herreros
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
| | - Anthony J Lambert
- School of Psychology, and Research Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ana B Chica
- Department of Experimental Psychology, and Brain, Mind, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain.
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Smith DT, Ball K, Swalwell R, Schenk T. Reprint of: Object-based attentional facilitation and inhibition are neuropsychologically dissociated. Neuropsychologia 2016; 92:51-58. [PMID: 27863703 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Salient peripheral cues produce a transient shift of attention which is superseded by a sustained inhibitory effect. Cueing part of an object produces an inhibitory cueing effect (ICE) that spreads throughout the object. In dynamic scenes the ICE stays with objects as they move. We examined object-centred attentional facilitation and inhibition in a patient with visual form agnosia. There was no evidence of object-centred attentional facilitation. In contrast, object-centred ICE was observed in 3 out of 4 tasks. These inhibitory effects were strongest where cues to objecthood were highly salient. These data are evidence of a neuropsychological dissociation between the facilitatory and inhibitory effects of attentional cueing. From a theoretical perspective the findings suggest that 'grouped arrays' are sufficient for object-based inhibition, but insufficient to generate object-centred attentional facilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Queens Campus, Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH, UK.
| | - Keira Ball
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Queens Campus, Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Robert Swalwell
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Queens Campus, Stockton on Tees TS17 6BH, UK
| | - Thomas Schenk
- Klinische Neuropsychologie, Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Leopoldstraße 13, 80802 Munich, Germany
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8
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Chiau HY, Muggleton NG, Juan CH. Exploring the contributions of the supplementary eye field to subliminal inhibition using double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:339-351. [PMID: 27611342 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the supplementary eye fields (SEF) are involved in the control of voluntary eye movements. However, recent evidence suggests that SEF may also be important for unconscious and involuntary motor processes. Indeed, Sumner et al. ([2007]: Neuron 54:697-711) showed that patients with micro-lesions of the SEF demonstrated an absence of subliminal inhibition as evoked by masked-prime stimuli. Here, we used double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in healthy volunteers to investigate the role of SEF in subliminal priming. We applied double-pulse TMS at two time windows in a masked-prime task: the first during an early phase, 20-70 ms after the onset of the mask but before target presentation, during which subliminal inhibition is present; and the second during a late phase, 20-70 ms after target onset, during which the saccade is being prepared. We found no effect of TMS with the early time window of stimulation, whereas a reduction in the benefit of an incompatible subliminal prime stimulus was found when SEF TMS was applied at the late time window. These findings suggest that there is a role for SEF related to the effects of subliminal primes on eye movements, but the results do not support a role in inhibiting the primed tendency. Hum Brain Mapp 38:339-351, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yan Chiau
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Neil G Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
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9
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Smith DT, Ball K, Swalwell R, Schenk T. Object-based attentional facilitation and inhibition are neuropsychologically dissociated. Neuropsychologia 2016; 80:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Albares M, Lio G, Boulinguez P. Tracking markers of response inhibition in electroencephalographic data: why should we and how can we go beyond the N2 component? Rev Neurosci 2015; 26:461-78. [PMID: 25915079 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2014-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Response inhibition is a pivotal component of executive control, which is especially difficult to assess. Indeed, it is a substantial challenge to gauge brain-behavior relationships because this function is precisely intended to suppress overt measurable behaviors. A further complication is that no single neuroimaging method has been found that can disentangle the accurate time-course of concurrent excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. Here, we argue that this objective can be achieved with electroencephalography (EEG) on some conditions. Based on a systematic review, we emphasize that the standard event-related potential N2 (N200) is not an appropriate marker of prepotent response inhibition. We provide guidelines for assessing the cortical brain dynamics of response inhibition with EEG. This includes the combined use of inseparable data processing steps (source separation, source localization, and single-trial and time-frequency analyses) as well as the amendment of the classical experimental designs to enable the recording of different kinds of electrophysiological activity predicted by different models of response inhibition. We conclude with an illustration based on recent findings of how fruitful this approach can be.
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11
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12
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Zhao Y, Heinke D. What causes IOR? Attention or perception? - manipulating cue and target luminance in either blocked or mixed condition. Vision Res 2014; 105:37-46. [PMID: 25199608 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to the performance disadvantage when detecting a target presented at a previously cued location. The current paper contributes to the long-standing debate whether IOR is caused by attentional processing or perceptual processing. We present a series of four experiments which varied the cue luminance in mixed and blocked conditions. We hypothesised that if inhibition was initialized by an attentional process the size of IOR should not vary in the blocked condition as participants should be able to adapt to the level of cue luminance. However, if a perceptual process triggers inhibition both experimental manipulations should lead to varying levels of IOR. Indeed, we found evidence for the latter hypothesis. In addition, we also varied the target luminance in blocked and mixed condition. Both manipulations, cue luminance and target luminance, affected IOR in an additive fashion suggesting that the two stimuli affect human behaviour on different processing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Dietmar Heinke
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This study tested the possible relationship between reported visual awareness ("I see a visual stimulus in front of me") and the social attribution of awareness to someone else ("That person is aware of an object next to him"). Subjects were tested in two steps. First, in an fMRI experiment, subjects were asked to attribute states of awareness to a cartoon face. Activity associated with this task was found bilaterally within the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) among other areas. Second, the TPJ was transiently disrupted using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). When the TMS was targeted to the same cortical sites that had become active during the social attribution task, the subjects showed symptoms of visual neglect in that their detection of visual stimuli was significantly affected. In control trials, when TMS was targeted to nearby cortical sites that had not become active during the social attribution task, no significant effect on visual detection was found. These results suggest that there may be at least some partial overlap in brain mechanisms that participate in the social attribution of sensory awareness to other people and in attributing sensory awareness to oneself.
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Task dependent modulation of exogenous attention: Effects of target duration and intervening events. Atten Percept Psychophys 2013; 75:1148-60. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-013-0481-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Inhibition of return at foveal and extrafoveal locations: re-assessing the evidence. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 141:281-6. [PMID: 23072937 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of return (IOR) has been described as a hallmark of externally controlled orienting of attention using extrafoveal cues and targets. This paper describes an IOR like inhibition of reaction time for the detection of targets at the fovea that cannot be explained by shift of covert attention. This foveal RT inhibition adds to the evidence that challenges the view of IOR-like phenomena as obligatory expressions of orienting and attentional control.
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Inhibition of return: a "depth-blind" mechanism? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2012; 140:75-80. [PMID: 22465912 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When attention is oriented to a peripheral visual event, observers respond faster to stimuli presented at a cued location than at an uncued location. Following initial reaction time facilitation responses are slower to stimuli subsequently displayed at the cued location, an effect known as inhibition of return (IOR). Both facilitatory and inhibitory effects have been extensively investigated in two-dimensional space. Facilitation has also been documented in three-dimensional space, however the presence of IOR in 3D space is unclear, possibly because IOR has not been evaluated in an empty 3D space. Determining if IOR is sensitive to the depth plane of stimuli or if only their bi-dimensional location is inhibited may clarify the nature of the IOR. To address this issue, we used an attentional cueing paradigm in three-dimensional (3D) space. Results were obtained from fourteen participants showed IOR components in 3D space when binocular disparity was used to induce depth. We conclude that attentional orienting in depth operates as efficiently as in the bi-dimensional space.
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Chica AB, Botta F, Lupiáñez J, Bartolomeo P. Spatial attention and conscious perception: Interactions and dissociations between and within endogenous and exogenous processes. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:621-9. [PMID: 22266110 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Chica
- INSERM-UPMC UMRS 975, Brain and Spine Institute, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
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Criaud M, Wardak C, Ben Hamed S, Ballanger B, Boulinguez P. Proactive inhibitory control of response as the default state of executive control. Front Psychol 2012; 3:59. [PMID: 22403563 PMCID: PMC3293188 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Refraining from reacting does not only involve reactive inhibitory mechanisms. It was recently found that inhibitory control also relies strongly on proactive mechanisms. However, since most available studies have focused on reactive stopping, little is known about how proactive inhibition of response is implemented. Two behavioral experiments were conducted to identify the temporal dynamics of this executive function. They manipulated respectively the time during which inhibitory control must be sustained until a stimulus occurs, and the time limit allowed to set up inhibition before a stimulus occurs. The results show that inhibitory control is not set up after but before instruction, and is not transient and sporadic but sustained across time. Consistent with our previous neuroimaging findings, these results suggest that proactive inhibition of response is the default mode of executive control. This implies that top-down control of sensorimotor reactivity would consist of a temporary release (up to several seconds), when appropriate (when the environment becomes predictable), of the default locking state. This conclusion is discussed with regard to current anatomo-functional models of inhibitory control, and to methodological features of studies of attention and sensorimotor control.
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Zhao Y, Humphreys GW, Heinke D. A biased-competition approach to spatial cueing: Combining empirical studies and computational modelling. VISUAL COGNITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2012.655806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Spatial attention and conscious perception: the role of endogenous and exogenous orienting. Atten Percept Psychophys 2011; 73:1065-81. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-010-0082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Peripheral cues trigger attention shifts, which facilitate perceptual processing and enhance visual awareness. However, this facilitation is superseded by an inhibition of return (IOR) effect, which biases attention away from the cued location. While the link between facilitatory effects of visual attention and awareness is well established, no study has reported negative effects of spatial cueing on visual awareness. This failure is puzzling, given the claim that attention is a necessary precondition for awareness. If attention is necessary for awareness, inhibiting attention should also inhibit awareness. This leads to a slightly counterintuitive prediction: Spatial cueing will inhibit awareness at long cue–target latencies. This study shows that subliminal peripheral cues exaggerate change blindness at long cue–change latencies, demonstrating that IOR can suppress visual awareness of changes and suggesting that IOR can directly affect the contents of consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Smith
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Wolfson Research Institute, University of Durham, Stockton on Tees, UK
| | - Thomas Schenk
- Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, Wolfson Research Institute, University of Durham, Stockton on Tees, UK
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Unconscious attentional orienting to exogenous cues: A review of the literature. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2010; 134:299-309. [PMID: 20378092 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper reviews research that focuses on the dissociation between bottom-up attention and consciousness. In particular, we focus on studies investigating spatial exogenous orienting in the absence of awareness. We discuss studies that use peripheral masked onset cues and studies that use gaze cueing. The results from these studies show that the classic biphasic pattern of facilitation and inhibition, which is characteristic of conscious exogenous cueing can also be obtained with subliminal spatial cues. It is hypothesized that unconscious attentional orienting is mediated by the subcortical retinotectal pathway. Moreover, a possible neural network including superior colliculus, pulvinar and amygdala is suggested as the underlying mechanism.
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Chica AB, Lasaponara S, Lupiáñez J, Doricchi F, Bartolomeo P. Exogenous attention can capture perceptual consciousness: ERP and behavioural evidence. Neuroimage 2010; 51:1205-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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DENG XH, ZHANG DX, HUANG SX, YUAN W, ZHOU XL. Effects of Supra- and Sub-liminal Emotional Cues on Inhibition of Return. ACTA PSYCHOLOGICA SINICA 2010. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1041.2010.00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Natale E, Marzi CA, Macaluso E. FMRI correlates of visuo-spatial reorienting investigated with an attention shifting double-cue paradigm. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:2367-81. [PMID: 19034897 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of visuo-spatial attention entails the joint contribution of goal-directed (endogenous) and stimulus-driven (exogenous) factors. However, little is known about the neural bases of the interplay between these two mechanisms. To address this issue, we presented endogenous (spatially informative) and exogenous (noninformative) visual cues sequentially within the same trial (double-cue paradigm) during fMRI, crossing factorially the validity of the two cues. We found that both endogenous and exogenous cues affected behavioral performance, speeding-up or slowing-down target discrimination when valid and invalid, respectively. Despite the double-cue paradigm maximizes the interplay between endogenous and exogenous factors, the two types of cue affected responses in an independent manner without any significant effect of congruence. The imaging data revealed increased activation in separate cortical areas following invalid endogenous and invalid exogenous cues. A fronto-parietal system was activated during invalid endogenous trials, whereas a region at the temporo-occipital junction was activated during invalid exogenous trials. Within both circuits, activity was unaffected by the validity of the other cue. These results indicate the existence of separate, noninteracting neural circuits for endogenous and exogenous reorienting of visuo-spatial attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Natale
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
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Boulinguez P, Ballanger B, Granjon L, Benraiss A. The paradoxical effect of warning on reaction time: Demonstrating proactive response inhibition with event-related potentials. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:730-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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