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Contemori G, Meneghini G, Battaglini L. An Illusory Motion in Stationary Stimuli Alters Their Perceived Duration. Vision (Basel) 2023; 7:61. [PMID: 37756135 PMCID: PMC10537486 DOI: 10.3390/vision7030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite having equal duration, stimuli in physical motion are perceived to last longer than static ones. Here, we investigate whether illusory motion stimuli produce a time-dilation effect similar to physical motion. Participants performed a duration discrimination task that compared the perceived duration of static stimuli with and without illusory motion to a reference stimulus. In the first experiment, we observed a 4% increase in the number of "longer" responses for the illusory motion images than static stimuli with equal duration. The time-dilation effect, quantified as a shift in the Point of Subjective Equality (PSE), was approximately 55 ms for a 2-second stimulus. Although small, the effect was replicated in a second experiment in which the total number of standard-duration repetitions was reduced from 73 to 19. In the third experiment, we found a positive linear trend between the strength of the illusory motion and the magnitude of the time-dilation effect. These results demonstrate that, similar to physical motion stimuli, illusory motion stimuli are perceived to last longer than static stimuli. Furthermore, the strength of the illusion influences the extent of the lengthening of perceived duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Contemori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Giulia Meneghini
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Battaglini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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2
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Xie T, Wei Y. Effects of temporal order and relative location on distractor interference in visual working memory. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04079-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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3
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Beynel L, Appelbaum LG, Luber B, Crowell CA, Hilbig SA, Lim W, Nguyen D, Chrapliwy NA, Davis SW, Cabeza R, Lisanby SH, Deng ZD. Effects of online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cognitive processing: A meta-analysis and recommendations for future studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:47-58. [PMID: 31473301 PMCID: PMC7654714 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), applied while subjects are performing a task, is widely used to disrupt brain regions underlying cognition. However, online rTMS has also induced "paradoxical enhancement". Given the rapid proliferation of this approach, it is crucial to develop a better understanding of how online stimulation influences cognition, and the optimal parameters to achieve desired effects. To accomplish this goal, a quantitative meta-analysis was performed with random-effects models fitted to reaction time (RT) and accuracy data. The final dataset included 126 studies published between 1998 and 2016, with 244 total effects for reaction times, and 202 for accuracy. Meta-analytically, rTMS at 10 Hz and 20 Hz disrupted accuracy for attention, executive, language, memory, motor, and perception domains, while no effects were found with 1 Hz or 5 Hz. Stimulation applied at and 10 and 20 Hz slowed down RTs in attention and perception tasks. No performance enhancement was found. Meta-regression analysis showed that fMRI-guided targeting and short inter-trial intervals are associated with increased disruptive effects with rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysianne Beynel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lawrence G Appelbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bruce Luber
- Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Courtney A Crowell
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Susan A Hilbig
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Wesley Lim
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Duy Nguyen
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nicolas A Chrapliwy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Simon W Davis
- Department of Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Roberto Cabeza
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sarah H Lisanby
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Zhi-De Deng
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States; Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit, Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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4
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Abstract
In a series of four experiments, standard visual search was used to explore whether the onset of illusory motion pre-attentively guides vision in the same way that the onset of real-motion is known to do. Participants searched for target stimuli based on Akiyoshi Kitaoka's classic illusions, configured so that they either did or did not give the subjective impression of illusory motion. Distractor items always contained the same elements as target items, but did not convey a sense of illusory motion. When target items contained illusory motion, they popped-out, with flat search slopes that were independent of set size. Search for control items without illusory motion - but with identical structural differences to distractors - was slow and serial in nature (> 200 ms/item). Using a nulling task, we estimated the speed of illusory rotation in our displays to be approximately 2 °/s. Direct comparison of illusory and real-motion targets moving with matched velocity showed that illusory motion targets were detected more quickly. Blurred target items that conveyed a weak subjective impression of illusory motion gave rise to serial but faster (< 100 ms/item) search than control items. Our behavioral findings of parallel detection across the visual field, together with previous imaging and neurophysiological studies, suggests that relatively early cortical areas play a causal role in the perception of illusory motion. Furthermore, we hope to re-emphasize the way in which visual search can be used as a flexible, objective measure of illusion strength.
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Directional bias of illusory stream caused by relative motion adaptation. Vision Res 2016; 124:34-43. [PMID: 27286920 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Enigma is an op-art painting that elicits an illusion of rotational streaming motion. In the present study, we tested whether adaptation to various motion configurations that included relative motion components could be reflected in the directional bias of the illusory stream. First, participants viewed the center of a rotating Enigma stimulus for adaptation. There was no physical motion on the ring area. During the adaptation period, the illusory stream on the ring was mainly seen in the direction opposite to that of the physical rotation. After the physical rotation stopped, the illusory stream on the ring was mainly seen in the same direction as that of the preceding physical rotation. Moreover, adapting to strong relative motion induced a strong bias in the illusory motion direction in the subsequently presented static Enigma stimulus. The results suggest that relative motion detectors corresponding to the ring area may produce the illusory stream of Enigma.
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7
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Gori S, Molteni M, Facoetti A. Visual Illusions: An Interesting Tool to Investigate Developmental Dyslexia and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:175. [PMID: 27199702 PMCID: PMC4842763 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A visual illusion refers to a percept that is different in some aspect from the physical stimulus. Illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision, telling us, indirectly, how the brain processes visual stimuli. There are some neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by visual deficits. Surprisingly, just a few studies investigated illusory perception in clinical populations. Our aim is to review the literature supporting a possible role for visual illusions in helping us understand the visual deficits in developmental dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder. Future studies could develop new tools - based on visual illusions - to identify an early risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of BergamoBergamo, Italy
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
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Yeganeh M, Rasouli S. Investigation of the moiré patterns of defected radial and circular gratings using the reciprocal vectors approach. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2016; 33:416-425. [PMID: 26974911 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.33.000416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, an investigation on the moiré patterns of superimpositions of two radial or two circular gratings consisting of topological defects and their mutual superimpositions with each other, or with linear forked gratings or defected zone plates, is presented. For characterization of the resulting moiré patterns, we use the reciprocal vectors approach. In this approach, by considering local spatial frequencies for the superimposed structures, their reciprocal vectors are determined from the transmission function of the structures. The local reciprocal vector of the resulting moiré pattern at a given point is determined in terms of the local reciprocal vectors of the superimposed structures defined at the same point. In this approach, the topological singularities of the superimposed structures are described by the azimuthal component of the reciprocal vectors. This formulation is very simple, uniform, and comprehensive. In this work, we offer a detailed discussion on the different resulting moiré patterns for the above-mentioned superimpositions and some potential applications of the proposed superimpositions are introduced. In addition, different resulting moiré patterns are simulated.
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O’Hare L, Clarke ADF, Pollux PMJ. VEP Responses to Op-Art Stimuli. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139400. [PMID: 26422207 PMCID: PMC4589386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several types of striped patterns have been reported to cause adverse sensations described as visual discomfort. Previous research using op-art-based stimuli has demonstrated that spurious eye movement signals can cause the experience of illusory motion, or shimmering effects, which might be perceived as uncomfortable. Whilst the shimmering effects are one cause of discomfort, another possible contributor to discomfort is excessive neural responses: As striped patterns do not have the statistical redundancy typical of natural images, they are perhaps unable to be encoded efficiently. If this is the case, then this should be seen in the amplitude of the EEG response. This study found that stimuli that were judged to be most comfortable were also those with the lowest EEG amplitude. This provides some support for the idea that excessive neural responses might also contribute to discomfort judgements in normal populations, in stimuli controlled for perceived contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise O’Hare
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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“Shall We Play a Game?”: Improving Reading Through Action Video Games in Developmental Dyslexia. CURRENT DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40474-015-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Gori S, Seitz AR, Ronconi L, Franceschini S, Facoetti A. Multiple Causal Links Between Magnocellular-Dorsal Pathway Deficit and Developmental Dyslexia. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:4356-4369. [PMID: 26400914 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Although impaired auditory-phonological processing is the most popular explanation of developmental dyslexia (DD), the literature shows that the combination of several causes rather than a single factor contributes to DD. Functioning of the visual magnocellular-dorsal (MD) pathway, which plays a key role in motion perception, is a much debated, but heavily suspected factor contributing to DD. Here, we employ a comprehensive approach that incorporates all the accepted methods required to test the relationship between the MD pathway dysfunction and DD. The results of 4 experiments show that (1) Motion perception is impaired in children with dyslexia in comparison both with age-match and with reading-level controls; (2) pre-reading visual motion perception-independently from auditory-phonological skill-predicts future reading development, and (3) targeted MD trainings-not involving any auditory-phonological stimulation-leads to improved reading skill in children and adults with DD. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, a causal relationship between MD deficits and DD, virtually closing a 30-year long debate. Since MD dysfunction can be diagnosed much earlier than reading and language disorders, our findings pave the way for low resource-intensive, early prevention programs that could drastically reduce the incidence of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo 24129, Italy Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy
| | - Aaron R Seitz
- Department of Psychology, University of California - Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Luca Ronconi
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Sandro Franceschini
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea", Bosisio Parini, Lecco 23842, Italy Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padova 35131, Italy
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12
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Agrillo C, Gori S, Beran MJ. Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perceive illusory motion? Anim Cogn 2015; 18:895-910. [PMID: 25812828 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-015-0860-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, visual illusions have been used repeatedly to understand similarities and differences in visual perception of human and non-human animals. However, nearly all studies have focused only on illusions not related to motion perception, and to date, it is unknown whether non-human primates perceive any kind of motion illusion. In the present study, we investigated whether rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perceived one of the most popular motion illusions in humans, the Rotating Snake illusion (RSI). To this purpose, we set up four experiments. In Experiment 1, subjects initially were trained to discriminate static versus dynamic arrays. Once reaching the learning criterion, they underwent probe trials in which we presented the RSI and a control stimulus identical in overall configuration with the exception that the order of the luminance sequence was changed in a way that no apparent motion is perceived by humans. The overall performance of monkeys indicated that they spontaneously classified RSI as a dynamic array. Subsequently, we tested adult humans in the same task with the aim of directly comparing the performance of human and non-human primates (Experiment 2). In Experiment 3, we found that monkeys can be successfully trained to discriminate between the RSI and a control stimulus. Experiment 4 showed that a simple change in luminance sequence in the two arrays could not explain the performance reported in Experiment 3. These results suggest that some rhesus monkeys display a human-like perception of this motion illusion, raising the possibility that the neurocognitive systems underlying motion perception may be similar between human and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agrillo
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131, Padova, Italy,
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13
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Costela FM, Otero-Millan J, McCamy MB, Macknik SL, Troncoso XG, Jazi AN, Crook SM, Martinez-Conde S. Fixational eye movement correction of blink-induced gaze position errors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110889. [PMID: 25333481 PMCID: PMC4205003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our eyes move continuously. Even when we attempt to fix our gaze, we produce “fixational” eye movements including microsaccades, drift and tremor. The potential role of microsaccades versus drifts in the control of eye position has been debated for decades and remains in question today. Here we set out to determine the corrective functions of microsaccades and drifts on gaze-position errors due to blinks in non-human primates (Macaca mulatta) and humans. Our results show that blinks contribute to the instability of gaze during fixation, and that microsaccades, but not drifts, correct fixation errors introduced by blinks. These findings provide new insights about eye position control during fixation, and indicate a more general role of microsaccades in fixation correction than thought previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco M. Costela
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Graduate program in Neuroscience, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jorge Otero-Millan
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael B. McCamy
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen L. Macknik
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
| | - Xoana G. Troncoso
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Unité de Neuroscience, Information et Complexité (CNRS-UNIC), UPR CNRS 3293, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ali Najafian Jazi
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Sharon M. Crook
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Susana Martinez-Conde
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gori S, Mascheretti S, Giora E, Ronconi L, Ruffino M, Quadrelli E, Facoetti A, Marino C. The DCDC2 Intron 2 Deletion Impairs Illusory Motion Perception Unveiling the Selective Role of Magnocellular-Dorsal Stream in Reading (Dis)ability. Cereb Cortex 2014; 25:1685-95. [PMID: 25270309 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Sara Mascheretti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Enrico Giora
- Faculty of Psychology, "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Ronconi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Milena Ruffino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Ermanno Quadrelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Cecilia Marino
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada G1J 2G3 Département de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada G1V 0A6
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Gori S, Agrillo C, Dadda M, Bisazza A. Do fish perceive illusory motion? Sci Rep 2014; 4:6443. [PMID: 25246001 PMCID: PMC4171700 DOI: 10.1038/srep06443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Motion illusion refers to a perception of motion that is absent or different in the physical stimulus. These illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision because they tell us, indirectly, how we process motion. There is general agreement in ascribing motion illusion to higher-level processing in the visual cortex, but debate remains about the exact role of eye movements and cortical networks in triggering it. Surprisingly, there have been no studies investigating global illusory motion evoked by static patterns in animal species other than humans. Herein, we show that fish perceive one of the most studied motion illusions, the Rotating Snakes. Fish responded similarly to real and illusory motion. The demonstration that complex global illusory motion is not restricted to humans and can be found even in species that do not have a cortex paves the way to develop animal models to study the neurobiological bases of motion perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- 1] Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience lab, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua [2] Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Scientific Institute "E. Medea, " Bosisio Parini, Lecco
| | - Christian Agrillo
- Comparative Psychology Research Group, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Marco Dadda
- Comparative Psychology Research Group, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
| | - Angelo Bisazza
- Comparative Psychology Research Group, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua
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Bai Y, Ito H. Effect of surrounding texture on the pursuit-pursuing illusion. Iperception 2014; 5:20-40. [PMID: 25165514 PMCID: PMC4130505 DOI: 10.1068/i0597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pursuit-pursuing illusion is a visual illusion where a circular object placed in the centre of a radial pattern consisting of thin sectors is seen to move in the pursuit eye movement direction. The present study investigates the role of the surrounding texture, replacing the sectors with random dots or stripes in an orientation that was orthogonal, parallel or oblique to the pursuit direction. The experiments demonstrate that the acquired illusory effect was large for the orthogonal stripes. However, each surrounding texture produces a relatively smaller effect than the radial sectors. These results suggest that a hypothesis based on the property of a centre-surround relative-motion detector cannot fully explain the illusion and that the radial stimulus structure itself plays an important role in this illusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Bai
- Department of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi 815-8540, Japan; e-mail:
| | - Hiroyuki Ito
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi 815-8540, Japan; Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka-shi 815-8540, Japan; e-mail:
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17
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Gori S, Cecchini P, Bigoni A, Molteni M, Facoetti A. Magnocellular-dorsal pathway and sub-lexical route in developmental dyslexia. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:460. [PMID: 25009484 PMCID: PMC4068287 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although developmental dyslexia (DD) is frequently associate with a phonological deficit, the underlying neurobiological cause remains undetermined. Recently, a new model, called "temporal sampling framework" (TSF), provided an innovative prospect in the DD study. TSF suggests that deficits in syllabic perception at a specific temporal frequencies are the critical basis for the poor reading performance in DD. This approach was presented as a possible neurobiological substrate of the phonological deficit of DD but the TSF can also easily be applied to the visual modality deficits. The deficit in the magnocellular-dorsal (M-D) pathway - often found in individuals with DD - fits well with a temporal oscillatory deficit specifically related to this visual pathway. This study investigated the visual M-D and parvocellular-ventral (P-V) pathways in dyslexic and in chronological age and IQ-matched normally reading children by measuring temporal (frequency doubling illusion) and static stimuli sensitivity, respectively. A specific deficit in M-D temporal oscillation was found. Importantly, the M-D deficit was selectively shown in poor phonological decoders. M-D deficit appears to be frequent because 75% of poor pseudo-word readers were at least 1 SD below the mean of the controls. Finally, a replication study by using a new group of poor phonological decoders and reading level controls suggested a crucial role of M-D deficit in DD. These results showed that a M-D deficit might impair the sub-lexical mechanisms that are critical for reading development. The possible link between these findings and TSF is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy ; Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Istituto Scientifico "E. Medea" di Bosisio Parini Lecco, Italy
| | - Paolo Cecchini
- Ophthalmological Unit, Istituto Scientifico "E. Medea" di San Vito al Tagliamento Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Bigoni
- Ophthalmological Unit, Istituto Scientifico "E. Medea" di San Vito al Tagliamento Pordenone, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Istituto Scientifico "E. Medea" di Bosisio Parini Lecco, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, Università degli Studi di Padova Padova, Italy ; Developmental Neuropsychology Unit, Istituto Scientifico "E. Medea" di Bosisio Parini Lecco, Italy
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Perceptual learning as a possible new approach for remediation and prevention of developmental dyslexia. Vision Res 2014; 99:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Masuda T, Sato K, Murakoshi T, Utsumi K, Kimura A, Shirai N, Kanazawa S, Yamaguchi MK, Wada Y. Perception of elasticity in the kinetic illusory object with phase differences in inducer motion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78621. [PMID: 24205281 PMCID: PMC3808284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is known that subjective contours are perceived even when a figure involves motion. However, whether this includes the perception of rigidity or deformation of an illusory surface remains unknown. In particular, since most visual stimuli used in previous studies were generated in order to induce illusory rigid objects, the potential perception of material properties such as rigidity or elasticity in these illusory surfaces has not been examined. Here, we elucidate whether the magnitude of phase difference in oscillation influences the visual impressions of an object's elasticity (Experiment 1) and identify whether such elasticity perceptions are accompanied by the shape of the subjective contours, which can be assumed to be strongly correlated with the perception of rigidity (Experiment 2). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In Experiment 1, the phase differences in the oscillating motion of inducers were controlled to investigate whether they influenced the visual impression of an illusory object's elasticity. The results demonstrated that the impression of the elasticity of an illusory surface with subjective contours was systematically flipped with the degree of phase difference. In Experiment 2, we examined whether the subjective contours of a perceived object appeared linear or curved using multi-dimensional scaling analysis. The results indicated that the contours of a moving illusory object were perceived as more curved than linear in all phase-difference conditions. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that the phase difference in an object's motion is a significant factor in the material perception of motion-related elasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Masuda
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Department of Psychology, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuma Murakoshi
- Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, RIKEN BSI-TOYOTA Collaboration Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ken Utsumi
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kimura
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Information Environment, Tokyo Denki University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobu Shirai
- Department of Psychology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - So Kanazawa
- Department of Psychology, Japan Women's University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yuji Wada
- Food Function Division, National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Ibaraki, Japan
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Huang LT, Wong AMK, Chen CPC, Chang WH, Cheng JW, Lin YR, Pei YC. Global motion percept mediated through integration of barber poles presented in bilateral visual hemifields. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74032. [PMID: 24009764 PMCID: PMC3756956 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How is motion information that has been obtained through multiple viewing apertures integrated to form a global motion percept? We investigated the mechanisms of motion integration across apertures in two hemifields by presenting gratings through two rectangles (that form the dual barber poles) and recording the perceived direction of motion by human observers. To this end, we presented dual barber poles in conditions with various inter-component distances between the apertures and evaluated the degree to which the hemifield information was integrated by measuring the magnitude of the perceived barber pole illusion. Surprisingly, when the inter-component distance between the two apertures was short, the perceived direction of motion of the dual barber poles was similar to that of a single barber pole formed by the concatenation of the two component barber poles, indicating motion integration is achieved through a simple concatenation mechanism. We then presented dual barber poles in which the motion and contour properties of the two component barber poles differed to characterize the constraints underlying cross-hemifield integration. We found that integration is achieved only when phase, speed, wavelength, temporal frequency, and duty cycle are identical in the two barber poles, but can remain robust when the contrast of the two component barber poles differs substantially. We concluded that a motion stimulus presented in bilateral hemifields tends to be integrated to yield a global percept with a substantial tolerance for spatial distance and contrast difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ting Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Alice M. K. Wong
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Carl P. C. Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Wen Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ru Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Pei
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) is a unique method for studying cognitive function. For the study of cognition, NIBS has gained popularity as a complementary method to functional neuroimaging. By bypassing the correlative approaches of standard imaging techniques, it is possible to establish a putative relationship between brain cognition. In fact, functional neuroimaging data cannot demonstrate the actual role of a particular cortical activation in a specific function because an activated area may simply be correlated with task performance, rather than being responsible for it. NIBS can induce a temporary modification of performance only if the stimulated area is causally engaged in the task. In analogy with lesion studies, NIBS can provide information about where and when a particular process occurs. Based on this assumption, NIBS has been used in many different cognitive domains. However, one of the most interesting questions in neuroscience may not be where and when, but how cognitive activity occurs. Beyond localization approaches, NIBS can be employed to study brain mechanisms. NIBS techniques have the potential to influence behavior transiently by altering neuronal activity, which may have facilitatory or inhibitory behavioral effects. NIBS techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial electrical stimulation (tES). TMS has been shown transiently to modulate neural excitability in a manner that is dependent mainly on the timing and frequency of stimulation (high versus low). The mechanism underlying tES is a change in neuronal membrane potentials that appears to be dependent mainly on the direction of current flow (anodal versus cathodal). Nevertheless, the final effects induced by TMS or tES depend on many technical parameters used during stimulation, such as the intensity of stimulation, coil orientation, site of the reference electrode, and time of application. Moreover, an important factor is the possible interactions between these factors and the physiological and cognitive state of the subject. To use NIBS in cognition, it is important to understand not only how NIBS functions but also the brain mechanisms being studied and the features of the area of interest. To describe better the advanced knowledge provided by NIBS in cognition, we will treat each NIBS technique separately and underline the related hypotheses beyond applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Miniussi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy.
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Ronconi L, Basso D, Gori S, Facoetti A. TMS on Right Frontal Eye Fields Induces an Inflexible Focus of Attention. Cereb Cortex 2012; 24:396-402. [PMID: 23048022 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ronconi
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Italy
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Ito H. Illusory object motion in the centre of a radial pattern: The Pursuit-Pursuing illusion. Iperception 2012; 3:59-87. [PMID: 23145267 PMCID: PMC3485812 DOI: 10.1068/i0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A circular object placed in the centre of a radial pattern consisting of thin sectors was found to cause a robust motion illusion. During eye-movement pursuit of a moving target, the presently described stimulus produced illusory background-object motion in the same direction as that of the eye movement. In addition, the display induced illusory stationary perception of a moving object against the whole display motion. In seven experiments, the characteristics of the illusion were examined in terms of luminance relationships and figural characteristics of the radial pattern. Some potential explanations for these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ito
- Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1, Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan; e-mail:
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