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Shoham A, Grosbard ID, Patashnik O, Cohen-Or D, Yovel G. Using deep neural networks to disentangle visual and semantic information in human perception and memory. Nat Hum Behav 2024:10.1038/s41562-024-01816-9. [PMID: 38332339 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-024-01816-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Mental representations of familiar categories are composed of visual and semantic information. Disentangling the contributions of visual and semantic information in humans is challenging because they are intermixed in mental representations. Deep neural networks that are trained either on images or on text or by pairing images and text enable us now to disentangle human mental representations into their visual, visual-semantic and semantic components. Here we used these deep neural networks to uncover the content of human mental representations of familiar faces and objects when they are viewed or recalled from memory. The results show a larger visual than semantic contribution when images are viewed and a reversed pattern when they are recalled. We further reveal a previously unknown unique contribution of an integrated visual-semantic representation in both perception and memory. We propose a new framework in which visual and semantic information contribute independently and interactively to mental representations in perception and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adva Shoham
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Idan Daniel Grosbard
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Or Patashnik
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen-Or
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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2
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Leferink CA, DeKraker J, Brunec IK, Köhler S, Moscovitch M, Walther DB. Organization of pRF size along the AP axis of the hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal cortex is related to specialization for scenes versus faces. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad429. [PMID: 37991278 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is largely recognized for its integral contributions to memory processing. By contrast, its role in perceptual processing remains less clear. Hippocampal properties vary along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis. Based on past research suggesting a gradient in the scale of features processed along the AP extent of the hippocampus, the representations have been proposed to vary as a function of granularity along this axis. One way to quantify such granularity is with population receptive field (pRF) size measured during visual processing, which has so far received little attention. In this study, we compare the pRF sizes within the hippocampus to its activation for images of scenes versus faces. We also measure these functional properties in surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures. Consistent with past research, we find pRFs to be larger in the anterior than in the posterior hippocampus. Critically, our analysis of surrounding MTL regions, the perirhinal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex shows a similar correlation between scene sensitivity and larger pRF size. These findings provide conclusive evidence for a tight relationship between the pRF size and the sensitivity to image content in the hippocampus and adjacent medial temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Leferink
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Jordan DeKraker
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Social Science Centre Rm 7418, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Iva K Brunec
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, 425 S. University Ave, Stephen A. Levin Bldg. Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6241, United States
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Department of Psychology, Western University, Social Science Centre Rm 7418, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Morris Moscovitch
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Dirk B Walther
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Department of Psychology, 100 St George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care, 3560 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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3
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Frick A, Besson G, Salmon E, Delhaye E. Perirhinal cortex is associated with fine-grained discrimination of conceptually confusable objects in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 130:1-11. [PMID: 37419076 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex (PrC) stands among the first brain areas to deteriorate in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study tests to what extent the PrC is involved in representing and discriminating confusable objects based on the conjunction of their perceptual and conceptual features. To this aim, AD patients and control counterparts performed 3 tasks: a naming, a recognition memory, and a conceptual matching task, where we manipulated conceptual and perceptual confusability. A structural MRI of the antero-lateral parahippocampal subregions was obtained for each participant. We found that the sensitivity to conceptual confusability was associated with the left PrC volume in both AD patients and control participants for the recognition memory task, while it was specifically associated with the volume of the left PrC in AD patients for the conceptual matching task. This suggests that a decreased volume of the PrC is related to the ability to disambiguate conceptually confusable items. Therefore, testing recognition memory or conceptual matching of easily conceptually confusable items can provide a potential cognitive marker of PrC atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Frick
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Gabriel Besson
- CINEICC, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eric Salmon
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Emma Delhaye
- GIGA-CRC In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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4
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Abstract
Perception and memory are traditionally thought of as separate cognitive functions, supported by distinct brain regions. The canonical perspective is that perceptual processing of visual information is supported by the ventral visual stream, whereas long-term declarative memory is supported by the medial temporal lobe. However, this modular framework cannot account for the increasingly large body of evidence that reveals a role for early visual areas in long-term recognition memory and a role for medial temporal lobe structures in high-level perceptual processing. In this article, we review relevant research conducted in humans, nonhuman primates, and rodents. We conclude that the evidence is largely inconsistent with theoretical proposals that draw sharp functional boundaries between perceptual and memory systems in the brain. Instead, the weight of the empirical findings is best captured by a representational-hierarchical model that emphasizes differences in content, rather than in cognitive processes within the ventral visual stream and medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA;
| | - Morgan D Barense
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada;
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Mitchnick KA, Ahmad Z, Mitchnick SD, Ryan JD, Rosenbaum RS, Freud E. Damage to the human dentate gyrus impairs the perceptual discrimination of complex, novel objects. Neuropsychologia 2022; 172:108238. [PMID: 35513066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampus (HPC), and the dentate gyrus (DG) subregion in particular, is purported to be a pattern separator, orthogonally representing similar information so that distinct memories may be formed. The HPC may also be involved in complex perceptual discrimination. It is unclear if this role is limited to spatial/scene stimuli or extends to the discrimination of objects. Also unclear is whether the DG itself contributes to pattern separation beyond memory. BL, an individual with bilateral DG lesions, was previously shown to have poor discrimination of similar, everyday objects in memory. Here, we demonstrate that BL's deficit extends to complex perceptual discrimination of novel objects. Specifically, BL was presented with closely matched possible and impossible objects, which give rise to fundamentally different 3D perceptual representations despite being visually similar. BL performed significantly worse than controls when asked to select an odd object (e.g., impossible) amongst three identical counterpart objects (e.g., possible) presented at different rotations. His deficit was also evident in an atypical eye fixation pattern during this task. In contrast, BL's performance was indistinguishable from that of controls on other tasks involving the same objects, indicating that he could visually differentiate the object pairs, that he perceived the objects holistically in 3D, and that he has only a mild weakness in categorizing object possibility. Furthermore, his performance on standardized neuropsychological measures indicated intact mental rotation, visual-spatial attention, and working memory (visual and auditory). Collectively, these results provide evidence that the DG is necessary for complex perceptual discrimination of novel objects, indicating that the DG might function as a generic pattern separator of a wide range of stimuli within high-level perception, and that its role is not limited to memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Mitchnick
- York University, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Z Ahmad
- York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - J D Ryan
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - R S Rosenbaum
- York University, Toronto, Canada; Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, Canada.
| | - E Freud
- York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Ferko KM, Blumenthal A, Martin CB, Proklova D, Minos AN, Saksida LM, Bussey TJ, Khan AR, Köhler S. Activity in perirhinal and entorhinal cortex predicts perceived visual similarities among category exemplars with highest precision. eLife 2022; 11:66884. [PMID: 35311645 PMCID: PMC9020819 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vision neuroscience has made great strides in understanding the hierarchical organization of object representations along the ventral visual stream (VVS). How VVS representations capture fine-grained visual similarities between objects that observers subjectively perceive has received limited examination so far. In the current study, we addressed this question by focussing on perceived visual similarities among subordinate exemplars of real-world categories. We hypothesized that these perceived similarities are reflected with highest fidelity in neural activity patterns downstream from inferotemporal regions, namely in perirhinal (PrC) and anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alErC) in the medial temporal lobe. To address this issue with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we administered a modified 1-back task that required discrimination between category exemplars as well as categorization. Further, we obtained observer-specific ratings of perceived visual similarities, which predicted behavioural discrimination performance during scanning. As anticipated, we found that activity patterns in PrC and alErC predicted the structure of perceived visual similarity relationships among category exemplars, including its observer-specific component, with higher precision than any other VVS region. Our findings provide new evidence that subjective aspects of object perception that rely on fine-grained visual differentiation are reflected with highest fidelity in the medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla M Ferko
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Anna Blumenthal
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Cervo Brain Research Center, University of Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Chris B Martin
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, United States
| | - Daria Proklova
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Alexander N Minos
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Ali R Khan
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Robarts Research Institute Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Stefan Köhler
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Argyropoulos GPD, Dell’Acqua C, Butler E, Loane C, Roca-Fernandez A, Almozel A, Drummond N, Lage-Martinez C, Cooper E, Henson RN, Butler CR. Functional Specialization of the Medial Temporal Lobes in Human Recognition Memory: Dissociating Effects of Hippocampal versus Parahippocampal Damage. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1637-1652. [PMID: 34535797 PMCID: PMC9016283 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A central debate in the systems neuroscience of memory concerns whether different medial temporal lobe (MTL) structures support different processes in recognition memory. Using two recognition memory paradigms, we tested a rare patient (MH) with a perirhinal lesion that appeared to spare the hippocampus. Consistent with a similar previous case, MH showed impaired familiarity and preserved recollection. When compared with patients with hippocampal lesions appearing to spare perirhinal cortex, MH showed greater impairment on familiarity and less on recollection. Nevertheless, the hippocampal patients also showed impaired familiarity compared with healthy controls. However, when replacing this traditional categorization of patients with analyses relating memory performance to continuous measures of damage across patients, hippocampal volume uniquely predicted recollection, whereas parahippocampal, rather than perirhinal, volume uniquely predicted familiarity. We consider whether the familiarity impairment in MH and our patients with hippocampal lesions arises from "subthreshold" damage to parahippocampal cortex (PHC). Our data provide the most compelling neuropsychological support yet for dual-process models of recognition memory, whereby recollection and familiarity depend on different MTL structures, and may support a role for PHC in familiarity. Our study highlights the value of supplementing single-case studies with examinations of continuous brain-behavior relationships across larger patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios P D Argyropoulos
- Address correspondence to Georgios P. D. Argyropoulos, Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Carola Dell’Acqua
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of General Psychology and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Emily Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Clare Loane
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Department, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Rd, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Azhaar Almozel
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Nikolas Drummond
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Carmen Lage-Martinez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Valdecilla Biomedical Research Institute, University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Elisa Cooper
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Richard N Henson
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK,Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Avda. Libertador Bernando O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
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8
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Bonnen T, Yamins DLK, Wagner AD. When the ventral visual stream is not enough: A deep learning account of medial temporal lobe involvement in perception. Neuron 2021; 109:2755-2766.e6. [PMID: 34265252 PMCID: PMC10870832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) supports a constellation of memory-related behaviors. Its involvement in perceptual processing, however, has been subject to enduring debate. This debate centers on perirhinal cortex (PRC), an MTL structure at the apex of the ventral visual stream (VVS). Here we leverage a deep learning framework that approximates visual behaviors supported by the VVS (i.e., lacking PRC). We first apply this approach retroactively, modeling 30 published visual discrimination experiments: excluding non-diagnostic stimulus sets, there is a striking correspondence between VVS-modeled and PRC-lesioned behavior, while each is outperformed by PRC-intact participants. We corroborate and extend these results with a novel experiment, directly comparing PRC-intact human performance to electrophysiological recordings from the macaque VVS: PRC-intact participants outperform a linear readout of high-level visual cortex. By situating lesion, electrophysiological, and behavioral results within a shared computational framework, this work resolves decades of seemingly inconsistent findings surrounding PRC involvement in perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Bonnen
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Daniel L K Yamins
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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9
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Fiorilli J, Bos JJ, Grande X, Lim J, Düzel E, Pennartz CMA. Reconciling the object and spatial processing views of the perirhinal cortex through task-relevant unitization. Hippocampus 2021; 31:737-755. [PMID: 33523577 PMCID: PMC8359385 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The perirhinal cortex is situated on the border between sensory association cortex and the hippocampal formation. It serves an important function as a transition area between the sensory neocortex and the medial temporal lobe. While the perirhinal cortex has traditionally been associated with object coding and the "what" pathway of the temporal lobe, current evidence suggests a broader function of the perirhinal cortex in solving feature ambiguity and processing complex stimuli. Besides fulfilling functions in object coding, recent neurophysiological findings in freely moving rodents indicate that the perirhinal cortex also contributes to spatial and contextual processing beyond individual sensory modalities. Here, we address how these two opposing views on perirhinal cortex-the object-centered and spatial-contextual processing hypotheses-may be reconciled. The perirhinal cortex is consistently recruited when different features can be merged perceptually or conceptually into a single entity. Features that are unitized in these entities include object information from multiple sensory domains, reward associations, semantic features and spatial/contextual associations. We propose that the same perirhinal network circuits can be flexibly deployed for multiple cognitive functions, such that the perirhinal cortex performs similar unitization operations on different types of information, depending on behavioral demands and ranging from the object-related domain to spatial, contextual and semantic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Fiorilli
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jeroen J. Bos
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviorRadboud University and Radboud University Medical CentreNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Xenia Grande
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
| | - Judith Lim
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Emrah Düzel
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia ResearchOtto‐von‐Guericke University MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesMagdeburgGermany
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Cyriel M. A. Pennartz
- Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience Group, SILS Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Brain and CognitionUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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