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Jeyarajan G, Ayaz A, Herold F, Zou L, Heath M. A single bout of aerobic exercise does not alter inhibitory control preparatory set cerebral hemodynamics: Evidence from the antisaccade task. Brain Cogn 2024; 179:106182. [PMID: 38824809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2024.106182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
A single bout of exercise improves executive function (EF) and is a benefit - in part -attributed to an exercise-mediated increase in cerebral blood flow enhancing neural efficiency. Limited work has used an event-related protocol to examine postexercise changes in preparatory phase cerebral hemodynamics for an EF task. This is salient given the neural efficiency hypothesis' assertion that improved EF is related to decreased brain activity. Here, event-related transcranial Doppler ultrasound was used to measure pro- (saccade to target) and antisaccades (saccade mirror-symmetrical target) preparatory phase middle cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) prior to and immediately after 15-min of aerobic exercise. Antisaccades produced longer reaction times (RT) and an increased preparatory phase MCAv than prosaccades - a result attributed to greater EF neural activity for antisaccades. Antisaccades selectively produced a postexercise RT reduction (ps < 0.01); however, antisaccade preparatory phase MCAv did not vary from pre- to postexercise (p=0.53) and did not correlate with the antisaccade RT benefit (p = 0.31). Accordingly, results provide no evidence that improved neural efficiency indexed via functional hyperemia is linked to a postexercise EF behavioural benefit. Instead, results support an evolving view that an EF benefit represents the additive interplay between interdependent exercise-mediated neurophysiological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Jeyarajan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Azar Ayaz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Fabian Herold
- Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Body-Brain-Mind Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Quin-Conroy JE, Bayliss DM, Daniell SG, Badcock NA. Patterns of language and visuospatial functional lateralization and cognitive ability: a systematic review. Laterality 2024; 29:63-96. [PMID: 37771079 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2263199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
For most individuals, language is predominately localized to the left hemisphere of the brain and visuospatial processing to the right. This is the typical pattern of functional lateralization. Evolutionary theories of lateralization suggest that the typical pattern is most common as it delivers a cognitive advantage. In contrast, deviations from the typical pattern may lead to poorer cognitive abilities. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for an association between patterns of language and visuospatial lateralization and measures of cognitive ability. We screened 9,122 studies, retrieved from PsycINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science. The 17 studies that met our selection criteria revealed little evidence for an advantage of typical compared to atypical patterns of lateralization, although atypical lateralization patterns were related to worse language comprehension, spatial ability, and reading, but further research is needed to confirm this. We conclude with recommendations that future researchers recruit larger samples of atypical participants, and consider strength of lateraliation and bilaterality when analysing functional lateralization patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donna M Bayliss
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Sabrina G Daniell
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
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Papadopoulou AK, Samsouris C, Vlachos F, Badcock NA, Phylactou P, Papadatou-Pastou M. Exploring cerebral laterality of writing and the relationship to handedness: a functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound investigation. Laterality 2024; 29:117-150. [PMID: 38112692 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2023.2284407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral lateralization of oral language has been investigated in a plethora of studies and it is well established that the left hemisphere is dominant for production tasks in the majority of individuals. However, few studies have focused on written language and even fewer have sampled left-handers. Writing comprises language and motor components, both of which contribute to cerebral activation, yet previous research has not disentangled. The aim of this study was to disentangle the language and motor components of writing lateralization. This was achieved through the comparison of cerebral activation during (i) written word generation and (ii) letter copying, as assessed by functional Transcranial Doppler (fTCD) ultrasound. We further assessed cerebral laterality of oral language. The sample was balanced for handedness. We preregistered the hypotheses that (i) cerebral lateralization of the linguistic component of writing would be weaker in left-handers compared to right-handers and (ii) oral language and the linguistic component of written language would not be correlated in terms of cerebral lateralization. No compelling evidence for either of our hypotheses was found. Findings highlight the complexity of the processes subserving written and oral language as well as the methodological challenges to isolate the linguistic component of writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia-Konstantina Papadopoulou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Samsouris
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Filippos Vlachos
- Department of Special Education, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
| | - Nicholas A Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Phivos Phylactou
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Marietta Papadatou-Pastou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Papadatou-Pastou M, Sampanis P, Koumzis I, Stefanopoulou S, Sousani D, Tsigkou A, Badcock NA. Cerebral laterality of writing in right- and left- handers: A functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound study. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3921-3937. [PMID: 35636946 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral lateralization of written language has received very limited research attention in comparison to the wealth of studies on the cerebral lateralization of oral language. The purpose of the present study was to further our understanding of written language lateralization, by elucidating the relative contribution of language and motor functions. We compared written word generation with a task that has equivalent visuomotor demands but does not include language: the repeated drawing of symbols. We assessed cerebral laterality using functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound (fTCD), a non-invasive, perfusion-sensitive neuroimaging technique in 23 left- and 31 right-handed participants. Findings suggest that the linguistic aspect of written word generation recruited more left-hemispheric areas during writing, in right-handers compared to left-handers. This difference could be explained by greater variability in cerebral laterality patterns within left-handers or the possibility that the areas subserving language in left-handers are broader than in right-handers. Another explanation is that the attentional demands of the more novel symbol copying task (compared to writing) contributed more right-hemispheric activation in right-handers, but this could not be captured in left-handers due to ceiling effects. Future work could investigate such attentional demands using both simple and complex stimuli in the copying condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Papadatou-Pastou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Sampanis
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Birmingham City University, The Curzon Building, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Koumzis
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Stefanopoulou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia Sousani
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Tsigkou
- School of Education, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas A Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia,, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Cognitive Science, ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Macquarie University, 16 University Avenue, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
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Quin-Conroy JE, Chen Y, Bayliss DM, Badcock NA. Magic Hats and Teddy Bear picnics: Language and visuospatial lateralisation tasks for children. Laterality 2022; 27:232-256. [DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2021.2020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E. Quin-Conroy
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yanyu Chen
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna M. Bayliss
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Tari B, Shirzad M, Badcock NA, Belfry GR, Heath M. 'Delaying' a saccade: Preparatory phase cortical hemodynamics evince the neural cost of response inhibition. Brain Cogn 2021; 154:105808. [PMID: 34634572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Minimally delayed (MD) saccades require inhibition of a prepotent response until a target is extinguished, and unlike the more extensively studied antisaccade task, do not require the additional cognitive component of vector inversion (i.e., 180° target spatial transposition). Here, participants completed separate blocks of MD and prepotent stimulus-driven saccades (i.e., respond at target onset) while cortical hemodynamics were measured via functional transcranial Doppler ultrasound. MD saccades produced longer and more variable reaction times (RT). In turn, MD and stimulus-driven saccade preparatory phase cortical hemodynamics increased and decreased, respectively, relative to baseline and the two conditions differed from one another throughout the preparatory phase. The longer RTs and increased cortical hemodynamics of MD saccades is taken to evince response complexity and the increased neural activity to accommodate response inhibition. To our knowledge, such findings provide the first work to examine the neural foundations of MD saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tari
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Mustafa Shirzad
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Nicholas A Badcock
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Glen R Belfry
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada
| | - Matthew Heath
- School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada; Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, University of Western Ontario, 1201 Western Rd, London, ON N6G 1H1, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.
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Zickert N, Geuze RH, Beking T, Groothuis TGG. Testing the Darwinian function of lateralization. Does separation of workload between brain hemispheres increase cognitive performance? Neuropsychologia 2021; 159:107884. [PMID: 34090868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Brain lateralization is a fundamental aspect of the organization of brain and behavior in the animal kingdom, begging the question about its Darwinian function. We tested the possibility that lateralization enhances cognitive performance in single- and dual-tasks. Previous studies reported mixed results on this topic and only a handful of studies have measured functional brain lateralization and performance independently and simultaneously. We therefore examined a possible positive effect of the strength and direction of lateralization on two demanding cognitive tasks: A visuospatial task (mental rotation MR), and a language task (word generation WG), executed either as a singletask or as dual-task. Participants (n = 72) performed these tasks while their single-task brain lateralization was assessed with functional Transcranial Doppler for both tasks. From these measurements we determined strength and direction of lateralization for both tasks and the individual pattern of lateralization (contralateral or ipsilateral) was derived. These factors, along with sex, were used in a GLM analysis to determine if they predicted the respective performance measure of the tasks. We found that for MR there was a significant medium effect of direction of lateralization on performance with better performance in left-lateralized (atypical) participants (partial eta squared 0.061; p = .039). After correction for outliers, there was a significant effect for strength (p = .049). For the dual-task, there was a significant positive medium effect of strength of lateralization on performance (partial eta squared 0.062; p = .038, respectively) No other association between direction or strength in either tests were found. We conclude that there is no evidence for hemispheric crowding, and that strength of lateralization may be a factor that contributes to the evolutionary selection of functional brain lateralization. Pattern of lateralization does not, explaining the large inter-individual variation in these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Zickert
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, GELIFES - Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Reint H Geuze
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department Clinical & Developmental Neuropsychology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tess Beking
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, Department Clinical & Developmental Neuropsychology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton G G Groothuis
- University of Groningen, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, GELIFES - Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, Groningen, the Netherlands
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