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Inoue R, Nishimune H. Neuronal Plasticity and Age-Related Functional Decline in the Motor Cortex. Cells 2023; 12:2142. [PMID: 37681874 PMCID: PMC10487126 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological aging causes a decline of motor function due to impairment of motor cortex function, losses of motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions, sarcopenia, and frailty. There is increasing evidence suggesting that the changes in motor function start earlier in the middle-aged stage. The mechanism underlining the middle-aged decline in motor function seems to relate to the central nervous system rather than the peripheral neuromuscular system. The motor cortex is one of the responsible central nervous systems for coordinating and learning motor functions. The neuronal circuits in the motor cortex show plasticity in response to motor learning, including LTP. This motor cortex plasticity seems important for the intervention method mechanisms that revert the age-related decline of motor function. This review will focus on recent findings on the role of plasticity in the motor cortex for motor function and age-related changes. The review will also introduce our recent identification of an age-related decline of neuronal activity in the primary motor cortex of middle-aged mice using electrophysiological recordings of brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Inoue
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakaecho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan;
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-8-1 Harumicho, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo 183-8538, Japan
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Apawu AK, Maina FK, Taylor JR, Mathews TA. Probing the ability of presynaptic tyrosine kinase receptors to regulate striatal dopamine dynamics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:895-904. [PMID: 23642472 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates the synaptic transmission of several monoaminergic neuronal systems. Molecular techniques using synapatosomes in previous studies have suggested that BDNF's receptor, tyrosine kinases (Trk), can quickly regulate dopamine release and transporter dynamics. Our main objective in this study is to determine whether slice fast scan cyclic voltammetry can be used to investigate the role of the TrkB receptor on dopamine release and uptake processes in the caudate-putamen. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry measured dopamine release and uptake rates in the presence of BDNF, or its agonist 7,8-dihydroxyflavone, or a TrkB inhibitor K252a. Superfusion of BDNF led to partial recovery of the electrically stimulated dopamine release response in BDNF(+/-) mice which is blunted compared to wildtype mice, with no effect in wildtype mice. Conversely, infusion of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone increased electrically stimulated dopamine release in wildtype mice with no difference in BDNF(+/-) mice. Overall, BDNF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone had no effect on dopamine uptake rates. Concentrations greater than 3 μM 7,8-dihydroxyflavone affected dopamine uptake rates in BDNF(+/-) mice only. To demonstrate that BDNF and 7,8-dihydroxyflavone modulate dopamine release by activating the TrkB receptor, both genotypes were pretreated with K252a. K252a was able to block BDNF and 7,8-DHF induced increases during stimulated dopamine release in BDNF(+/-) and wildtype mice, respectively. Fast scan cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that acute TrkB activation potentiates dopamine release in both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K. Apawu
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Francis K. Maina
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - James R. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Tiffany A. Mathews
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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Yang S, Xue DD, Wu B, Sun HM, Li XS, Dong F, Li WS, Ji FQ, Zhou DS. Pleiotrophin is involved in the amniotic epithelial cell-induced differentiation of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 539:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bosse KE, Maina FK, Birbeck JA, France MM, Roberts JJP, Colombo ML, Mathews TA. Aberrant striatal dopamine transmitter dynamics in brain-derived neurotrophic factor-deficient mice. J Neurochem 2011; 120:385-95. [PMID: 21988371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulates the synaptic transmission of several monoaminergic neuronal systems, including forebrain dopamine-containing neurons. Recent evidence shows a strong correlation between neuropsychiatric disorders and BDNF hypofunction. The aim of the present study was to characterize the effect of low endogenous levels of BDNF on dopamine system function in the caudate-putamen using heterozygous BDNF (BDNF(+/-) ) mice. Apparent extracellular dopamine levels in the caudate-putamen, determined by quantitative microdialysis, were significantly elevated in BDNF(+/-) mice compared with wildtype controls (12 vs. 5 nM, respectively). BDNF(+/-) mice also had a potentiated increase in dopamine levels following potassium (120 mM)-stimulation (10-fold) relative to wildtype controls (6-fold). Slice fast-scan cyclic voltammetry revealed that BDNF(+/-) mice had reductions in both electrically evoked dopamine release and dopamine uptake rates in the caudate-putamen. Superfusion of BDNF led to partial recovery of the electrically stimulated dopamine release response in BDNF(+/-) mice. Conversely, tissue accumulation of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, extracellular levels of dopamine metabolites, and spontaneous locomotor activity were unaltered. Together, this study indicates that endogenous BDNF influences dopamine system homeostasis by regulating the release and uptake dynamics of pre-synaptic dopamine transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Bosse
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Boger HA, Mannangatti P, Samuvel DJ, Saylor AJ, Bender TS, McGinty JF, Fortress AM, Zaman V, Huang P, Middaugh LD, Randall PK, Jayanthi LD, Rohrer B, Helke KL, Granholm AC, Ramamoorthy S. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on dopaminergic function and motor behavior during aging. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:186-98. [PMID: 20860702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical in synaptic plasticity and in the survival and function of midbrain dopamine neurons. In this study, we assessed the effects of a partial genetic deletion of BDNF on motor function and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter measures by comparing Bdnf(+/-) with wildtype mice (WT) at different ages. Bdnf(+/-) and WT mice had similar body weights until 12 months of age; however, at 21 months, Bdnf(+/-) mice were significantly heavier than WT mice. Horizontal and vertical motor activity was reduced for Bdnf(+/-) compared to WT mice, but was not influenced by age. Performance on an accelerating rotarod declined with age for both genotypes and was exacerbated for Bdnf(+/-) mice. Body weight did not correlate with any of the three behavioral measures studied. Dopamine neurotransmitter markers indicated no genotypic difference in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, DA transporter (DAT) or vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) immunoreactivity at any age. However, DA transport via DAT (starting at 12 months) and VMAT2 (starting at 3 months) as well as KCl-stimulated DA release were reduced in Bdnf(+/-) mice and declined with age suggesting an increasingly important role for BDNF in the release and uptake of DA with the aging process. These findings suggest that a BDNF expression deficit becomes more critical to dopaminergic dynamics and related behavioral activities with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Yang X, Song L, Wu N, Liu Z, Xue S, Hui G. An experimental study on intracerebroventricular transplantation of human amniotic epithelial cells in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Neurol Res 2010; 32:1054-9. [PMID: 20483022 DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12681290831207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells are formed from amnioblasts, separated from the epiblast at about the eighth day after fertilization. In the present study, we attempt to investigate the effects of intracerebroventricular transplantation of HAE cells on Parkinson's disease (PD) rats. METHODS A PD rat model was induced by 6-OHDA injections. Then the rats were transplanted intracerebroventricularly with HAE cells. Apomorphin-induced turns were used to assess the neurobehavioral deficit in rats. Immunofluorescence cytochemistry was used to track the survival of HAE cells. Tyrosinehydroxylase (TH) immunohistochemistry was used to determine the density of TH-positive cells in rat substantia nigra and the differentiation of HAE cells. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to measure the levels of dopamine (DA) and its metabolites 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in rat striatum. HVA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of rats were also determined by HPLC. RESULTS The results showed that transplanted HAE cells can survive for at least 10 weeks and differentiate into TH-positive cells in PD rats. The grafts significantly ameliorated apomorphine-induced turns in PD rats. TH immunohistochemistry showed that HAE cells attenuated the loss of TH-positive cells in rat substantia nigra. In addition, HAE cells prevented the fall of DA and its metabolites DOPAC and HVA in PD rats. Increased HVA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of PD rats were also observed. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that HAE cells have beneficial effect on 6-OHDA-induced PD rats, which may be due to the neurotrophic factors secrete by HAE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Xinhua Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Progressive Dopaminergic Degeneration in the Chronic MPTPp Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Neurotox Res 2009; 16:127-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s12640-009-9061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cook C, Petrucelli L. A critical evaluation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2009; 1792:664-75. [PMID: 19419700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The evidence for impairment in the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is mounting and becoming increasingly more convincing. However, it is presently unclear whether UPS dysfunction is a cause or result of PD pathology, a crucial distinction which impedes both the understanding of disease pathogenesis and the development of effectual therapeutic approaches. Recent findings discussed within this review offer new insight and provide direction for future research to conclusively resolve this debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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Paredes D, Granholm AC, Bickford P. Effects of NGF and BDNF on baseline glutamate and dopamine release in the hippocampal formation of the adult rat. Brain Res 2007; 1141:56-64. [PMID: 17292337 PMCID: PMC2692481 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown using in vitro techniques that BDNF and NGF evoke neurotransmitter release in the hippocampus but this phenomenon has not been demonstrated in vivo to date. We therefore performed in vivo microdialysis in urethane-anesthetized Fischer 344 rats. The microdialysis probe was implanted stereotaxically into the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Three hours after the implantation of the probe, glutamate (Glu) and dopamine (DA) levels had reached a stable baseline. Four baseline samples were collected every 15 min at a flow rate of 1 microL/min. The growth factors were delivered (1 microL/10 min) using a microinjector attached to the microdialysis probe. We found that BDNF and NGF, when administered into the hippocampus, evoked dopamine and glutamate release in a dose-dependent fashion. NGF produced a biphasic response in the release of Glu, and a uniphasic response in the release of DA, both of which were calcium dependent. The neurotransmitter release induced by NGF was blocked by tetrodotoxin, indicating neuronal origin of this response. The BDNF induced release of DA and Glu was decreased in low calcium conditions, indicating that it is at least partially calcium dependent. Furthermore, BDNF-induced neurotransmitter release was partially blocked by pre-treatment with K252a, an antagonist for tyrosine kinase receptors, indicating that BDNF is acting through Trk receptors to induce neurotransmitter release. These results demonstrate a close relationship between the growth factors BDNF and NGF and the neurotransmitters DA and Glu in the hippocampus of intact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Paredes
- James A. Haley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - A.-Ch. Granholm
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 26 Bee Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Corresponding author. E-mail address: (A.-C. Granholm). URL: http://www.musc.edu/aging (A.-C. Granholm)
| | - P.C. Bickford
- James A. Haley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair and Departments of Pharmacology and Neurosurgery, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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Strasser A, Skalicky M, Hansalik M, Viidik A. The Impact of Environment in Comparison with Moderate Physical Exercise and Dietary Restriction on BDNF in the Cerebral Parietotemporal Cortex of Aged Sprague-Dawley Rats. Gerontology 2006; 52:377-81. [PMID: 16921250 DOI: 10.1159/000095117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Moderate physical exercise, dietary restriction as well as enriched environment in separate studies have been reported to delay some of the adverse effects of aging on brain function, parallel to an increase in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In order to elucidate these influences in a comparative setting, we examined the tissue concentrations of BDNF in the cerebral parietotemporal cortex of old Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into six groups, living from 5 months (baseline group BL) up to 23 months of age as follows: voluntary running in wheels (RW), food restricted by feeding to pair weight with RW animals (PW), forced running on treadmills (TM), and sedentary controls with ad libitum access to food, either housed individually (S1) or in groups of 4 animals (S4). BDNF concentrations were determined by a commercially available ELISA. RESULTS We found higher BNDF concentrations in the 5 months old animals than in the 23 months old animals of group S1. The old sedentary group S4 showed significantly higher BNDF concentrations in comparison with the old individually caged groups RW, TM, PW and S1. Their BNDF concentrations were even higher than those of the young baseline group. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that housing and social interactions have more influence on BDNF concentrations in the cerebral parietotemporal cortex of aging Sprague-Dawley rats than physical exercise and food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Strasser
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Akatsu H, Yamagata HD, Kawamata J, Kamino K, Takeda M, Yamamoto T, Miki T, Tooyama I, Shimohama S, Kosaka K. Variations in the BDNF gene in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies in Japan. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2006; 22:216-22. [PMID: 16899999 DOI: 10.1159/000094933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/18/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with the hippocampus and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic function. Data showing that its level was reduced in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) suggested that the BDNF function must play an important role in the pathogenetics of these diseases. Indeed, variation in the BDNF gene may confer susceptibility to AD and PD development. Recently, a functional BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been found to be associated with episodic memory and hippocampal function, with intracellular trafficking, and with activity-dependent secretion of BDNF. To date, there have been several conflicting reports on the correlation between AD or PD and Val66Met or C270T polymorphism in the BDNF promoter region, although no data on this relationship have been published with respect to dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). In the present study, we investigated a possible association between such BDNF polymorphisms and susceptibility to AD or DLB. METHODS BDNF genotyping was carried out by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method in autopsy-confirmed human samples. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION On comparing patients and controls, the distribution of BDNF genotypes and alleles did not differ significantly. Our findings suggest that it is unlikely that these BDNF polymorphisms play a major role in the pathogenesis of AD and DLB in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyasu Akatsu
- Choju Medical Institute, Fukushimura Hospital, Toyohashi, Japan.
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Einat H, Manji HK. Cellular plasticity cascades: genes-to-behavior pathways in animal models of bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2006; 59:1160-71. [PMID: 16457783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 11/11/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite extensive research, the molecular/cellular underpinnings of bipolar disorder (BD) remain to be fully elucidated. Recent data has demonstrated that mood stabilizers exert major effects on signaling that regulate cellular plasticity; however, a direct extrapolation to mechanisms of disease demands proof that manipulation of candidate genes, proteins, or pathways result in relevant behavioral changes. METHODS We critique and evaluate the behavioral changes induced by manipulation of cellular plasticity cascades implicated in BD. RESULTS Not surprisingly, the behavioral data suggest that several important signaling molecules might play important roles in mediating facets of the complex symptomatology of BD. Notably, the protein kinase C and extracellular signal-regulated kinase cascades might play important roles in the antimanic effects of mood stabilizers, whereas glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 might mediate facets of lithium's antimanic/antidepressant actions. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) modulation also seems to be capable to inducing affective-like changes observed in mood disorders. And Bcl-2, amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors, and inositol homeostasis represent important pharmacological targets for mood stabilizers, but additional behavioral research is needed to more fully delineate their behavioral effects. CONCLUSIONS Behavioral data support the notion that regulation of cellular plasticity is involved in affective-like behavioral changes observed in BD. These findings are leading to the development of novel therapeutics for this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Einat
- College of Pharmacy, Duluth, University of Minnesota, 55812, USA.
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Crutchfield KC, Dluzen DE. Rotenone produces opposite effects upon mouse striatal dopamine function as a result of environmental temperature. Neurotox Res 2006; 9:15-21. [PMID: 16464748 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rotenone is a commonly used pesticide that can function as an environmental neurotoxin. Rotenone is a known mitochondrial complex I inhibitor which can lead to oxidative stress and results in dopaminergic cell death. Another environmental factor known to exacerbate oxidative stress and result in striatal dopaminergic cell death is elevated environmental temperature. In this study we evaluated the effects of a single injection of various doses of rotenone (0.65, 1.3 and 2.6 mg/kg) on striatal dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) concentrations in CD-1 mice and compared this with a single injection of two doses of methamphetamine (MA - 10 or 20 mg/kg), a known striatal DA depleting agent, as administered to mice maintained at 21 degrees C (Experiment 1). These results were then compared to striatal DA and DOPAC concentrations of mice treated with rotenone (1.3 or 2.6 mg/kg) or MA (10 or 20 mg/kg) administered to mice maintained at 28 degrees C (Experiment 2). A single injection of rotenone to mice maintained at 21 degrees C resulted in a significant increase in DA and decrease in DOPAC concentrations for all doses tested compared to controls, whereas a single injection of MA at the same temperature resulted in a significant decrease in DA and no change in DOPAC concentrations. At a temperature of 28 degrees C, a single injection of rotenone resulted in a significant decrease in both DA and DOPAC concentrations similar to that seen with the MA-treated mice. Collectively, these results indicate that rotenone interacts with environmental temperature to produce opposite effects upon striatal DA concentrations -- significantly increasing striatal DA when administered at 21 degrees C and significantly decreasing striatal DA when administered at 28 degrees C, while producing similar decreases in striatal DOPAC under both temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla C Crutchfield
- Department of Anatomy, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, NEOUCOM, Rootstown, 44272, USA
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