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Chen J, Wu Y, Duan FX, Wang SN, Guo XY, Ding SQ, Zhou JH, Hu JG, Lü HZ. Effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on transcriptome profile of injured spinal cords in rats. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:880-892. [PMID: 31159561 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219854668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The previous studies showed that alternatively activated anti-inflammatory macrophage (M2) adoptive immunity can improve the proportion of local M2 cells and play the neuroprotective effect after spinal cord injury (SCI). Its molecular mechanism is not yet very clear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of the M2 adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were used for culture of macrophages and establishment of SCI models. After SCI, the polarized M2 macrophages were transferred to the injured rats by tail vein injection. Seven days after operation, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spinal cords were analyzed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq). Then, the functional enrichment analysis and pathways were performed by using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), respectively. RNA-Seq showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory, such as antigen processing and presentation, phagosome, cell adhesion molecules, natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, endocytosis, proteasome, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, retinoic acid-inducible gene-1 (RIG-I)-like receptor signaling pathway was found to be involved in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity as well. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment. The raw Illumina data are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra (accession number PRJNA517238). Impact statement This research aimed to analyze the effect of M2 macrophage adoptive transfer on the local expression of gene transcription after SCI by RNA-Seq. The results showed that M2 adoptive immunity can down-regulate many well-studied gene expressions associated with signaling pathways of inflammatory. These may explain the mechanism of our previous adoptive immunization of M2 cells to provide neuroprotection for SCI. In addition, a novel pathway, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway was also found to involve in the pathological process of SCI and the response to M2 adoptive immunity. This will provide a new explanation for the pathological mechanism of SCI and a new theoretical and experimental basis for its clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,3 Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Yan Wu
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,3 Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Fei-Xiang Duan
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Sai-Nan Wang
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,3 Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Xue-Yan Guo
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Shu-Qin Ding
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhou
- 3 Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
| | - Jian-Guo Hu
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China
| | - He-Zuo Lü
- 1 Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,2 Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233004, PR China.,3 Department of Immunology, Bengbu Medical College, Anhui 233030, PR China
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Wu S, Marie Lutz B, Miao X, Liang L, Mo K, Chang YJ, Du P, Soteropoulos P, Tian B, Kaufman AG, Bekker A, Hu Y, Tao YX. Dorsal root ganglion transcriptome analysis following peripheral nerve injury in mice. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916629048. [PMID: 27030721 PMCID: PMC4955972 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916629048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury leads to changes in gene expression in primary sensory neurons of the injured dorsal root ganglia. These changes are believed to be involved in neuropathic pain genesis. Previously, these changes have been identified using gene microarrays or next generation RNA sequencing with poly-A tail selection, but these approaches cannot provide a more thorough analysis of gene expression alterations after nerve injury. METHODS The present study chose to eliminate mRNA poly-A tail selection and perform strand-specific next generation RNA sequencing to analyze whole transcriptomes in the injured dorsal root ganglia following spinal nerve ligation. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay was carried out to verify the changes of some differentially expressed RNAs in the injured dorsal root ganglia after spinal nerve ligation. RESULTS Our results showed that more than 50 million (M) paired mapped sequences with strand information were yielded in each group (51.87 M-56.12 M in sham vs. 51.08 M-57.99 M in spinal nerve ligation). Six days after spinal nerve ligation, expression levels of 11,163 out of a total of 27,463 identified genes in the injured dorsal root ganglia significantly changed, of which 52.14% were upregulated and 47.86% downregulated. The largest transcriptional changes were observed in protein-coding genes (91.5%) followed by noncoding RNAs. Within 944 differentially expressed noncoding RNAs, the most significant changes were seen in long interspersed noncoding RNAs followed by antisense RNAs, processed transcripts, and pseudogenes. We observed a notable proportion of reads aligning to intronic regions in both groups (44.0% in sham vs. 49.6% in spinal nerve ligation). Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, we confirmed consistent differential expression of selected genes including Kcna2, Oprm1 as well as lncRNAs Gm21781 and 4732491K20Rik following spinal nerve ligation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that next generation RNA sequencing can be used as a promising approach to analyze the changes of whole transcriptomes in dorsal root ganglia following nerve injury and to possibly identify new targets for prevention and treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaogen Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna Marie Lutz
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Xuerong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingli Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Kai Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun-Juan Chang
- High Performance and Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Peicheng Du
- High Performance and Research Computing, Office of Information Technology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Departments of Biochemistry & Microbiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Departments of Biochemistry & Microbiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew G Kaufman
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alex Bekker
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Yali Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA Departments of Cell Biology & Molecular Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA Department of Pharmacology & Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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Clarke H, Katz J, Flor H, Rietschel M, Diehl SR, Seltzer Z. Genetics of chronic post-surgical pain: a crucial step toward personal pain medicine. Can J Anaesth 2014; 62:294-303. [DOI: 10.1007/s12630-014-0287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Imai S, Ikegami D, Yamashita A, Shimizu T, Narita M, Niikura K, Furuya M, Kobayashi Y, Miyashita K, Okutsu D, Kato A, Nakamura A, Araki A, Omi K, Nakamura M, James Okano H, Okano H, Ando T, Takeshima H, Ushijima T, Kuzumaki N, Suzuki T, Narita M. Epigenetic transcriptional activation of monocyte chemotactic protein 3 contributes to long-lasting neuropathic pain. Brain 2013; 136:828-43. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Coste O, Möser CV, Sisignano M, Kynast KL, Minden A, Geisslinger G, Niederberger E. The p21-activated kinase PAK 5 is involved in formalin-induced nociception through regulation of MAP-kinase signaling and formalin-specific receptors. Behav Brain Res 2012; 234:121-8. [PMID: 22732262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are involved in signal cascades relevant for nociceptive processing and neuropathic pain. Particularly, the recently described group B PAKs 4, 5 and 6 regulate MAP-kinases and the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton, both of which have been linked to pain processing. However, a specific role of these PAKs in nociception has not yet been demonstrated. We found PAK 4, 5 and 6 expression in pain-relevant tissues in peripheral and CNS. Since viable knock-out mice only exist for the PAK isoform 5, we further assessed the impact of this PAK on acute and chronic pain using different behavioral models in mice. PAK 5 knock-out mice showed normal acute nociception and did not differ from wild type mice in their neuropathic pain behavior. However, the nociceptive response in formalin-induced paw inflammation was significantly reduced in knock-out mice associated with inhibition of MAP-kinase activation and a decreased number of formalin-induced c-Fos positive neurons in the spinal cord. Furthermore, in isolated neurons, we found a significantly reduced calcium response after stimulation of TRPA1-channels in PAK 5(-/-)- compared to PAK 5(+/+)-cells. Our results indicate that PAK 5 is involved in formalin-induced inflammatory nociception through regulation of MAPK-induced c-Fos-activation and formalin-specific TRP-channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu Coste
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Singh OV, Tao YX. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis: discovering neuropathic pain-associated synaptic biomarkers in spinal cord dorsal horn. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 851:47-63. [PMID: 22351081 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-561-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain is a major public health problem worldwide. Current treatment for neuropathic pain has had limited success because the mechanisms that underlie the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain are incompletely understood. However, recent advances in proteomics may allow us to uncover complicated biological mechanisms that occur under neuropathic pain conditions. Here, we introduce a combined approach of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) with mass spectrometry (MS) to identify the expression changes in synaptosome-associated proteins in spinal cord dorsal horn after unilateral fifth spinal nerve injury. In 2-DE, a set of highly abundant synaptic proteins with a pI range of 4-7 are separated and compared by size fractionation (25-100 kDa). Then, the differentially expressed proteins are identified and validated by MS, and their potential involvement in physiological and pathological processes is searched. Thus, proteomic analysis can provide expression profiles of synaptic proteins and their posttranslational modifications in cells, tissues, and organs of the nervous system under neuropathic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om V Singh
- Division of Biological and Health Science, University of Pittsburgh-Bradford, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Zulauf L, Coste O, Marian C, Möser C, Brenneis C, Niederberger E. Cofilin phosphorylation is involved in nitric oxide/cGMP-mediated nociception. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:1408-13. [PMID: 19896457 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 10/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is convincing evidence that nitric oxide (NO), cGMP and cGMP-dependent protein kinase I (PKG-I) are involved in the development of hyperalgesia in response to noxious stimuli. However, downstream target proteins contributing to nociception have not been completely identified so far. Several reports indicate a role of the NO/cGMP/PKG cascade in the regulation of neurite outgrowth which is suggested to be involved in specific mechanisms of nociception. Since neurite outgrowth is strongly dependent on modulation of cytoskeleton proteins we were interested in the impact of PKG-I activation on the actin cytoskeleton and its role in inflammatory hyperalgesia. Therefore we investigated the actin-destabilising protein cofilin and its NO-dependent effects in vitro in primary neuronal cultures as well as in vivo in the zymosan-induced paw inflammation model in rats. In primary neurons from rats, treatment with the PKG-I activator 8-Br-cGMP induced a time-dependent phosphorylation of cofilin and significantly increased neurite outgrowth. Further functional analysis revealed that the underlying signal transduction pathways involve activation of the Rho-GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42 and their corresponding downstream targets Rho-kinase (ROCK) and p21-activated kinase (PAK). In vivo, treatment of rats with the NO-synthase inhibitor l-NAME and the ROCK-inhibitor Y-27632, respectively, led to a significant decrease of cofilin phosphorylation in the spinal cord and resulted in antinociceptive effects in a model of inflammatory hyperalgesia. Our results suggest that cofilin represents a downstream target of NO/cGMP/PKG signal transduction in neurons thus indicating that it is involved in NO-mediated nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Zulauf
- Pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt, Theodor Stern Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany.
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Takeda K, Muramatsu M, Chikuma T, Kato T. Effect of memantine on the levels of neuropeptides and microglial cells in the brain regions of rats with neuropathic pain. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 39:380-90. [PMID: 19653132 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain induced by sciatic nerve injury not only causes peripheral dysfunctions but also affects the cortical and subcortical regions of the brain. It is still unknown whether neuropathic pain could relate to behavioral and neurochemical alterations in the central nervous system. This paper deals with the effect of peripheral neuropathic pain on mechanical allodynia, neuropeptide levels, neuropeptide-degrading enzyme activities, and microglial cells in the brain regions of rats by applying chronic constriction injury, a partial sciatic nerve injury. We examined the possible protection effect on the allodynia and changes in levels of neuropeptides and microglial activation in chronic constriction injury of the rat brain by memantine. On 4 days after chronic constriction injury, the induction of mechanical allodynia was suppressed by memantine treatment. Reductions in the substance P in the hypothalamus and somatostatin in the periaqueductal gray of chronic constriction injury rat brain were reversed by memantine. This suggests the role of these neuropeptides in pain information processing in the brain. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed that the expression of CD11b, a marker protein of microglia, was increased in the hypothalamus and periaqueductal gray in the chronic constriction injury rat brain as compared with the controls, and memantine treatment could suppress the activation of microglia, suggesting the involvement of microglia in pain mechanism. The present behavioral, biochemical, and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that peripheral neuropathic pain affects the neuropeptide levels and microglial activation in the brain regions, and these events described above may play an important role in neuropathic pain pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsumichi Takeda
- Department of Research and Development, Abbott Diagnostic Division, Minato, Tokyo 106-8535, Japan
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Singh OV, Yaster M, Xu JT, Guan Y, Guan X, Dharmarajan AM, Raja SN, Zeitlin PL, Tao YX. Proteome of synaptosome-associated proteins in spinal cord dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury. Proteomics 2009; 9:1241-53. [PMID: 19206110 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury may lead to neuroadaptive changes of cellular signals in spinal cord that are thought to contribute to central mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain. Here we used a 2-DE-based proteomic technique to determine the global expression changes of synaptosome-associated proteins in spinal cord dorsal horn after unilateral fifth spinal nerve injury (SNI). The fifth lumbar dorsal horns ipsilateral to SNI or sham surgery were harvested on day 14 post-surgery, and the total soluble and synaptosomal fractions were isolated. The proteins derived from the synaptosomal fraction were resolved by 2-DE. We identified 27 proteins that displayed different expression levels after SNI, including proteins involved in transmission and modulation of noxious information, cellular metabolism, membrane receptor trafficking, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and degeneration. Six of the 27 proteins were chosen randomly and further validated in the synaptosomal fraction by Western blot analysis. Unexpectedly, Western blot analysis showed that only one protein in the total soluble fraction exhibited a significant expression change after SNI. The data indicate that peripheral nerve injury changes not only protein expression but also protein subcellular distribution in dorsal horn cells. These changes might participate in the central mechanism that underlies the maintenance of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Om V Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Fuccio C, Luongo C, Capodanno P, Giordano C, Scafuro MA, Siniscalco D, Lettieri B, Rossi F, Maione S, Berrino L. A single subcutaneous injection of ozone prevents allodynia and decreases the over-expression of pro-inflammatory caspases in the orbito-frontal cortex of neuropathic mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 603:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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