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Kaur M, Mehta R, Muthuswami R, Mallick BN. Noradrenaline enhances Na-K ATPase subunit expression by HuR-induced mRNA stabilization and their transportation to the cell surface through PLC and PKC mediated pathway: Implications with REMS-loss associated disorders. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38676340 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) maintains brain excitability at least by regulating Na-K ATPase activity. Although REMS deprivation (REMSD)-associated elevated noradrenaline (NA) increases Na-K ATPase protein expression, its mRNA transcription did not increase. We hypothesized and confirmed both in vivo as well as in vitro that elevated mRNA stability explains the apparent puzzle. The mRNA stability was measured in control and REMSD rat brain with or without in vivo treatment with α1-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist, prazosin (PRZ). Upon REMSD, Na-K ATPase α1-, and α2-mRNA stability increased significantly, which was prevented by PRZ. To decipher the molecular mechanism of action, we estimated NA-induced Na-K ATPase mRNA stability in Neuro-2a cells under controlled conditions and by transcription blockage using Actinomycin D (Act-D). NA increased Na-K ATPase mRNA stability, which was prevented by PRZ and propranolol (PRP, β-AR antagonist). The knockdown assay confirmed that the increased mRNA stabilization was induced by elevated cytoplasmic abundance of Human antigen R (HuR) and involving (Phospholipase C) PLC-mediated activation of Protein Kinase C (PKC). Additionally, using cell-impermeable Enz-link sulfo NHS-SS-Biotin, we observed that NA increased Na-K ATPase α1-subunits on the Neuro-2a cell surface. We conclude that REMSD-associated elevated NA, acting on α1- and β-AR, increases nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HuR and increases Na-K ATPase mRNA stability, resulting in increased Na-K ATPase protein expression. The latter then gets translocated to the neuronal membrane surface involving both PKC and (Protein Kinase A) PKA-mediated pathways. These findings may be exploited for the amelioration of REMSD-associated chronic disorders and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet Kaur
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Mehta
- AMITY Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, AMITY University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
| | - Rohini Muthuswami
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Birendra Nath Mallick
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- AMITY Institute of Neuropsychology and Neurosciences, AMITY University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, UP, India
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Lefter R, Cojocariu RO, Ciobica A, Balmus IM, Mavroudis I, Kis A. Interactions between Sleep and Emotions in Humans and Animal Models. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58020274. [PMID: 35208598 PMCID: PMC8877042 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, increased interest and efforts were observed in describing the possible interaction between sleep and emotions. Human and animal model studies addressed the implication of both sleep patterns and emotional processing in neurophysiology and neuropathology in suggesting a bidirectional interaction intimately modulated by complex mechanisms and factors. In this context, we aimed to discuss recent evidence and possible mechanisms implicated in this interaction, as provided by both human and animal models in studies. In addition, considering the affective component of brain physiological patterns, we aimed to find reasonable evidence in describing the two-way association between comorbid sleep impairments and psychiatric disorders. The main scientific literature databases (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science) were screened with keyword combinations for relevant content taking into consideration only English written papers and the inclusion and exclusion criteria, according to PRISMA guidelines. We found that a strong modulatory interaction between sleep processes and emotional states resides on the activity of several key brain structures, such as the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and brainstem nuclei. In addition, evidence suggested that physiologically and behaviorally related mechanisms of sleep are intimately interacting with emotional perception and processing which could advise the key role of sleep in the unconscious character of emotional processes. However, further studies are needed to explain and correlate the functional analysis with causative and protective factors of sleep impairments and negative emotional modulation on neurophysiologic processing, mental health, and clinical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Lefter
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, Iasi Branch, B dul Carol I, no. 8, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Roxana Oana Cojocariu
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin Ciobica
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, B dul Carol I, no 11, 700506 Iasi, Romania;
- Center of Biomedical Research, Romanian Academy, B dul Carol I, no 8, 700505 Iasi, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Splaiul Independentei nr. 54, Sector 5, 050094 Bucuresti, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioana-Miruna Balmus
- Department of Exact Sciences and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Alexandru Lapusneanu Street, no. 26, 700057 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (I.-M.B.)
| | - Ioannis Mavroudis
- Department of Neurology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK;
| | - Anna Kis
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
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Vosahlikova M, Roubalova L, Cechova K, Kaufman J, Musil S, Miksik I, Alda M, Svoboda P. Na +/K +-ATPase and lipid peroxidation in forebrain cortex and hippocampus of sleep-deprived rats treated with therapeutic lithium concentration for different periods of time. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 102:109953. [PMID: 32360816 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is a typical mood stabilizer and the first choice for treatment of bipolar disorder (BD). Despite an extensive clinical use of Li, its mechanisms of action remain widely different and debated. In this work, we studied the time-course of the therapeutic Li effects on ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-ATPase in forebrain cortex and hippocampus of rats exposed to 3-day sleep deprivation (SD). We also monitored lipid peroxidation as malondialdehyde (MDA) production. In samples of plasma collected from all experimental groups of animals, Li concentrations were followed by ICP-MS. The acute (1 day), short-term (7 days) and chronic (28 days) treatment of rats with Li resulted in large decrease of Na+/K+-ATPase activity in both brain parts. At the same time, SD of control, Li-untreated rats increased Na+/K+-ATPase along with increased production of MDA. The SD-induced increase of Na+/K+-ATPase and MDA was attenuated in Li-treated rats. While SD results in a positive change of Na+/K+-ATPase, the inhibitory effect of Li treatment may be interpreted as a pharmacological mechanism causing a normalization of the stress-induced shift and return the Na+/K+-ATPase back to control level. We conclude that SD alone up-regulates Na+/K+-ATPase together with increased peroxidative damage of lipids. Chronic treatment of rats with Li before SD, protects the brain tissue against this type of damage and decreases Na+/K+-ATPase level back to control level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Vosahlikova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Roubalova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Kristina Cechova
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jonas Kaufman
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Musil
- Department of Trace Element Analysis, Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Miksik
- Laboratory of Translation Metabolism, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Svoboda
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Association between autophagy and rapid eye movement sleep loss-associated neurodegenerative and patho-physio-behavioral changes. Sleep Med 2019; 63:29-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Patri M, Singh A. Protective effects of noradrenaline on benzo[a]pyrene-induced oxidative stress responses in brain tumor cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:665-675. [PMID: 31292939 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is an ubiquitous environmental pollutant that is generated during combustion of fossil fuels. We examine the effect of noradrenaline (NA) on B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity in brain tumor cell lines like neuroblastoma (Neuro2a) and glioma (C6). We pre-treated tumor cells with NA for 6 h, followed by addition of B[a]P for additional 24 h. Cell viability was measured using trypan blue dye-exclusion assay and comet assay was performed to measure DNA damage. Cell cycle status was analyzed using flow cytometry and oxidative DNA damage (8-oxodG) production was examined by immunostaining. The intracellular Ca2+ concentration was analyzed using Fura-2AM. Our results showed viability of Neuro2a and C6 cells declined (24% and 20%) in B[a]P-treated groups. However, pre-treating with NA increased viability of cells by reducing percentage of cell death in both. Furthermore, B[a]P-induced deregulation of cell cycle (G2/M and S phase cell arrest) was significantly restored by pre-treatment with NA in Neuro2a cells as compared to C6 cells. We further observed increased 8-oxodG production in B[a]P-treated cells; however, NA pre-treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the 8-oxodG production in Neuro2a, while C6 cells were less affected possibly due to better protective machinery. B[a]P-induced intracellular Ca2+ influx was significantly reduced in both the cell lines due to co-treatment of NA possibly by reducing Ca2+ influx. NA protects brain tumor cells against B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity may be by decreasing percentage of G2 cell arrest, oxidative DNA damage, and reducing intracellular Ca2+ influx. These findings suggested that NA may be considered as a natural potential protective agent against B[a]P-induced neurotoxicity. Graphical abstract Graphical abstract showing differential protective mechanism of NA against B[a]P-induced toxicity through antioxidant mechanism maintaining homeostasis for oxidative stress in Neuro2a and C6 cell lines. The schematic graph showed the biological significance of the NA that regulates the induction of metabolic processes of cell cycle after exposure to the environmental pollutants. B[a]P increases the intracellular levels of Ca2+, but also induces damage to cellular molecules including DNA causing cell cycle arrest. The B[a]P-induced DNA damage due to base lesions generated in the genome, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) is one of the most abundant because of guanine's lowest redox potential among DNA bases through intracellular calcium homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India.
| | - Abhisek Singh
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, 753003, India
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Singh A, Das G, Kaur M, Mallick BN. Noradrenaline Acting on Alpha1 Adrenoceptor as well as by Chelating Iron Reduces Oxidative Burden on the Brain: Implications With Rapid Eye Movement Sleep. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:7. [PMID: 30837837 PMCID: PMC6389636 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The noradrenaline (NA) level in the brain is reduced during rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). However, upon REMS deprivation (REMSD) its level is elevated, which induces apoptosis and the degeneration of neurons in the brain. In contrast, isolated studies have reported that NA possesses an anti-oxidant property, while REMSD reduces lipid peroxidation (LP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We argued that an optimum level of NA is likely to play a physiologically beneficial role. To resolve the contradiction and for a better understanding of the role of NA in the brain, we estimated LP and ROS levels in synaptosomes prepared from the brains of control and REMS deprived rats with or without in vivo treatment with either α1-adrenoceptor (AR) antagonist, prazosin (PRZ) or α2-AR agonist, clonidine (CLN). REMSD significantly reduced LP and ROS in synaptosomes; while the effect on LP was ameliorated by both PRZ and CLN; ROS was prevented by CLN only. Thereafter, we evaluated in vitro the effects of NA, vitamin E (Vit E), vitamin C (Vit C), and desferrioxamine (DFX, iron chelator) in modulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced LP and ROS in rat brain synaptosomes, Neuro2a, and C6 cells. We observed that NA prevented ROS generation by chelating iron (inhibiting a Fenton reaction). Also, interestingly, a lower dose of NA protected the neurons and glia, while a higher dose damaged the neurons and glia. These in vitro and in vivo results are complementary and support our contention. Based on the findings, we propose that REMS maintains an optimum level of NA in the brain (an antioxidant compromised organ) to protect the latter from continuous oxidative onslaught.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Gitanjali Das
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manjeet Kaur
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Mechanism of noradrenaline-induced α1-adrenoceptor mediated regulation of Na-K ATPase subunit expression in Neuro-2a cells. Brain Res Bull 2018; 139:157-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abd Rashid N, Hapidin H, Abdullah H, Ismail Z, Long I. Nicotine-prevented learning and memory impairment in REM sleep-deprived rat is modulated by DREAM protein in the hippocampus. Brain Behav 2017. [PMID: 28638710 PMCID: PMC5474708 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION REM sleep deprivation is associated with impairment in learning and memory, and nicotine treatment has been shown to attenuate this effect. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of DREAM protein in learning and memory processes. This study investigates the association of DREAM protein in REM sleep-deprived rats hippocampus upon nicotine treatment. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to normal condition, REM sleep deprivation and control wide platform condition for 72 hr. During this procedure, saline or nicotine (1 mg/kg) was given subcutaneously twice a day. Then, Morris water maze (MWM) test was used to assess learning and memory performance of the rats. The rats were sacrificed and the brain was harvested for immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. RESULTS MWM test found that REM sleep deprivation significantly impaired learning and memory performance without defect in locomotor function associated with a significant increase in hippocampus DREAM protein expression in CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions and the mean relative level of DREAM protein compared to other experimental groups. Treatment with acute nicotine significantly prevented these effects and decreased expression of DREAM protein in all the hippocampus regions but only slightly reduce the mean relative level of DREAM protein. CONCLUSION This study suggests that changes in DREAM protein expression in CA1, CA2, CA3, and DG regions of rat's hippocampus and mean relative level of DREAM protein may involve in the mechanism of nicotine treatment-prevented REM sleep deprivation-induced learning and memory impairment in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norlinda Abd Rashid
- BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Sciences School of Health Sciences University Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Hermizi Hapidin
- School of Health Sciences University Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Hasmah Abdullah
- School of Health Sciences University Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Zalina Ismail
- BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Sciences School of Health Sciences University Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
| | - Idris Long
- BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Sciences School of Health Sciences University Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Kelantan Malaysia
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Amar M, Singh A, Mallick BN. Noradrenergic β-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Intracellular Molecular Mechanism of Na-K ATPase Subunit Expression in C6 Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:441-457. [PMID: 28353187 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation-associated elevated noradrenaline increases and decreases neuronal and glial Na-K ATPase activity, respectively. In this study, using C6 cell-line as a model, we investigated the possible intracellular molecular mechanism of noradrenaline-induced decreased glial Na-K ATPase activity. The cells were treated with noradrenaline in the presence or absence of adrenoceptor antagonists, modulators of extra- and intracellular Ca++ and modulators of intracellular signalling pathways. We observed that noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptor decreased Na-K ATPase activity and mRNA expression of the catalytic α2-Na-K ATPase subunit in the C6 cells. Further, cAMP and protein kinase-A mediated release of intracellular Ca++ played a critical role in such decreased α2-Na-K ATPase expression. In contrast, noradrenaline acting on β-adrenoceptor up-regulated the expression of regulatory β2-Na-K ATPase subunit, which although was cAMP and Ca++ dependent, was independent of protein kinase-A and protein kinase-C. Combining these with previous findings (including ours) we have proposed a working model for noradrenaline-induced suppression of glial Na-K ATPase activity and alteration in its subunit expression. The findings help understanding noradrenaline-associated maintenance of brain excitability during health and altered states, particularly in relation to rapid eye movement sleep and its deprivation when the noradrenaline level is naturally altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Amar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Abhishek Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Das SK, Patri M. Neuropeptide Y expression confers benzo[a]pyrene induced anxiolytic like behavioral response during early adolescence period of male Wistar rats. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:23-30. [PMID: 27402563 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Environmental neurotoxicant like benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is known to induce neurobehavioral changes. Our previous reports address the adverse effect of B[a]P on the neurobehavioral responses and neuromorphology of sensitive brain regions in adolescent rats. Present study was conducted on male Wistar rat neonates at postnatal day 5 (PND5) to ascertain B[a]P induced anxiolytic like behavioral response could be an outcome of neuropeptide Y (NPY) overexpression in brain. Single intracisternal administration of B[a]P was carried out at PND5 to elucidate the role of NPY on neurobehavioral responses at PND30. The behavioral studies showed anxiolytic like effect of B[a]P in both light and dark box and elevated plus maze tests. Antioxidant assay involving glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased where as lipid peroxidation was significantly augmented in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P treated group as compared to naive and control. The neurotransmitter estimation by HPLC-ECD showed significant increase in 5-HT level in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P treated group. Significant elevation in NPY expression was observed in both hippocampus and hypothalamus of B[a]P group. Intracellular Ca2+ estimation using Fura-2AM by fluorometry showed that B[a]P induced increase in Ca2+ influx was associated with augmented NPY expression in brain. As NPY has orexigenic effect, our result revealed that there was a significant increase in body weight at PND30 following B[a]P administration to rat neonates at PND5. These findings suggested that NPY overexpression in brain regions might be associated with anxiolytic like behavioral response and orexigenic effect in rats following single intracisternal B[a]P administration. Future research directing towards understanding the signaling cascades of B[a]P induced biochemical and neuromorphological alteration might address the independent pathway which induce neurodegeneration despite NPY overexpression in brain regions of adolescent rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumar Das
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Odisha, India
| | - Manorama Patri
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Ravenshaw University, Odisha, India.
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Somarajan BI, Khanday MA, Mallick BN. Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Induces Neuronal Apoptosis by Noradrenaline Acting on Alpha1 Adrenoceptor and by Triggering Mitochondrial Intrinsic Pathway. Front Neurol 2016; 7:25. [PMID: 27014180 PMCID: PMC4779900 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are associated with rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) loss; however, the mechanism was unknown. As REMS loss elevates noradrenaline (NA) level in the brain as well as induces neuronal apoptosis and degeneration, in this study, we have delineated the intracellular molecular pathway involved in REMS deprivation (REMSD)-associated NA-induced neuronal apoptosis. Rats were REMS deprived for 6 days by the classical flower pot method; suitable controls were conducted and the effects on apoptosis markers evaluated. Further, the role of NA was studied by one, intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of NA-ergic alpha1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin (PRZ) and two, by downregulation of NA synthesis in locus coeruleus (LC) neurons by local microinjection of tyrosine hydroxylase siRNA (TH-siRNA). Immunoblot estimates showed that the expressions of proapoptotic proteins viz. Bcl2-associated death promoter protein, apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), cytochrome c, caspase9, caspase3 were elevated in the REMS-deprived rat brains, while caspase8 level remained unaffected; PRZ treatment did not allow elevation of these proapoptotic factors. Further, REMSD increased cytochrome c expression, which was prevented if the NA synthesis from the LC neurons was blocked by microinjection of TH-siRNA in vivo into the LC during REMSD in freely moving normal rats. Mitochondrial damage was re-confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which showed distinctly swollen mitochondria with disintegrated cristae, chromosomal condensation, and clumping along the nuclear membrane, and all these changes were prevented in PRZ-treated rats. Combining findings of this study along with earlier reports, we propose that upon REMSD NA level increases in the brain as the LC, NA-ergic REM-OFF neurons do not cease firing and TH is upregulated in those neurons. This elevated NA acting on alpha1 adrenoceptors damages mitochondria causing release of cytochrome c to activate intrinsic pathway for inducing neuronal apoptosis in REMS-deprived rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu I Somarajan
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Mudasir A Khanday
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
| | - Birendra N Mallick
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University , New Delhi , India
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Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Deprivation Associated Increase in Na-K ATPase Activity in the Rat Brain is Due to Noradrenaline Induced α1-Adrenoceptor Mediated Increased α-Subunit of the Enzyme. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1747-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1660-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Sleep deprivation and oxidative stress in animal models: a systematic review. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:234952. [PMID: 25945148 PMCID: PMC4402503 DOI: 10.1155/2015/234952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Because the function and mechanisms of sleep are partially clear, here we applied a meta-analysis to address the issue whether sleep function includes antioxidative properties in mice and rats. Given the expansion of the knowledge in the sleep field, it is indeed ambitious to describe all mammals, or other animals, in which sleep shows an antioxidant function. However, in this paper we reviewed the current understanding from basic studies in two species to drive the hypothesis that sleep is a dynamic-resting state with antioxidative properties. We performed a systematic review of articles cited in Medline, Scopus, and Web of Science until March 2015 using the following search terms: Sleep or sleep deprivation and oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, nitric oxide, catalase or superoxide dismutase. We found a total of 266 studies. After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 44 articles were included, which are presented and discussed in this study. The complex relationship between sleep duration and oxidative stress is discussed. Further studies should consider molecular and genetic approaches to determine whether disrupted sleep promotes oxidative stress.
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Singh A, Mallick BN. Targeting modulation of noradrenalin release in the brain for amelioration of REMS loss-associated effects. J Transl Int Med 2015; 3:8-16. [PMID: 27847879 PMCID: PMC4936468 DOI: 10.4103/2224-4018.154288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) loss affects most of the physiological processes, and it has been proposed that REMS maintains normal physiological processes. Changes in cultural, social, personal traits and life-style severely affect the amount and pattern of sleep, including REMS, which then manifests symptoms in animals, including humans. The effects may vary from simple fatigue and irritability to severe patho-physiological and behavioral deficits such as cognitive and behavioral dysfunctions. It has been a challenge to identify a molecule(s) that may have a potential for treating REMS loss-associated symptoms, which are very diverse. For decades, the critical role of locus coeruleus neurons in regulating REMS has been known, which has further been supported by the fact that the noradrenalin (NA) level is elevated in the brain after REMS loss. In this review, we have collected evidence from the published literature, including those from this laboratory, and argue that factors that affect REMS and vice versa modulate the level of a common molecule, the NA. Further, NA is known to affect the physiological processes affected by REMS loss. Therefore, we propose that modulation of the level of NA in the brain may be targeted for treating REMS loss-related symptoms. Further, we also argue that among the various ways to affect the release of NA-level, targeting α2 adrenoceptor autoreceptor on the pre-synaptic terminal may be the better option for ameliorating REMS loss-associated symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Elliott AS, Huber JD, O'Callaghan JP, Rosen CL, Miller DB. A review of sleep deprivation studies evaluating the brain transcriptome. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:728. [PMID: 25932362 PMCID: PMC4409616 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show a positive association between adequate sleep and good health. Further, disrupted sleep may increase the risk for CNS diseases, such as stroke and Alzheimer’s disease. However, there has been limited progress in determining how sleep is linked to brain health or how sleep disruption may increase susceptibility to brain insult and disease. Animal studies can aid in understanding these links. In reviewing the animal literature related to the effects of sleep disruption on the brain, we found most of the work was directed toward investigating and characterizing the role of various brain areas or structures in initiating and regulating sleep. In contrast, limited effort has been directed towards understanding how sleep disruption alters the brain’s health or susceptibility to insult. We also note many current studies have determined the changes in the brain following compromised sleep by examining, for example, the brain transcriptome or to a more limited extent the proteome. However, these studies have utilized almost exclusively total sleep deprivation (e.g., 24 out of 24 hours) paradigms or single short periods of limited acute sleep deprivation (e.g., 3 out of 24 hours). While such strategies are beneficial in understanding how sleep is controlled, they may not have much translational value for determining links between sleep and brain health or for determining how sleep disruption may increase brain susceptibility to insult. Surprisingly, few studies have determined how the duration and recurrence of sleep deprivation influence the effects seen after sleep deprivation. Our aim in this review was to identify relevant rodent studies from 1980 through 2012 and analyze those that use varying durations of sleep deprivation or restriction in their effort to evaluate the effects of sleep deprivation on the brain transcriptome and to a more limited extent the proteome. We examined how differences in the duration of sleep deprivation affect gene and protein expression to better understand the full consequences of repeated sleep disruption on the brain. Future research needs to consider and emphasize how the type and extent of the sleep deprivation exposure impacts the conclusions reached concerning the influence of sleep disruption on the brain. We identified relevant studies between 1980 and 2012 by searching the electronic databases of PubMed, Medline (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science using the terms “sleep” AND “disrupt”, “deprivation”, “restrict”, “fragment”, “loss”, “disturb”, “disorder”, “dysfunction”, “brain”, “cortex”, striatum”, hypothalamus”, “hippocampus”, “gene”, “protein”, “genomics”, “proteomics”, “polymerase chain reaction”, “pcr”, “microarray”, “molecular”, “rodent” “rat”, “rats”, “mouse”, “mice”. All searches were limited to rodent studies in English and the reference lists of retrieved articles were searched for additional pertinent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa S Elliott
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- School of Pharmacy, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - James P O'Callaghan
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, CDC-NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
| | - Charles L Rosen
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV USA
| | - Diane B Miller
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, CDC-NIOSH, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA
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Lima AMA, de Bruin VMS, Rios ERV, de Bruin PFC. Differential effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on memory and oxidative stress. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:399-406. [PMID: 24424716 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep has important functions for every organ in the body and sleep deprivation (SD) leads to disorders that cause irreparable damage. The aim of this study was to investigate behavioral and brain structural alterations in mice deprived of paradoxical sleep for 48 and 72 h. Working memory, aversive memory as well as levels of nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the hippocampus, body striatum, and prefrontal cortex were evaluated. Working memory was affected in the 48- and 72-h SD groups while aversive memory was altered only in the 48-h SD group (p ≤ 0.05). Our findings showed that SD reduces NO levels in most brain areas (p < 0.05): NO levels were unaltered in the striatum of animals sleep-deprived for 48 h. Higher levels of TBARS were observed in all areas of the SD groups (p ≤ 0.05). Thus, we confirmed that SD has duration-dependent effects on behavior as well as on NO and TBARS levels in the brain. Preserved striatum NO levels suggest that this structure is less vulnerable to oxidative stress and is only affected by SD of longer duration. Increased TBARS and reduced NO levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex confirm a central role for both these structures in working memory and aversive memory. Contextual fear conditioning was not affected by longer periods of SD. Thus, our findings suggest that shorter SD time may be more beneficial to avoid aversive memory where this may have implications for the management of posttraumatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Menezes Araujo Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, R. Cel Nunes de Melo 1315, Rodolfo Teófilo, 60.430-270, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Saito LP, Fukushiro DF, Hollais AW, Mári-Kawamoto E, Costa JM, Berro LF, Aramini TCF, Wuo-Silva R, Andersen ML, Tufik S, Frussa-Filho R. Acute total sleep deprivation potentiates amphetamine-induced locomotor-stimulant effects and behavioral sensitization in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 117:7-16. [PMID: 24316348 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that a prolonged period (48 h) of paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) potentiates amphetamine (AMP)-induced behavioral sensitization, an animal model of addiction-related neuroadaptations. In the present study, we examined the effects of an acute short-term deprivation of total sleep (TSD) (6h) on AMP-induced behavioral sensitization in mice and compared them to the effects of short-term PSD (6 h). Three-month-old male C57BL/6J mice underwent TSD (experiment 1-gentle handling method) or PSD (experiment 2-multiple platforms method) for 6 h. Immediately after the sleep deprivation period, mice were tested in the open field for 10 min under the effects of saline or 2.0 mg/kg AMP. Seven days later, to assess behavioral sensitization, all of the mice received a challenge injection of 2.0 mg/kg AMP and were tested in the open field for 10 min. Total, peripheral, and central locomotion, and grooming duration were measured. TSD, but not PSD, potentiated the hyperlocomotion induced by an acute injection of AMP and this effect was due to an increased locomotion in the central squares of the apparatus. Similarly, TSD facilitated the development of AMP-induced sensitization, but only in the central locomotion parameter. The data indicate that an acute period of TSD may exacerbate the behavioral effects of AMP in mice. Because sleep architecture is composed of paradoxical and slow wave sleep, and 6-h PSD had no effects on AMP-induced hyperlocomotion or sensitization, our data suggest that the deprivation of slow wave sleep plays a critical role in the mechanisms that underlie the potentiating effects of TSD on both the acute and sensitized addiction-related responses to AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis P Saito
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Fukushiro
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Psychology, Florida State University, 1107 W. Call St, 32304 Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - André W Hollais
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisa Mári-Kawamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline M Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís F Berro
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana C F Aramini
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Raphael Wuo-Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica L Andersen
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sergio Tufik
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberto Frussa-Filho
- Department of Psychobiology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Napoleão de Barros, 925, 04024002 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 862, Ed. Leal Prado, 1º andar, 04023062 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Patri M, Singh A, Mallick BN. Protective role of noradrenaline in benzo[a]pyrene-induced learning impairment in developing rat. J Neurosci Res 2013; 91:1450-62. [PMID: 23996611 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), a carcinogen, affects brain development, learning, and memory. Isolated studies have reported that B[a]P elevates noradrenaline (NA) level that may modulate neuronal growth, learning, and memory. Therefore, we investigated in vivo and in vitro the effects of B[a]P on learning and memory and its possible mechanism of action. Intracisternal administration of B[a]P on postnatal day 5 significantly reduced learning and memory in adolescent rats as observed by probe test using the Morris water maze. The density of both the subunits of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, NMDAR1 and NMDAR2B, significantly increased in the hippocampus. In vitro, B[a]P significantly increased NMDAR1 in both C6 and Neuro2a cell lines, whereas NMDAR2B was significantly increased in C6 but was significantly decreased in Neuro2a. Pretreatment with NA prevented the B[a]P-induced effect on NMDAR1 expression in both cell lines. However, although NA prevented the B[a]P-mediated increase in NMDAR2B expression in C6, it further potentiated the decrease of NMDAR2B in Neuro2a cells. Also, NA prevented the B[a]P-induced increase in intracellular Ca(2+) both in C6 and in Neuro2a. Our findings show that postnatal exposure of developing rats to B[a]P impairs learning and memory even when the rats became adolescent. We also observed that the effects were mediated by elevated intracellular Ca(2+) levels and increased expression of NMDAR; furthermore, NA exerted a protective effect by modulating those factors. NA differentially affects neurons and glia, which may have a compensatory role during toxic insults, especially from B[a]P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manorama Patri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Perogamvros L, Dang-Vu TT, Desseilles M, Schwartz S. Sleep and dreaming are for important matters. Front Psychol 2013; 4:474. [PMID: 23898315 PMCID: PMC3722492 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in sleep and dreaming have described an activation of emotional and reward systems, as well as the processing of internal information during these states. Specifically, increased activity in the amygdala and across mesolimbic dopaminergic regions during REM sleep is likely to promote the consolidation of memory traces with high emotional/motivational value. Moreover, coordinated hippocampal-striatal replay during NREM sleep may contribute to the selective strengthening of memories for important events. In this review, we suggest that, via the activation of emotional/motivational circuits, sleep and dreaming may offer a neurobehavioral substrate for the offline reprocessing of emotions, associative learning, and exploratory behaviors, resulting in improved memory organization, waking emotion regulation, social skills, and creativity. Dysregulation of such motivational/emotional processes due to sleep disturbances (e.g., insomnia, sleep deprivation) would predispose to reward-related disorders, such as mood disorders, increased risk-taking and compulsive behaviors, and may have major health implications, especially in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Perogamvros
- Sleep Laboratory, Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland
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20
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Singh S, Amar M, Mallick BN. Rapid eye movement sleep deprivation modulates synapsinI expression in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2012; 520:62-6. [PMID: 22609569 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) deprivation (REMSD) has been reported to elevate neurotransmitter level in the brain; however, intracellular mechanism of its increased release was not studied. Phosphorylation of synapsinI, a synaptic vesicle-associated protein, is involved in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. In this study, rats were REMS deprived by classical flowerpot method; free moving control (FMC), large platform control (LPC) and recovery control (REC) was carried out. In another set REMS deprived rats were intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected with α1-adrenoceptor antagonist, prazosin (PRZ). Effects of REMSD on Na-K ATPase activity and on the total synapsinI as well as phosphorylated synapsinI levels were estimated in synaptosomes prepared from whole brain. It was observed that REMSD significantly increased synaptosomal Na-K ATPase activity, which was prevented by PRZ. Western blotting of the same samples by anti-synapsinI and anti-synapsinI-phosphoSer603 showed that REMSD increased both the total as well as phospho-form of synapsinI as compared to respective levels in FMC and LPC samples. These findings suggest a functional link between REMSD and synaptic vesicular mobilization at the presynaptic terminal, a process that is essential for neurotransmitter release. The findings help explaining the intracellular mechanism of elevated neurotransmitter release associated to REMSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhuman Singh
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Activation of inactivation process initiates rapid eye movement sleep. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 97:259-76. [PMID: 22521402 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among REM-ON and REM-OFF neurons form the basic scaffold for rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) regulation; however, precise mechanism of their activation and cessation, respectively, was unclear. Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenalin (NA)-ergic neurons are REM-OFF type and receive GABA-ergic inputs among others. GABA acts postsynaptically on the NA-ergic REM-OFF neurons in the LC and presynaptically on the latter's projection terminals and modulates NA-release on the REM-ON neurons. Normally during wakefulness and non-REMS continuous release of NA from the REM-OFF neurons, which however, is reduced during the latter phase, inhibits the REM-ON neurons and prevents REMS. At this stage GABA from substantia nigra pars reticulate acting presynaptically on NA-ergic terminals on REM-ON neurons withdraws NA-release causing the REM-ON neurons to escape inhibition and being active, may be even momentarily. A working-model showing neurochemical-map explaining activation of inactivation process, showing contribution of GABA-ergic presynaptic inhibition in withdrawing NA-release and dis-inhibition induced activation of REM-ON neurons, which in turn activates other GABA-ergic neurons and shutting-off REM-OFF neurons for the initiation of REMS-generation has been explained. Our model satisfactorily explains yet unexplained puzzles (i) why normally REMS does not appear during waking, rather, appears following non-REMS; (ii) why cessation of LC-NA-ergic-REM-OFF neurons is essential for REMS-generation; (iii) factor(s) which does not allow cessation of REM-OFF neurons causes REMS-loss; (iv) the association of changes in levels of GABA and NA in the brain during REMS and its deprivation and associated symptoms; v) why often dreams are associated with REMS.
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REM sleep loss increases brain excitability: role of noradrenaline and its mechanism of action. Sleep Med Rev 2011; 15:165-78. [PMID: 21482157 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), studies have been undertaken to understand its necessity, function and mechanism of action on normal physiological processes as well as in pathological conditions. In this review, first, we briefly surveyed the literature which led us to hypothesise REMS maintains brain excitability. Thereafter, we present evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies tracing behavioural to cellular to molecular pathways showing REMS deprivation (REMSD) increases noradrenaline level in the brain, which stimulates neuronal Na-K ATPase, the key factor for maintaining neuronal excitability, the fundamental property of a neuron for executing brain functions; we also show for the first time the role of glia in maintaining ionic homeostasis in the brain. As REMSD exerts a global effect on most of the physiological processes regulated by the brain, we propose that REMS possibly serves a housekeeping function in the brain. Finally, subject to confirmation from clinical studies, based on the results reviewed here, it is being proposed that the subjects suffering from REMS loss may be effectively treated by reducing either noradrenaline level or Na-K ATPase activity in the brain.
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Casamassima F, Hay AC, Benedetti A, Lattanzi L, Cassano GB, Perlis RH. L-type calcium channels and psychiatric disorders: A brief review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2010; 153B:1373-90. [PMID: 20886543 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.31122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) support the association of polymorphisms in the alpha 1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel gene (CACNA1C) with bipolar disorder. These studies extend a rich prior literature implicating dysfunction of L-type calcium channels (LTCCs) in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders. Moreover, calcium channel blockers reduce Ca(2+) flux by binding to the α1 subunit of the LTCC and are used extensively for treating hypertension, preventing angina, cardiac arrhythmias and stroke. Calcium channel blockers have also been studied clinically in psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders and substance abuse/dependence, yielding conflicting results. In this review, we begin with a summary of LTCC pharmacology. For each category of disorder, this article then provides a review of animal and human data. In particular, we extensively focus on animal models of depression and clinical trials in mood disorders and substance abuse/dependence. Through examining rationale and study design of published clinical trials, we provide some of the possible reasons why we still do not have definitive evidence of efficacy of calcium-channel antagonists for mood disorders. Refinement of genetic results and target phenotypes, enrollment of adequate sample sizes in clinical trials and progress in physiologic and pharmacologic studies to synthesize tissue and isoform specific calcium channel antagonists, are all future challenges of research in this promising field. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Harrington MG, Fonteh AN, Arakaki X, Cowan RP, Ecke LE, Foster H, Hühmer AF, Biringer RG. Capillary endothelial Na(+), K(+), ATPase transporter homeostasis and a new theory for migraine pathophysiology. Headache 2010; 50:459-78. [PMID: 19845787 PMCID: PMC8020446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01551.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid sodium concentration ([Na(+)](csf)) increases during migraine, but the cause of the increase is not known. OBJECTIVE Analyze biochemical pathways that influence [Na(+)](csf) to identify mechanisms that are consistent with migraine. METHOD We reviewed sodium physiology and biochemistry publications for links to migraine and pain. RESULTS Increased capillary endothelial cell (CEC) Na(+), K(+), -ATPase transporter (NKAT) activity is probably the primary cause of increased [Na(+)](csf). Physiological fluctuations of all NKAT regulators in blood, many known to be involved in migraine, are monitored by receptors on the luminal wall of brain CECs; signals are then transduced to their abluminal NKATs that alter brain extracellular sodium ([Na(+)](e)) and potassium ([K(+)](e)). CONCLUSIONS We propose a theoretical mechanism for aura and migraine when NKAT activity shifts outside normal limits: (1) CEC NKAT activity below a lower limit increases [K(+)](e), facilitates cortical spreading depression, and causes aura; (2) CEC NKAT activity above an upper limit elevates [Na(+)](e), increases neuronal excitability, and causes migraine; (3) migraine-without-aura may arise from CEC NKAT over-activity without requiring a prior decrease in activity and its consequent spreading depression; (4) migraine triggers disturb, and treatments improve, CEC NKAT homeostasis; (5) CEC NKAT-induced regulation of neural and vasomotor excitability coordinates vascular and neuronal activities, and includes occasional pathology from CEC NKAT-induced apoptosis or cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Harrington
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes - Molecular Neurology, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA
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Mechanism of noradrenaline-induced stimulation of Na–K ATPase activity in the rat brain: implications on REM sleep deprivation-induced increase in brain excitability. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 336:3-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baskey G, Singh A, Sharma R, Mallick BN. REM sleep deprivation-induced noradrenaline stimulates neuronal and inhibits glial Na–K ATPase in rat brain: In vivo and in vitro studies. Neurochem Int 2009; 54:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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