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Deng B, He X, Wang Z, Kang J, Zhang G, Li L, Kang X. HSP70 protects PC12 cells against TBHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2024:10.1007/s11626-024-00924-0. [PMID: 38807023 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-024-00924-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
HSP70 exhibits neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties, which are crucial in preventing spinal cord injury (SCI) induced by oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this study, we assessed the potential protective effects and underlying mechanisms of HSP70 on tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-damaged PC12 cells in an in vitro model of SCI. To establish the model, PC12 cells were subjected to oxidative damage induced by TBHP, followed by overexpression of HSP70. Cell viability was assessed using the CCK8 kit, intracellular reactive oxygen species level was evaluated using a commercial kit, cell apoptosis was detected using the Annexin V-APC/7-ADD Apoptosis Detection Kit, and the oxidative stress level was determined using SOD and MDA assay kits. Western blot analysis was used to detect the expression levels of Bax, cleaved caspase-3, and Bcl-2 proteins. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining and Western bolt were used to detect the expression levels of proteins associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. We found that HSP70 overexpression reduced apoptosis and oxidative stress in TBHP-induced PC12 cells. Furthermore, it activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. In addition, the Nrf2 inhibitor ML385 attenuated the protective effects of HSP70 on TBHP-induced PC12 cells. In conclusion, HSP70 can partially alleviate TBHP-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in PC12 cells by promoting the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xuegang He
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Zhaoheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jihe Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Xuewen Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Orthopedics Disease of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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2
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Kocanci FG, Goksu AY. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative actions of tacrolimus (FK506) on human microglial HMC3 cell line. Scand J Immunol 2024; 99:e13339. [PMID: 38441214 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Microglial cells are indispensable for the normal development and functioning of neurons in the central nervous system, where they play a crucial role in maintaining brain homeostasis by surveilling the microenvironment for signs of injury or stress and responding accordingly. However, in neurodegenerative diseases, the density and phenotypes of microglial cells undergo changes, leading to chronic activation and inflammation. Shifting the focus from neurons to microglia in drug discovery for neurodegenerative diseases has become an important therapeutic target. This study was aimed to investigate the potential of Tacrolimus (FK506) an FDA-approved calcineurin inhibitor, to modulate the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases through anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects on microglial activation. The human microglia clone 3 (HMC3) cells were exposed to 1 μg/mL LPS in the presence and absence of doses of FK506. Survival rates of cells were determined using the 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) method. Morphological evaluation of cells showed that FK506 restored the normal morphology of activated microglia. Furthermore, FK506 treatment increases the total antioxidant capacity and reduces the total oxidative capacity, indicating its potential antioxidant effects. Data from ELISA and RT-PCR analyses showed that LPS abolished its promoting effects on the release of proinflammatory IL-1β and IL-6 cytokines in HMC3 cells, reflecting the anti-inflammatory effect of FK506. These findings support the idea that FK506 could be a promising therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases by modulating microglial activation and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Gonca Kocanci
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Vocational High School of Health Services, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Azize Yasemin Goksu
- Department of Gene and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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3
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Lee CYP, Chooi WH, Ng SY, Chew SY. Modulating neuroinflammation through molecular, cellular and biomaterial-based approaches to treat spinal cord injury. Bioeng Transl Med 2023; 8:e10389. [PMID: 36925680 PMCID: PMC10013833 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroinflammatory response that is elicited after spinal cord injury contributes to both tissue damage and reparative processes. The complex and dynamic cellular and molecular changes within the spinal cord microenvironment result in a functional imbalance of immune cells and their modulatory factors. To facilitate wound healing and repair, it is necessary to manipulate the immunological pathways during neuroinflammation to achieve successful therapeutic interventions. In this review, recent advancements and fresh perspectives on the consequences of neuroinflammation after SCI and modulation of the inflammatory responses through the use of molecular-, cellular-, and biomaterial-based therapies to promote tissue regeneration and functional recovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology ASTAR Research Entities Singapore Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore.,School of Materials Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Singapore
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dos Santos RS, Veras FP, Ferreira DW, Sant'Anna MB, Lollo PCB, Cunha TM, Galdino G. Involvement of the Hsp70/TLR4/IL‐6 and TNF‐α pathways in delayed‐onset muscle soreness. J Neurochem 2020; 155:29-44. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Wilson Ferreira
- Department of Neurobiology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh PA USA
| | | | | | | | - Giovane Galdino
- Sciences of Motricity Institute Federal University of Alfenas Alfenas Brazil
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5
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GÜLER Ö, YILDIZ M, BOZDEMİR MN, KAVAKLI A, DAĞLI AF, ÜSTÜNDAĞ B. Deneysel Beyin İskemisinde Tacrolimusun Endotelin-1, Melatonin ve Heat Shock Protein-70 Üzerine Etkileri. KAHRAMANMARAŞ SÜTÇÜ İMAM ÜNIVERSITESI TIP FAKÜLTESI DERGISI 2019. [DOI: 10.17517/ksutfd.533419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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6
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Leal‐Lasarte MM, Franco JM, Labrador‐Garrido A, Pozo D, Roodveldt C. Extracellular TDP‐43 aggregates target MAPK/MAK/MRK overlapping kinase (MOK) and trigger caspase‐3/IL‐18 signaling in microglia. FASEB J 2017; 31:2797-2816. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María M. Leal‐Lasarte
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)University of Seville–Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University Paplo de OlavideSeville Spain
| | - Jaime M. Franco
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)University of Seville–Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University Paplo de OlavideSeville Spain
- Department of Medical BiochemistryMolecular Biology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineUniversity of SevilleSeville Spain
| | - Adahir Labrador‐Garrido
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)University of Seville–Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University Paplo de OlavideSeville Spain
- Department of Medical BiochemistryMolecular Biology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineUniversity of SevilleSeville Spain
| | - David Pozo
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)University of Seville–Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University Paplo de OlavideSeville Spain
- Department of Medical BiochemistryMolecular Biology and ImmunologySchool of MedicineUniversity of SevilleSeville Spain
| | - Cintia Roodveldt
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER)University of Seville–Spanish Research Council (CSIC)–University Paplo de OlavideSeville Spain
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The Emerging Roles of the Calcineurin-Nuclear Factor of Activated T-Lymphocytes Pathway in Nervous System Functions and Diseases. J Aging Res 2016; 2016:5081021. [PMID: 27597899 PMCID: PMC5002468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5081021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing epidemics of metabolic diseases and increase in the older population have increased the incidences of neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence from murine and cell line models has implicated calcineurin-nuclear factor of activated T-lymphocytes (NFAT) signaling pathway, a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent major proinflammatory pathway, in the pathogenesis of these diseases. Neurotoxins such as amyloid-β, tau protein, and α-synuclein trigger abnormal calcineurin/NFAT signaling activities. Additionally increased activities of endogenous regulators of calcineurin like plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) and regulator of calcineurin 1 (RCAN1) also cause neuronal and glial loss and related functional alterations, in neurodegenerative diseases, psychotic disorders, epilepsy, and traumatic brain and spinal cord injuries. Treatment with calcineurin/NFAT inhibitors induces some degree of neuroprotection and decreased reactive gliosis in the central and peripheral nervous system. In this paper, we summarize and discuss the current understanding of the roles of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in physiology and pathologies of the adult and developing nervous system, with an emphasis on recent reports and cutting-edge findings. Calcineurin/NFAT signaling is known for its critical roles in the developing and adult nervous system. Its role in physiological and pathological processes is still controversial. However, available data suggest that its beneficial and detrimental effects are context-dependent. In view of recent reports calcineurin/NFAT signaling is likely to serve as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions. This review further highlights the need to characterize better all factors determining the outcome of calcineurin/NFAT signaling in diseases and the downstream targets mediating the beneficial and detrimental effects.
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Herrando-Grabulosa M, Mulet R, Pujol A, Mas JM, Navarro X, Aloy P, Coma M, Casas C. Novel Neuroprotective Multicomponent Therapy for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Designed by Networked Systems. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147626. [PMID: 26807587 PMCID: PMC4726541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neuron function for which there is no effective treatment. One of the main difficulties in developing new therapies lies on the multiple events that contribute to motor neuron death in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Several pathological mechanisms have been identified as underlying events of the disease process, including excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered axonal transport, proteasome dysfunction, synaptic deficits, glial cell contribution, and disrupted clearance of misfolded proteins. Our approach in this study was based on a holistic vision of these mechanisms and the use of computational tools to identify polypharmacology for targeting multiple etiopathogenic pathways. By using a repositioning analysis based on systems biology approach (TPMS technology), we identified and validated the neuroprotective potential of two new drug combinations: Aliretinoin and Pranlukast, and Aliretinoin and Mefloquine. In addition, we estimated their molecular mechanisms of action in silico and validated some of these results in a well-established in vitro model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis based on cultured spinal cord slices. The results verified that Aliretinoin and Pranlukast, and Aliretinoin and Mefloquine promote neuroprotection of motor neurons and reduce microgliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Mulet
- Anaxomics Biotech SL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Albert Pujol
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Navarro
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Aloy
- Joint IRB-BSC-CRG Program in Computational Biology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireia Coma
- Anaxomics Biotech SL, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- * E-mail: (CC); (MC)
| | - Caty Casas
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institut de Neurociències and Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (CC); (MC)
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9
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Neurite-J: An Image-J plug-in for axonal growth analysis in organotypic cultures. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 236:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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O'Carroll SJ, Becker DL, Davidson JO, Gunn AJ, Nicholson LFB, Green CR. The use of connexin-based therapeutic approaches to target inflammatory diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1037:519-46. [PMID: 24029957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-505-7_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in Connexin43 (Cx43) expression levels have been shown to play a role in inflammatory processes including skin wounding and neuroinflammation. Cx43 protein levels increase following a skin wound and can inhibit wound healing. Increased Cx43 has been observed following stroke, epilepsy, ischemia, optic nerve damage, and spinal cord injury with gap junctional communication and hemichannel opening leading to increased secondary damage via the inflammatory response. Connexin43 modulation has been identified as a potential target for protection and repair in neuroinflammation and skin wound repair. This review describes the use of a Cx43 specific antisense oligonucleotide (Cx43 AsODN) and peptide mimetics of the connexin extracellular loop domain to modulate Cx43 expression and/or function in inflammatory disorders of the skin and central nervous system. An overview of the role of connexin43 in inflammatory conditions, how antisense and peptide have allowed us to elucidate the role of Cx43 in these diseases, create models of diseases to test interventions and their potential for use clinically or in current clinical trials is presented. Antisense oligonucleotides are applied topically and have been used to improve wound healing following skin injury. They have also been used to develop ex vivo models of neuroinflammatory diseases that will allow testing of intervention strategies. The connexin mimetic peptides have shown potential in a number of neuroinflammatory disorders in ex vivo models as well as in vivo when delivered directly to the injury site or when delivered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J O'Carroll
- Department of Anatomy with Radiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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11
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Role of FK506 binding protein 12 in morphine-induced μ-opioid receptor internalization and desensitization. Neurosci Lett 2014; 566:231-235. [PMID: 24607931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-activated μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1) undergoes robust receptor phosphorylation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and subsequent β-arrestin recruitment, triggering receptor internalization and desensitization. Morphine, a widely prescribed opioid, induces receptor phosphorylation inefficiently. Previously we reported that FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12) specifically interacts with OPRM1 and such interaction attenuates receptor phosphorylation and facilitates morphine-induced recruitment and activation of protein kinase C. In the current study, we demonstrated that the association of FKBP12 with OPRM1 also affects morphine-induced receptor internalization and G protein-dependent adenylyl cyclase desensitization. Morphine induced faster receptor internalization and adenylyl cyclase desensitization in cells expressing OPRM1 with Pro(353) mutated to Ala (OPRM1P353A), which does not interact with FKBP12, or in the presence of FK506 which dissociates the receptor-FKBP12 interaction. Furthermore, knockdown of cellular FKBP12 level by siRNA accelerated morphine-induced receptor internalization and adenylyl cyclase desensitization. Our study further demonstrated that peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity of FKBP12 probably plays a role in inhibition of receptor phosphorylation. In the view that internalized receptor recycles and thus counteracts the development of analgesic tolerance, receptor's association with FKBP12 could also contribute to the development of morphine tolerance through modulation of receptor trafficking.
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12
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The potential role of heat shock proteins in acute spinal cord injury. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:1480-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Zhang Q, Hu W, Meng B, Tang T. PPARγagonist rosiglitazone is neuroprotective after traumatic spinal cord injury via anti-inflammatory in adult rats. Neurol Res 2013; 32:852-9. [DOI: 10.1179/016164110x12556180206112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Jammes Y, Steinberg JG, Olivier M, Brerro-Saby C, Condo J, Ravailhe S, Guieu R, Delliaux S. The mechanisms of the widespread production of phosphorylated HSP25 after fatiguing muscle stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 216:3620-6. [PMID: 23788701 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.088898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that a widespread heat shock protein (HSP) response to fatigue of a single hindlimb muscle was responsible for a global adaptive response to an acute localized stress. We also demonstrated that the HSP response resulted from the activation of nerve afferents from the stimulated muscle. However, we did not examine the role played by the different muscle afferents or the efferent arm of HSP response. In the present study we measured the changes in phosphorylated HSP25 (pHSP25) levels in resting hindlimb muscles and the diaphragm, kidney and brain in response to a fatiguing stimulation of one tibialis anterior muscle that was repeated in five series of experiments: (1) intact muscle innervation, (2) during the selective procaine block of conduction in group IV muscle afferents, (3) after muscle nerve transection to suppress all the sensory messages, and under pharmacological blockade of the (4) alpha-adrenergic or (5) glutamatergic neurotransmission. The data showed that: (1) the pHSP25 response in hindlimb muscles resulted from the stimulation of both group III and IV muscle afferents while the pHSP25 response in the diaphragm, kidney and brain resulted from the sole activation of the group IV fibres, and (2) the blockade of alpha-adrenergic, but not glutamatergic, neurotransmission suppressed the pHSP25 response in all explored tissues except the brain. The present study highlights the role played by the group III and IV muscle afferents in the fatigue-induced pHSP25 response and shows that the sympathetic nerve supply to the muscles and kidney represents the efferent arm of the pHSP25 activation. However, the pHSP25 changes in the brain cannot be explained by the pathways investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jammes
- UMR MD2, Faculty of Medicine, Aix-Marseille University, Boulevard Pierre Dramard, 13916 cedex 20, Marseille, France.
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15
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Herrando-Grabulosa M, Casas C, Aguilera J. The C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin protects motoneurons against acute excitotoxic damage on spinal cord organotypic cultures. J Neurochem 2012; 124:36-44. [PMID: 23106494 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The C-terminal domain of tetanus toxin (Hc-TeTx) has been suggested to act as a neuroprotective agent by activating signaling pathways related to neurotrophins and also to exert anti-apoptotic effects. Here, we show the beneficial properties of the recombinant protein Hc-TeTx to protect spinal motoneurons against excitotoxic damage. In vitro spinal cord organotypic cultures were used to assess acute glutamate excitotoxic damage. Our results indicate that Hc-TeTx treatment improves motoneuron survival within a short therapeutical window (the first 2 h post-injury). Within this interval, we found that p44/p42 MAP kinase (ERK1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3β) signaling pathways play a crucial role in the neuroprotective effect. Moreover, we demonstrated that Hc-TeTx treatment initiate autophagy which is ERK1/2- and GSK3β-dependent. These findings suggest a possible therapeutical tool to improve motoneuron survival immediately after excitotoxic insults or during the secondary injury phase that occurs after spinal cord trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Herrando-Grabulosa
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències and CIBERNED, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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16
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Bas E, Van De Water TR, Gupta C, Dinh J, Vu L, Martínez-Soriano F, Láinez JM, Marco J. Efficacy of three drugs for protecting against gentamicin-induced hair cell and hearing losses. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1888-904. [PMID: 22320124 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exposure to an ototoxic level of an aminoglycoside can result in hearing loss. In this we study investigated the otoprotective efficacy of dexamethasone (DXM), melatonin (MLT) and tacrolimus (TCR) in gentamicin (GM)-treated animals and cultures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats were divided into controls (treated with saline); exposed to GM only (GM); and three GM-exposed groups treated with either DXM, MLT or TCR. Auditory function and cochlear surface preparations were studied. In vitro studies of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, the MAPK pathway and caspase-3 activation were performed in organ of Corti explants from 3-day-old rats. KEY RESULTS DXM, MLT and TCR decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in GM-exposed explants. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and TNF-receptor type 1 were significantly reduced in GM + DXM and GM + MLT groups. Phospho-p38 MAPK levels decreased in GM + MLT and GM + TCR groups, while JNK phosphorylation was reduced in GM + DXM and GM + MLT groups. Caspase-3 activation decreased in GM + DXM, GM + MLT and GM + TCR groups. These results were consistent with in vivo results. Local treatment of GM-exposed rat cochleae with either DXM, MLT or TCR preserved auditory function and prevented auditory hair cell loss. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In organ of Corti explants, GM increased oxidative stress and initiated an inflammatory response that led to the activation of MAPKs and apoptosis of hair cells. The three compounds tested demonstrated otoprotective properties that could be beneficial in the treatment of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bas
- Hospital Clinico Universitario Research Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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17
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Keeler BE, Liu G, Siegfried RN, Zhukareva V, Murray M, Houlé JD. Acute and prolonged hindlimb exercise elicits different gene expression in motoneurons than sensory neurons after spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2011; 1438:8-21. [PMID: 22244304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We examined gene expression in the lumbar spinal cord and the specific response of motoneurons, intermediate gray and proprioceptive sensory neurons after spinal cord injury and exercise of hindlimbs to identify potential molecular processes involved in activity dependent plasticity. Adult female rats received a low thoracic transection and passive cycling exercise for 1 or 4weeks. Gene expression analysis focused on the neurotrophic factors: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), and their receptors because of their potential roles in neural plasticity. We also examined expression of genes involved in the cellular response to injury: heat shock proteins (HSP) -27 and -70, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and caspases -3, -7, and -9. In lumbar cord samples, injury increased the expression of mRNA for TrkB, all three caspases and the HSPs. Acute and prolonged exercise increased expression of mRNA for the neurotrophic factors BDNF and GDNF, but not their receptors. It also increased HSP expression and decreased caspase-7 expression, with changes in protein levels complimentary to these changes in mRNA expression. Motoneurons and intermediate gray displayed little change in mRNA expression following injury, but acute and prolonged exercise increased levels of mRNA for BDNF, GDNF and NT-4. In large DRG neurons, mRNA for neurotrophic factors and their receptors were largely unaffected by either injury or exercise. However, caspase mRNA expression was increased by injury and decreased by exercise. Our results demonstrate that exercise affects expression of genes involved in plasticity and apoptosis in a cell specific manner and that these change with increased post-injury intervals and/or prolonged periods of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Keeler
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yousuf S, Atif F, Kesherwani V, Agrawal SK. Neuroprotective effects of Tacrolimus (FK-506) and Cyclosporin (CsA) in oxidative injury. Brain Behav 2011; 1:87-94. [PMID: 22399088 PMCID: PMC3236540 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of hypoxic damage to central nervous system lead to energy depletion, free radical formation, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and increased calcium. We hypothesized that in vitro tacrolimus (FK-506) and cyclosporine A (CsA) could be protective against hypoxic damage in spinal cord. Dorsal columns were isolated from the spinal cord of adult rats and injured by exposure to hypoxic condition for 1 h, and treated with FK-506 (0.1 μM) and CsA (0.1 μM). After injury, reperfusion was carried out for 2 h. Tissues were collected, processed for biochemical assays, and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Spinal cord hypoxia caused a significant decrease (P < 0.001) in mitochondrial ATP (30.64%) and tissue reduced glutathione (GSH) (60.14%) content. Conversely, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in tissue LPO level (57.77%) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (461.24%) was observed in hypoxic group. Mitochondrial swelling was also significantly increased in hypoxic group (90.0%). Treatment with either FK-506 or CsA showed that significant neuroprotective effects (P < 0.05-0.01) were measured in various parameters in hypoxic groups. FK-506 and CsA treatment showed increase in ATP by 11.19% and 16.14% while GSH content increased by 66.46% and 77.32%, respectively. Conversely, LPO content decreased by 18.97% and 24.06% and MPO level by 42.86% and 18.66% after FK-506 and CsA treatment. Calcium uptake was also decreased in mitochondria as exhibited by the increase in absorbance by 11.19% after FK-506 treatment. TTC staining also showed increased viability after FK-506 and CsA treatment. In conclusion, present study demonstrates the neuroprotective effect of FK-506 and CsA treatment against spinal cord hypoxia induced damage is mediated via their antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Yousuf
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Fahim Atif
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Brain Research Laboratory, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Varun Kesherwani
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, 6009 Poynter Hall, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198‐6250
| | - Sandeep Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Surgery, Section of Neurosurgery, 6009 Poynter Hall, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198‐6250
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Penas C, Pascual-Font A, Mancuso R, Forés J, Casas C, Navarro X. Sigma receptor agonist 2-(4-morpholinethyl)1 phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate (Pre084) increases GDNF and BiP expression and promotes neuroprotection after root avulsion injury. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:831-40. [PMID: 21332255 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal root avulsion leads to a progressive loss of axotomized motoneurons (MNs). Nowadays, there is no effective treatment to prolong MN survival that could permit recovery as a result of delayed surgical repair. Administration of Sigma-1 receptor (Sig-1R) ligands has been reported to promote beneficial effects after several types of neural injury. In order to shed light of whether Sig-1R ligands could promote MN survival after root avulsion, L4-L5 spinal roots were unilaterally avulsed in adult rats and the Sig-1R agonist Pre084 was administered at different doses. The ventral spinal cords of the animals were studied from 3 to 21 days post-operation (DPO) by using histological, immunohistochemical, and Western blot techniques. Daily treatment with 0.25 mg/kg Pre084 significantly promoted MN survival (68% vs 43% in untreated rats) at 21 DPO, an effect that was antagonized by coadministration of BD1063, an antagonist of Sig-1R. There was a reduction in astroglial- associated immunoreactivity in rats treated with Pre084. Moreover, Pre084 produced an increase in the Sig-1R co-chaperone BiP within MNs, and an increase of GDNF expression by astrocytes in the ventral horn early after injury. Although the mechanisms promoting MN survival by Pre084 remain unclear, we hypothesize that it is mediated at least in part through the increase in these cytoprotective factors. Therefore, early application of Sig-1R agonist appears to be a promising therapy to improve MN survival after root avulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Penas
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Zhang J, O'Carroll SJ, Wu A, Nicholson LFB, Green CR. A model for ex vivo spinal cord segment culture--a tool for analysis of injury repair strategies. J Neurosci Methods 2010; 192:49-57. [PMID: 20654650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2010.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most spinal cord injury research is undertaken using in vivo animal models but the extensive care associated with spinalized animals, inherent variability between animals, and complex surgeries makes alternative models especially valuable. Here we present a novel ex vivo model that enables culture of intact post-natal spinal cord segments for up to five days and the assessment of peripheral nerve grafting repair, enhanced with connexin43 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (Cx43 AsODN), in this model. Down-regulating Cx43 expression with Cx43 AsODN in cultured spinal cord segments prevents cell death and inhibits inflammation spreading from the site of injury to neighbouring tissue, hence maintaining culture viability. Reduction in segment swelling and improvement in neuron survival were evident after Cx43 AsODN treatment. Furthermore, the combination of Cx43 AsODN with peripheral nerve graft implants into cultured spinal cords promoted axon sprouting from the spinal cord into the peripheral nerve graft. This ex vivo spinal cord segment culture model provides a valuable addition to tools currently available for spinal cord injury research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
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McMahon SS, Albermann S, Rooney GE, Moran C, Hynes J, Garcia Y, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Windebank AJ, Barry FP. Effect of cyclosporin A on functional recovery in the spinal cord following contusion injury. J Anat 2009; 215:267-79. [PMID: 19558472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable evidence has shown that the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A (CsA) may have neuroprotective properties which can be exploited in the treatment of spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular environment within the spinal cord following injury and determine whether CsA has an effect on altering cellular interactions to promote a growth-permissive environment. CsA was administered to a group of rats 4 days after they endured a moderate contusion injury. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale at 3, 5 and 7 weeks post-injury. The rats were sacrificed 3 and 7 weeks post-injury and the spinal cords were sectioned, stained using histological and immunohistochemical methods and analysed. Using stereology, the lesion size and cellular environment in the CsA-treated and control groups was examined. Little difference in lesion volume was observed between the two groups. An improvement in functional recovery was observed within CsA-treated animals at 3 weeks. Although we did not see significant reduction in tissue damage, there were some notable differences in the proportion of individual cells contributing to the lesion. CsA administration may be used as a technique to control the cell population of the lesion, making it more permissive to neuronal regeneration once the ideal environment for regeneration and the effects of CsA administration at different time points post-injury have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan S McMahon
- Department of Anatomy, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are normal intracellular proteins that are produced in greater amounts when cells are subjected to stress or injury. These proteins have been shown to play a key role in the modulation of the secondary injury that occurs after the initial spinal cord injury (SCI). Heat shock proteins normally act as molecular chaperones and are called protein guardians because they act to repair partially damaged proteins. Normally intracellular, HSPs can also be liberated into the systemic circulation to act as important inflammatory mediators. In the setting of SCI, HSP induction has been shown to be beneficial. These proteins are liberated primarily by acutely stressed microglial, endothelial, and ependymal cells. Heat shock proteins have also been shown to assist in the protection of motor neurons and to prevent chronic inflammation after SCI. In animal models, several experimental drugs have shown neuroprotective effects in the spinal cord and appear to function by modulating HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangala Jaypal Reddy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5338, USA
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Guzmán-Lenis MS, Navarro X, Casas C. Selective sigma receptor agonist 2-(4-morpholinethyl)1-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate (PRE084) promotes neuroprotection and neurite elongation through protein kinase C (PKC) signaling on motoneurons. Neuroscience 2009; 162:31-8. [PMID: 19345724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 02/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal loss and interruption of axonal pathways are occurring after spinal cord injury. This is initiated by the mechanical damage and propagated by secondary events that include the fast rise of glutamate concentration and the subsequent over-activation of glutamate receptors, triggering noxious processes to the cell. Excitotoxic processes are also observed in degenerative diseases that involve motoneuron loss. Sigma-1 receptors (Sig-1Rs) are expressed in the CNS and their ligands have been shown to prevent neuronal death associated to glutamate toxicity. In the present study, we used organotypic cultures of spinal cord slices and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) explants from 7-8 days old postnatal rats to assess whether the agonist of the Sig-1R, 2-(4-morpholinethyl)1-phenylcyclohexanecarboxylate (PRE084), protects the spinal cord against glutamate excitotoxicity and promotes neurite elongation. The results showed that PRE084 exerted a bell-shape dose-dependent protective response of the motoneurons, with a significant neuroprotection obtained with 10 microM PRE084. PRE084 also caused an increase in the length of neurites in both motoneurons and neurons in DRG explants. Both effects were abrogated with the addition of BD 1063, an antagonist of Sig-1R, and the use of chelerythrine, a protein kinase C (PKC) pan-inhibitor indicating that PKC is implicated in the observed effects. These results suggest the use of PRE084 as a neuroprotective agent for spinal cord damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-S Guzmán-Lenis
- Group of Neuroplasticity and Regeneration, Institute of Neurosciences, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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Chapter 18: Enhancement of nerve regeneration and recovery by immunosuppressive agents. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 87:347-62. [PMID: 19682647 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)87018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinically, little can be done to induce restoration of good to excellent neurological function following nervous system trauma, and time is required before an effective technique is developed and applied clinically. However, there are novel techniques that have not been tested experimentally or clinically that may induce significantly faster, reliable, and extensive neurological recovery following nervous system trauma than is presently possible, even for techniques currently being tested on animal models. To repair peripheral nerves following trauma in which a length of the nerve pathway is destroyed, many clinicians consider autologous sensory nerve grafts to be the "gold standard" for inducing neurological recovery. However, this technique has severe limitations, such as being effective only across gaps less than 2 cm, for repairs performed less than 2 months posttrauma, and in young patients. As a consequence, many patients suffer permanent neurological deficits or recover only limited neurological function, and they frequently develop irreversible neuropathic pain. This review examines the clinical role that immunosuppressants might play, in the presence or absence of autologous, allografts, or xenografts, in increasing the rate, success, and extent of neurological recovery following nervous system trauma.
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Alexander JK, Popovich PG. Neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury: therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and regeneration. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:125-37. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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