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Nakao-Ise Y, Narita T, Miyamoto S, Watanabe M, Tanaka T, Sowa Y, Iizumi Y, Masuda M, Fujii G, Hirai Y, Nakao T, Takakura H, Mutoh M. Induction of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma differentiation through NMYC suppression using PPAR-γ antagonist. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 73:191-197. [PMID: 37970556 PMCID: PMC10636585 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.23-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastomas are the most common extracranial solid tumors in children and have a unique feature of neuronal differentiation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ is reported to have neuroprotective effects in addition to having antitumor effects in various cancers. Thus, we aimed to clarify the role of PPAR-γ agonist and antagonist in malignant neuroblastomas, which also possess neuronal features. In MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma CHP212 cells, treatment with the PPAR-γ antagonist GW9662 induced growth inhibition in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment changed cell morphology with increasing expression of the neuronal differentiation marker tubulin beta 3 (TUBB3) and induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma. Notably, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment significantly decreased expression of NMYC, B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4). It is implied that BRD4, NMYC, BCL2 suppression by the PPAR-γ antagonist resulted in cell growth inhibition, differentiation, and apoptosis induction. In our in vivo study, the PPAR-γ antagonist treatment induced CHP212 cells differentiation and resultant tumor growth inhibition. Our results provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of tumor cell differentiation and suggest that PPAR-γ antagonist is a new therapeutic and prevention option for neuroblastomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Nakao-Ise
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takumi Narita
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shingo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Motoki Watanabe
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology & Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, 7-1 Kashima-cho, Gifu 500-8513, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sowa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yosuke Iizumi
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Masuda
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Gen Fujii
- Central Radioisotope Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hirai
- Department of Human Immunology and Nutrition Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshimasa Nakao
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Organ Transplantation Center, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Hideki Takakura
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hirokoshingai, Kure city, Hiroshima 737-0112, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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2
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Noguchi A, Ito K, Uosaki Y, Ideta-Otsuka M, Igarashi K, Nakashima H, Kakizaki T, Kaneda R, Uosaki H, Yanagawa Y, Nakashima K, Arakawa H, Takizawa T. Decreased Lamin B1 Levels Affect Gene Positioning and Expression in Postmitotic Neurons. Neurosci Res 2021; 173:22-33. [PMID: 34058264 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression programs and concomitant chromatin regulation change dramatically during the maturation of postmitotic neurons. Subnuclear positioning of gene loci is relevant to transcriptional regulation. However, little is known about subnuclear genome positioning in neuronal maturation. Using cultured murine hippocampal neurons, we found genomic locus 14qD2 to be enriched with genes that are upregulated during neuronal maturation. Reportedly, the locus is homologous to human 8p21.3, which has been extensively studied in neuropsychiatry and neurodegenerative diseases. Mapping of the 14qD2 locus in the nucleus revealed that it was relocated from the nuclear periphery to the interior. Moreover, we found a concomitant decrease in lamin B1 expression. Overexpression of lamin B1 in neurons using a lentiviral vector prevented the relocation of the 14qD2 locus and repressed the transcription of the Egr3 gene on this locus. Taken together, our results suggest that reduced lamin B1 expression during the maturation of neurons is important for appropriate subnuclear positioning of the genome and transcriptional programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Noguchi
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kenji Ito
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan; University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-5157, USA
| | - Yuichi Uosaki
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Maky Ideta-Otsuka
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Science, Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Tokyo, 142 8501, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Hoshi University School of Pharmacy Pharmaceutical Science, Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Tokyo, 142 8501, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Nakashima
- Kyushu University, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812 8582, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kakizaki
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Maebashi, 371 8511, Japan
| | - Ruri Kaneda
- Jichi Medical University, Support Center for Clinical Investigation, Shimotsuke, 329 0498, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Jichi Medical University, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Shimotsuke, 329 0498, Japan; Jichi Medical University, Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Shimotsuke, 329 0498, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Maebashi, 371 8511, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Kyushu University, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, 812 8582, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arakawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takumi Takizawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Maebashi, 371-8511, Japan.
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3
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Potential of Multiscale Astrocyte Imaging for Revealing Mechanisms Underlying Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910312. [PMID: 34638653 PMCID: PMC8508625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes provide trophic and metabolic support to neurons and modulate circuit formation during development. In addition, astrocytes help maintain neuronal homeostasis through neurovascular coupling, blood-brain barrier maintenance, clearance of metabolites and nonfunctional proteins via the glymphatic system, extracellular potassium buffering, and regulation of synaptic activity. Thus, astrocyte dysfunction may contribute to a myriad of neurological disorders. Indeed, astrocyte dysfunction during development has been implicated in Rett disease, Alexander's disease, epilepsy, and autism, among other disorders. Numerous disease model mice have been established to investigate these diseases, but important preclinical findings on etiology and pathophysiology have not translated into clinical interventions. A multidisciplinary approach is required to elucidate the mechanism of these diseases because astrocyte dysfunction can result in altered neuronal connectivity, morphology, and activity. Recent progress in neuroimaging techniques has enabled noninvasive investigations of brain structure and function at multiple spatiotemporal scales, and these technologies are expected to facilitate the translation of preclinical findings to clinical studies and ultimately to clinical trials. Here, we review recent progress on astrocyte contributions to neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders revealed using novel imaging techniques, from microscopy scale to mesoscopic scale.
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Ohtsuka T, Kageyama R. Regulation of temporal properties of neural stem cells and transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis during mammalian neocortical development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:4-11. [PMID: 30634047 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the developing mammalian neocortex, neural stem cells (NSCs) gradually alter their characteristics as development proceeds. NSCs initially expand the progenitor pool by symmetric proliferative division and then shift to asymmetric neurogenic division to commence neurogenesis. NSCs sequentially give rise to deep layer neurons first and superficial layer neurons later through mid- to late-embryonic stages, followed by shifting to a gliogenic phase at perinatal stages. The precise mechanisms regulating developmental timing of the transition from symmetric to asymmetric division have not been fully elucidated; however, gradual elongation in cell cycle length and concomitant accumulation of determinants that promote neuronal differentiation may function as a biological clock that regulates the onset of asymmetric neurogenic division. On the other hand, epigenetic regulatory systems have been implicated in the regulation of transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis; the polycomb group (PcG) complex and Hmga genes have been found to govern the developmental timing by modulating chromatin structure during neocortical development. Furthermore, we uncovered several factors and mechanisms underlying the regulation of timing of neocortical neurogenesis and gliogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the mechanisms that govern the temporal properties of NSCs and the precise transition timing during neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan; Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Kyoto University Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
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5
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Gulaia V, Kumeiko V, Shved N, Cicinskas E, Rybtsov S, Ruzov A, Kagansky A. Molecular Mechanisms Governing the Stem Cell's Fate in Brain Cancer: Factors of Stemness and Quiescence. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:388. [PMID: 30510501 PMCID: PMC6252330 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible, non-cycling state controlled by epigenetic, transcriptional and niche-associated molecular factors. Quiescence is a condition where molecular signaling pathways maintain the poised cell-cycle state whilst enabling rapid cell cycle re-entry. To achieve therapeutic breakthroughs in oncology it is crucial to decipher these molecular mechanisms employed by the cancerous milieu to control, maintain and gear stem cells towards re-activation. Cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) have been extensively studied in most malignancies, including glioma. Here, the aberrant niche activities skew the quiescence/activation equilibrium, leading to rapid tumor relapse after surgery and/or chemotherapy. Unraveling quiescence mechanisms promises to afford prevention of (often multiple) relapses, a key problem in current glioma treatment. This review article covers the current knowledge regarding normal and aberrant cellular quiescence control whilst also exploring how different molecular mechanisms and properties of the neighboring cells can influence the molecular processes behind glioma stem cell quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Gulaia
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Vadim Kumeiko
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Nikita Shved
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Eduardas Cicinskas
- Department of Cellular Biology and Genetics, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Bioassays, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Stanislav Rybtsov
- Institute for Stem Cell Research, Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, SCRM Bioquarter, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Alexey Ruzov
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kagansky
- Centre for Genomic and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
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Sanosaka T, Imamura T, Hamazaki N, Chai M, Igarashi K, Ideta-Otsuka M, Miura F, Ito T, Fujii N, Ikeo K, Nakashima K. DNA Methylome Analysis Identifies Transcription Factor-Based Epigenomic Signatures of Multilineage Competence in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2992-3003. [PMID: 28930691 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the epigenome during in vivo specification of brain stem cells is still poorly understood. Here, we report DNA methylome analyses of directly sampled cortical neural stem and progenitor cells (NS/PCs) at different development stages, as well as those of terminally differentiated cortical neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. We found that sequential specification of cortical NS/PCs is regulated by two successive waves of demethylation at early and late development stages, which are responsible for the establishment of neuron- and glia-specific low-methylated regions (LMRs), respectively. The regulatory role of demethylation of the gliogenic genes was substantiated by the enrichment of nuclear factor I (NFI)-binding sites. We provide evidence that de novo DNA methylation of neuron-specific LMRs establishes glia-specific epigenotypes, essentially by silencing neuronal genes. Our data highlight the in vivo implications of DNA methylation dynamics in shaping epigenomic features that confer the differentiation potential of NS/PCs sequentially during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Takuya Imamura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Nobuhiko Hamazaki
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - MuhChyi Chai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-5801, Japan
| | - Maky Ideta-Otsuka
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-5801, Japan
| | - Fumihito Miura
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Fujii
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kazuho Ikeo
- Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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7
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The Roles of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 mRNA-Binding Protein 2 in Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:4217259. [PMID: 29736175 PMCID: PMC5874980 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4217259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) mediate the localization, stability, and translation of the target transcripts and fine-tune the physiological functions of the proteins encoded. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 2 mRNA-binding protein (IGF2BP, IMP) family comprises three RBPs, IGF2BP1, IGF2BP2, and IGF2BP3, capable of associating with IGF2 and other transcripts and mediating their processing. IGF2BP2 represents the least understood member of this family of RBPs; however, it has been reported to participate in a wide range of physiological processes, such as embryonic development, neuronal differentiation, and metabolism. Its dysregulation is associated with insulin resistance, diabetes, and carcinogenesis and may potentially be a powerful biomarker and candidate target for relevant diseases. This review summarizes the structural features, regulation, and functions of IGF2BP2 and their association with cancer and cancer stem cells.
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8
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Meares GP, Rajbhandari R, Gerigk M, Tien CL, Chang C, Fehling SC, Rowse A, Mulhern KC, Nair S, Gray GK, Berbari NF, Bredel M, Benveniste EN, Nozell SE. MicroRNA-31 is required for astrocyte specification. Glia 2018; 66:987-998. [PMID: 29380422 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we determined microRNA-31 (miR-31) is a noncoding tumor suppressive gene frequently deleted in glioblastoma (GBM); miR-31 suppresses tumor growth, in part, by limiting the activity of NF-κB. Herein, we expand our previous studies by characterizing the role of miR-31 during neural precursor cell (NPC) to astrocyte differentiation. We demonstrate that miR-31 expression and activity is suppressed in NPCs by stem cell factors such as Lin28, c-Myc, SOX2 and Oct4. However, during astrocytogenesis, miR-31 is induced by STAT3 and SMAD1/5/8, which mediate astrocyte differentiation. We determined miR-31 is required for terminal astrocyte differentiation, and that the loss of miR-31 impairs this process and/or prevents astrocyte maturation. We demonstrate that miR-31 promotes astrocyte development, in part, by reducing the levels of Lin28, a stem cell factor implicated in NPC renewal. These data suggest that miR-31 deletions may disrupt astrocyte development and/or homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon P Meares
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, 26506
| | - Rajani Rajbhandari
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Magda Gerigk
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Chih-Liang Tien
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Chenbei Chang
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Samuel C Fehling
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Amber Rowse
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Kayln C Mulhern
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Sindhu Nair
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - G Kenneth Gray
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Nicolas F Berbari
- Departments of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, 46202
| | - Markus Bredel
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Departments of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Susan E Nozell
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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Hossain Bhuiyan MI, Kim SY, Cho KO. Lin28 overexpression inhibits neurite outgrowth of primary cortical neurons in vitro. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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10
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Honda M, Nakashima K, Katada S. Epigenetic Regulation of Human Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. Results Probl Cell Differ 2018; 66:125-136. [PMID: 30209657 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93485-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has demonstrated that epigenetic programs influence many aspects of neural stem cell (NSC) behavior, including proliferation and differentiation. It is becoming apparent that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNA expression, are spatiotemporally regulated and that these intracellular programs, in concert with extracellular signals, ensure appropriate gene activation. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding of the epigenetic regulation of human NSCs directly isolated from the brain or produced from pluripotent stem cells (embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuki Honda
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayako Katada
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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11
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Kimura A, Matsuda T, Sakai A, Murao N, Nakashima K. HMGB2 expression is associated with transition from a quiescent to an activated state of adult neural stem cells. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:229-238. [PMID: 28771884 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although quiescent neural stem cells (NSCs) in the adult hippocampus proliferate in response to neurogenic stimuli and subsequently give rise to new neurons continuously throughout life, misregulation of NSCs in pathological conditions, including aging, leads to the impairment of learning and memory. High mobility group B family 1 (HMGB1) and HMGB2, HMG family proteins that function as transcriptional activators through the modulation of chromatin structure, have been assumed to play some role in the regulation of adult NSCs; however, their precise functions and even expression patterns in the adult hippocampus remain elusive. RESULTS Here we show that expression of HMGB2 but not HMGB1 is restricted to the subset of NSCs and their progenitors. Furthermore, running, a well-known positive neurogenic stimulus, increased the proliferation of HMGB2-expressing cells, whereas aging was accompanied by a marked decrease in these cells. Intriguingly, HMGB2-expressing quiescent NSCs, which were shifted toward the proliferative state, were decreased as aging progressed. CONCLUSIONS HMGB2 expression is strongly associated with transition from the quiescent to the proliferative state of NSCs, supporting the possibility that HMGB2 is involved in the regulation of adult neurogenesis and can be used as a novel marker to identify NSCs primed for activation in the adult hippocampus. Developmental Dynamics 247:229-238, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kimura
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taito Matsuda
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Sakai
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoya Murao
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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12
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Bansod S, Kageyama R, Ohtsuka T. Hes5 regulates the transition timing of neurogenesis and gliogenesis in mammalian neocortical development. Development 2017; 144:3156-3167. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.147256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During mammalian neocortical development, neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs) sequentially give rise to deep layer neurons and superficial layer neurons through mid- to late-embryonic stages, shifting to gliogenic phase at perinatal stages. Previously, we found that the Hes genes inhibit neuronal differentiation and maintain NSCs. Here, we generated transgenic mice that overexpress Hes5 in NSCs of the central nervous system, and found that the transition timing from deep to superficial layer neurogenesis was shifted earlier, while gliogenesis precociously occurred in the developing neocortex of Hes5-overexpressing mice. By contrast, the transition from deep to superficial layer neurogenesis and the onset of gliogenesis were delayed in Hes5 knockout (KO) mice. We found that the Hmga genes (Hmga1/2) were downregulated in the neocortical regions of Hes5-overexpressing brain, whereas they were upregulated in the Hes5 KO brain. Furthermore, we found that Hes5 expression led to suppression of Hmga1/2 promoter activity. These results suggest that Hes5 regulates the transition timing between phases for specification of neocortical neurons and between neurogenesis and gliogenesis, accompanied by alteration in the expression levels of Hgma genes, in mammalian neocortical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shama Bansod
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtsuka
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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13
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Gopinath C, Law WD, Rodríguez-Molina JF, Prasad AB, Song L, Crawford GE, Mullikin JC, Svaren J, Antonellis A. Stringent comparative sequence analysis reveals SOX10 as a putative inhibitor of glial cell differentiation. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:887. [PMID: 27821050 PMCID: PMC5100263 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3167-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription factor SOX10 is essential for all stages of Schwann cell development including myelination. SOX10 cooperates with other transcription factors to activate the expression of key myelin genes in Schwann cells and is therefore a context-dependent, pro-myelination transcription factor. As such, the identification of genes regulated by SOX10 will provide insight into Schwann cell biology and related diseases. While genome-wide studies have successfully revealed SOX10 target genes, these efforts mainly focused on myelinating stages of Schwann cell development. We propose that less-biased approaches will reveal novel functions of SOX10 outside of myelination. Results We developed a stringent, computational-based screen for genome-wide identification of SOX10 response elements. Experimental validation of a pilot set of predicted binding sites in multiple systems revealed that SOX10 directly regulates a previously unreported alternative promoter at SOX6, which encodes a transcription factor that inhibits glial cell differentiation. We further explored the utility of our computational approach by combining it with DNase-seq analysis in cultured Schwann cells and previously published SOX10 ChIP-seq data from rat sciatic nerve. Remarkably, this analysis enriched for genomic segments that map to loci involved in the negative regulation of gliogenesis including SOX5, SOX6, NOTCH1, HMGA2, HES1, MYCN, ID4, and ID2. Functional studies in Schwann cells revealed that: (1) all eight loci are expressed prior to myelination and down-regulated subsequent to myelination; (2) seven of the eight loci harbor validated SOX10 binding sites; and (3) seven of the eight loci are down-regulated upon repressing SOX10 function. Conclusions Our computational strategy revealed a putative novel function for SOX10 in Schwann cells, which suggests a model where SOX10 activates the expression of genes that inhibit myelination during non-myelinating stages of Schwann cell development. Importantly, the computational and functional datasets we present here will be valuable for the study of transcriptional regulation, SOX protein function, and glial cell biology. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3167-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetna Gopinath
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - William D Law
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - José F Rodríguez-Molina
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Arjun B Prasad
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lingyun Song
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gregory E Crawford
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - James C Mullikin
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - John Svaren
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Anthony Antonellis
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. .,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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14
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Ito K, Sanosaka T, Igarashi K, Ideta-Otsuka M, Aizawa A, Uosaki Y, Noguchi A, Arakawa H, Nakashima K, Takizawa T. Identification of genes associated with the astrocyte-specific gene Gfap during astrocyte differentiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23903. [PMID: 27041678 PMCID: PMC4819225 DOI: 10.1038/srep23903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosomes and genes are non-randomly arranged within the mammalian cell nucleus, and gene clustering is of great significance in transcriptional regulation. However, the relevance of gene clustering and their expression during the differentiation of neural precursor cells (NPCs) into astrocytes remains unclear. We performed a genome-wide enhanced circular chromosomal conformation capture (e4C) to screen for genes associated with the astrocyte-specific gene glial fibrillary acidic protein (Gfap) during astrocyte differentiation. We identified 18 genes that were specifically associated with Gfap and expressed in NPC-derived astrocytes. Our results provide additional evidence for the functional significance of gene clustering in transcriptional regulation during NPC differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Ito
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Sanosaka
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-5801, Japan
| | - Maky Ideta-Otsuka
- Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research Center (L-StaR), Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-5801, Japan
| | - Akira Aizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Yuichi Uosaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Azumi Noguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Arakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kinichi Nakashima
- Stem Cell Biology and Medicine, Department of Stem cell Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Takizawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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15
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Xie Y, Zhang J, Lin Y, Gaeta X, Meng X, Wisidagama DRR, Cinkornpumin J, Koehler CM, Malone CS, Teitell MA, Lowry WE. Defining the role of oxygen tension in human neural progenitor fate. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:743-57. [PMID: 25418722 PMCID: PMC4235163 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia augments human embryonic stem cell (hESC) self-renewal via hypoxia-inducible factor 2α-activated OCT4 transcription. Hypoxia also increases the efficiency of reprogramming differentiated cells to a pluripotent-like state. Combined, these findings suggest that low O2 tension would impair the purposeful differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. Here, we show that low O2 tension and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) activity instead promote appropriate hESC differentiation. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies, we implicate O2 tension as a modifier of a key cell fate decision, namely whether neural progenitors differentiate toward neurons or glia. Furthermore, our data show that even transient changes in O2 concentration can affect cell fate through HIF by regulating the activity of MYC, a regulator of LIN28/let-7 that is critical for fate decisions in the neural lineage. We also identify key small molecules that can take advantage of this pathway to quickly and efficiently promote the development of mature cell types. Low oxygen tension promotes gliogenesis of human neural progenitors HIF activation is required for gliogenic effect of lowered oxygen tension HIF acts through MYC to disrupt LIN28/let-7 in gliogenesis Small molecule stimulators of HIF or inhibitors of MYC can drive gliogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xavier Gaeta
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dona R R Wisidagama
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Jessica Cinkornpumin
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Carla M Koehler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cindy S Malone
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - William E Lowry
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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16
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Patterson M, Gaeta X, Loo K, Edwards M, Smale S, Cinkornpumin J, Xie Y, Listgarten J, Azghadi S, Douglass SM, Pellegrini M, Lowry WE. let-7 miRNAs can act through notch to regulate human gliogenesis. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 3:758-73. [PMID: 25316189 PMCID: PMC4235151 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is clear that neural differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells generates cells that are developmentally immature. Here, we show that the let-7 plays a functional role in the developmental decision making of human neural progenitors, controlling whether these cells make neurons or glia. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies on both tissue and pluripotent derived cells, our data show that let-7 specifically regulates decision making in this context by regulation of a key chromatin-associated protein, HMGA2. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the let-7/HMGA2 circuit acts on HES5, a NOTCH effector and well-established node that regulates fate decisions in the nervous system. These data link the let-7 circuit to NOTCH signaling and suggest that this interaction serves to regulate human developmental progression. let-7 miRNAs influence developmental maturity of neural progenitors let-7 miRNAs act through HMGA2 and NOTCH to regulate gliogenesis HMGA2 expression regulates access of NICD to HES5 promoter Induction of let-7 miRNAs can accelerate oligodendrogenesis
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Affiliation(s)
- M Patterson
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - X Gaeta
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - K Loo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Edwards
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S Smale
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J Cinkornpumin
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Y Xie
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - J Listgarten
- Microsoft Research, 1100 Glendon Avenue Suite PH1, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - S Azghadi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - S M Douglass
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - M Pellegrini
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - W E Lowry
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine, UCLA, Box 957357, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, UCLA, 621 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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17
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Han D, Choi MR, Jung KH, Kim N, Kim SK, Chai JC, Lee YS, Chai YG. Global Transcriptome Profiling of Genes that Are Differentially Regulated During Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Neural Stem Cells into Astrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2014; 55:109-125. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0382-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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18
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Yokoyama A, Igarashi K, Sato T, Takagi K, Otsuka I M, Shishido Y, Baba T, Ito R, Kanno J, Ohkawa Y, Morohashi KI, Sugawara A. Identification of myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1) as a subunit of the neural cell type-specific lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complex. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:18152-62. [PMID: 24828497 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of spatiotemporal gene expression in higher eukaryotic cells is critical for the precise and orderly development of undifferentiated progenitors into committed cell types of the adult. It is well known that dynamic epigenomic regulation (including chromatin remodeling and histone modifications by transcriptional coregulator complexes) is involved in transcriptional regulation. Precisely how these coregulator complexes exert their cell type and developing stage-specific activity is largely unknown. In this study we aimed to isolate the histone demethylase lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) complex from neural cells by biochemical purification. In so doing, we identified myelin transcription factor 1 (MyT1) as a novel LSD1 complex component. MyT1 is a neural cell-specific zinc finger factor, and it forms a stable multiprotein complex with LSD1 through direct interaction. Target gene analysis using microarray and ChIP assays revealed that the Pten gene was directly regulated by the LSD1-MyT1 complex. Knockdown of either LSD1 or MyT1 derepressed the expression of endogenous target genes and inhibited cell proliferation of a neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro2a. We propose that formation of tissue-specific combinations of coregulator complexes is a critical mechanism for tissue-specific transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yokoyama
- From the Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan,
| | - Katsuhide Igarashi
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan, Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sato
- Division of Bioinformatics, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Takagi
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Maky Otsuka I
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan, Life Science Tokyo Advanced Research center (L-StaR), Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yurina Shishido
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Takashi Baba
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Ryo Ito
- From the Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Jun Kanno
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Toxicology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Ohkawa
- Division of Epigenetics, Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichirou Morohashi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan, and
| | - Akira Sugawara
- From the Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Liu B, Pang B, Hou X, Fan H, Liang N, Zheng S, Feng B, Liu W, Guo H, Xu S, Pang Q. Expression of high-mobility group AT-hook protein 2 and its prognostic significance in malignant gliomas. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1752-8. [PMID: 24935062 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group AT-hook protein 2 (HMGA2) is an architectural transcription factor associated with malignancy, invasiveness, and poor prognosis in a variety of human neoplasms. This study investigated HMGA2 expression and prognostic value in human gliomas. We also correlated HMGA2 expression with Ki-67 labeling index and matrix metalloproteinase-2. Expression of HMGA2 in 78 human gliomas and 7 human normal brain samples was studied using immunohistochemistry, and 29 gliomas were randomly selected and studied along with the normal brain by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Expression of HMGA2 protein was significantly higher in glioblastoma multiforme (World Health Organization [WHO] grade IV; P = .007) and anaplastic astrocytoma (WHO grade III; P = .037) than in diffuse astrocytoma (WHO grade II). Expression of HMGA2 correlated significantly with expression of Ki-67 (r = 0.415, P < .01) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (r = 0.363, P < .01), but not with patient sex and age. The real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis revealed similar results. Patients with tumors expressing HMGA2 at a higher level had a significantly shorter progression-free survival time (11.2 months versus 18.8 months; P = .021). Expression of HMGA2 significantly correlates with tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and survival in gliomas. The results suggest that HMGA2 has an important role in the treatment and prognosis of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China; Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8527, Japan
| | - Bo Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzeng Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangchen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Chromatin regulators of neural development. Neuroscience 2013; 264:4-16. [PMID: 24144622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During all stages of neural development-from the fate switches of neural precursor/progenitor cells to activity-dependent synapse maturation-chromatin-level modifications are important regulators of the gene expression that control developmental programs. Such modifications, including both alterations of histone tails and cytosine residues in the DNA, as well as changes in the chromatin structure, act dynamically throughout development and work together to determine the chromatin state at each time point. While many studies have shown localized action of chromatin modifiers at relevant gene loci, recent reports have also indicated that some chromatin modifications work on a more global scale, altering many loci throughout the genome. Here we review recent papers that describe the roles of chromatin-level regulation, at both the local and global scale, in the development of the mouse brain.
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21
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Barber BA, Liyanage VRB, Zachariah RM, Olson CO, Bailey MAG, Rastegar M. Dynamic expression of MEIS1 homeoprotein in E14.5 forebrain and differentiated forebrain-derived neural stem cells. Ann Anat 2013; 195:431-40. [PMID: 23756022 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Central nervous system development is controlled by highly conserved homeoprotein transcription factors including HOX and TALE (Three Amino acid Loop Extension). TALE proteins are primarily known as HOX-cofactors and play key roles in cell proliferation, differentiation and organogenesis. MEIS1 is a TALE member with established expression in the developing central nervous system. MEIS1 is essential for embryonic development and Meis1 knockout mice dies at embryonic day (E) 14.5. However, Meis1/MEIS1 expression in the devolving forebrain, at this critical time-point has not been studied. Here, for the first time we characterize the region-specific expression of MEIS1 in E14.5 mouse forebrain, filling the gap of MEIS1 expression profile between E12.5 and E16.5. Previously, we reported MEIS1 transcriptional regulatory role in neuronal differentiation and established forebrain-derived neural stem cells (NSC) for gene therapy application of neuronal genes. Here, we show the dynamic expression of Meis1/MEIS1 during the differentiation of forebrain-derived NSC toward a glial lineage. Our results show that Meis1/MEIS1 expression is induced during NSC differentiation and is expressed in both differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Confirming these results, we detected MEIS1 expression in primary cultures of in vivo differentiated cortical neurons and astrocytes. We further demonstrate Meis1/MEIS1 expression relative to other TALE family members in the forebrain-derived NSC in the absence of Hox genes. Our data provide evidence that forebrain-derived NSC can be used as an accessible in vitro model to study the expression and function of TALE proteins, supporting their potential role in modulating NSC self-renewal and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Barber
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 745 Bannatyne Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
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22
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Majumder A, Dhara SK, Swetenburg R, Mithani M, Cao K, Medrzycki M, Fan Y, Stice SL. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases and histone deacetylases induces astrocytic differentiation of neural progenitors. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:574-86. [PMID: 23644509 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how to specify rapid differentiation of human neural progenitor towards enriched non-transformed human astrocyte progenitors will provide a critical cell source to further our understanding of how astrocytes play a pivotal role in neural function and development. Human neural progenitors derived from pluripotent embryonic stem cells and propagated in adherent serum-free cultures provide a fate restricted renewable source for quick production of neural cells; however, such cells are highly refractive to astrocytogenesis and show a strong neurogenic bias, similar to neural progenitors from the early embryonic central nervous system (CNS). We found that several astrocytic genes are hypermethylated in such progenitors potentially preventing generation of astrocytes and leading to the proneuronal fate of these progenitors. However, epigenetic modification by Azacytidine (Aza-C) and Trichostatin A (TSA), with concomitant signaling from BMP2 and LIF in neural progenitor cultures shifts this bias, leading to expression of astrocytic markers as early as 5days of differentiation, with near complete suppression of neuronal differentiation. The resultant cells express major astrocytic markers, are amenable to co-culture with neurons, can be propagated as astrocyte progenitors and are cryopreservable. Although previous reports have generated astrocytes from pluripotent cells, the differentiation required extensive culture or selection based on cell surface antigens. The development of a label free and rapid differentiation process will expedite future derivation of astrocytes from various sources pluripotent cells including, but not limited to, human astrocytes associated with various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Majumder
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, 425 River Rd, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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23
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Fujii Y, Kishi Y, Gotoh Y. IMP2 regulates differentiation potentials of mouse neocortical neural precursor cells. Genes Cells 2013; 18:79-89. [PMID: 23331702 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the mammalian neocortex generate various neuronal and glial cell types in a developmental stage-dependent manner. Most neocortical NPCs lose their neurogenic potential after birth. We have previously shown that high-mobility group A (HMGA) proteins confer the neurogenic potential on early-stage NPCs during the midgestation period, although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, we found that HMGA2 promotes the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IMP2, Igf2bp2) in neocortical NPCs. The level of IMP2 was indeed high in early-stage NPCs compared with that in late-stage NPCs. Importantly, over-expression of IMP2 increased the neurogenic potential and suppressed astrocytic differentiation of late-stage NPCs, whereas knockdown of IMP2 promoted astrocytic differentiation and reduced the neurogenic potential of early-stage neocortical NPCs without overtly affecting cell proliferation. Our results thus identified IMP2 as a developmental stage-dependent regulator of the differentiation potentials of NPCs in the mouse neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Fujii
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Qiu X, Ding S, Shi T. From understanding the development landscape of the canonical fate-switch pair to constructing a dynamic landscape for two-step neural differentiation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49271. [PMID: 23300518 PMCID: PMC3530918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent progress in stem cell biology, notably cell fate conversion, calls for novel theoretical understanding for cell differentiation. The existing qualitative concept of Waddington’s “epigenetic landscape” has attracted particular attention because it captures subsequent fate decision points, thus manifesting the hierarchical (“tree-like”) nature of cell fate diversification. Here, we generalized a recent work and explored such a developmental landscape for a two-gene fate decision circuit by integrating the underlying probability landscapes with different parameters (corresponding to distinct developmental stages). The change of entropy production rate along the parameter changes indicates which parameter changes can represent a normal developmental process while other parameters’ change can not. The transdifferentiation paths over the landscape under certain conditions reveal the possibility of a direct and reversible phenotypic conversion. As the intensity of noise increases, we found that the landscape becomes flatter and the dominant paths more straight, implying the importance of biological noise processing mechanism in development and reprogramming. We further extended the landscape of the one-step fate decision to that for two-step decisions in central nervous system (CNS) differentiation. A minimal network and dynamic model for CNS differentiation was firstly constructed where two three-gene motifs are coupled. We then implemented the SDEs (Stochastic Differentiation Equations) simulation for the validity of the network and model. By integrating the two landscapes for the two switch gene pairs, we constructed the two-step development landscape for CNS differentiation. Our work provides new insights into cellular differentiation and important clues for better reprogramming strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Qiu
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Ding
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, and The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Kishi Y, Fujii Y, Hirabayashi Y, Gotoh Y. HMGA regulates the global chromatin state and neurogenic potential in neocortical precursor cells. Nat Neurosci 2012; 15:1127-33. [PMID: 22797695 DOI: 10.1038/nn.3165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neural precursor cells (NPCs) in the mouse neocortex generate various neuronal and glial cell types in a developmental stage–dependent manner. Most NPCs lose their neurogenic potential during development, although the underlying mechanisms of this process are not fully understood. We found that the chromatin of mouse NPCs gradually becomes more condensed and less dynamic on a global scale during neocortical development. Furthermore, we found high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins to be essential for the open chromatin state of NPCs at early developmental stages. Knockdown of HMGA proteins in early-stage NPCs reduced their neurogenic potential. Conversely, overexpression of HMGA proteins conferred neurogenic potential on late-stage NPCs, an effect that was antagonized by coexpression of a histone H1 mutant that inhibits chromatin opening. Thus, HMGA proteins contribute to the neurogenic potential of NPCs in the early stages of neocortical development, possibly through induction of an open chromatin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kishi
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Unfolded protein response, activated by OASIS family transcription factors, promotes astrocyte differentiation. Nat Commun 2012; 3:967. [PMID: 22828627 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OASIS is a member of the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors and modulates cell- or tissue-specific unfolded protein response signalling. Here we show that this modulation has a critical role in the differentiation of neural precursor cells into astrocytes. Cerebral cortices of mice specifically deficient in OASIS (Oasis(-/-)) contain fewer astrocytes and more neural precursor cells than those of wild-type mice during embryonic development. Furthermore, astrocyte differentiation is delayed in primary cultured Oasis(-/-) neural precursor cells. The transcription factor Gcm1, which is necessary for astrocyte differentiation in Drosophila, is revealed to be a target of OASIS. Introduction of Gcm1 into Oasis(-/-) neural precursor cells improves the delayed differentiation of neural precursor cells into astrocytes by accelerating demethylation of the Gfap promoter. Gcm1 expression is temporally controlled by the unfolded protein response through interactions between OASIS family members during astrocyte differentiation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel mechanism by which OASIS and its associated family members are modulated by the unfolded protein response to finely control astrocyte differentiation.
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Sohur US, Arlotta P, Macklis JD. Developmental Controls are Re-Expressed during Induction of Neurogenesis in the Neocortex of Young Adult Mice. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:12. [PMID: 22347158 PMCID: PMC3272649 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether induction of low-level neurogenesis in normally non-neurogenic regions of the adult brain mimics aspects of developmental neurogenesis is currently unknown. Previously, we and others identified that biophysically induced, neuron subtype-specific apoptosis in mouse neocortex results in induction of neurogenesis of limited numbers of subtype-appropriate projection neurons with axonal projections to either thalamus or spinal cord, depending on the neuron subtype activated to undergo targeted apoptosis. Here, we test the hypothesis that developmental genes from embryonic corticogenesis are re-activated, and that some of these genes might underlie induction of low-level adult neocortical neurogenesis. We directly investigated this hypothesis via microarray analysis of microdissected regions of young adult mouse neocortex undergoing biophysically activated targeted apoptosis of neocortical callosal projection neurons. We compared the microarray results identifying differentially expressed genes with public databases of embryonic developmental genes. We find that, following activation of subtype-specific neuronal apoptosis, three distinct sets of normal developmental genes are selectively re-expressed in neocortical regions of induced neurogenesis in young adult mice: (1) genes expressed by subsets of progenitors and immature neurons in the developing ventricular and/or subventricular zones; (2) genes normally expressed by developmental radial glial progenitors; and (3) genes involved in synaptogenesis. Together with previous results, the data indicate that at least some developmental molecular controls over embryonic neurogenesis can be re-activated in the setting of induction of neurogenesis in the young adult neocortex, and suggest that some of these activate and initiate adult neuronal differentiation from endogenous progenitor populations. Understanding molecular mechanisms contributing to induced adult neurogenesis might enable directed CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Shivraj Sohur
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University Cambridge, MA, USA
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28
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CITED2 is activated in ulcerative colitis and induces p53-dependent apoptosis in response to butyric acid. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:339-49. [PMID: 21165656 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ulcerative colitis (UC), Fusobacterium varium is significantly detected in patients' mucosa, and butyric acid (BA), abundantly produced by the bacterium, activates the p53 system and induces epithelial apoptosis, as we previously reported. However, factors active in the link between BA and p53 have yet to be clarified. Here, we identified a gene activated by BA specifically in UC-associated cancer cell lines and ascertained the mechanism of its activation of p53. METHODS cDNA microarray analysis based on the Percellome (per cell normalization) method was performed on BA-stimulated UC-associated cancers and sporadic colorectal cancer cell lines under conditions mimicking colonic epithelium UC. For validation of microarray results, molecular, biochemical, and histopathological analyses were performed. RESULTS We found the CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with glutamic acid/asparagine-rich carboxy-terminal domain 2 (CITED2) to be specifically upregulated in UC-associated cancer cell lines by BA treatment, at both mRNA and protein expression levels. CITED2 could be shown to induce p53 acetylation and p53-dependent apoptosis, accompanied by binding of CBP/p300. BA-dependent apoptosis was suppressed by an inhibitor of monocarboxylate transporter-1 and an siRNA for p53. In inflammatory foci of UC, histologically evident inflammatory activity and CITED2 expression were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS CITED2 was identified as UC-associated protein by cDNA microarray based on the Percellome method under UC-mimicking conditions in vitro. CITED2 activation may induce mucosal apoptosis and erosion by activating p53 and thus play a critical role in linking enteric bacteria with mucosal inflammation in UC.
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Ling KH, Hewitt CA, Beissbarth T, Hyde L, Banerjee K, Cheah PS, Cannon PZ, Hahn CN, Thomas PQ, Smyth GK, Tan SS, Thomas T, Scott HS. Molecular networks involved in mouse cerebral corticogenesis and spatio-temporal regulation of Sox4 and Sox11 novel antisense transcripts revealed by transcriptome profiling. Genome Biol 2009; 10:R104. [PMID: 19799774 PMCID: PMC2784319 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2009-10-10-r104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the cerebral cortex requires highly specific spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression. It is proposed that transcriptome profiling of the cerebral cortex at various developmental time points or regions will reveal candidate genes and associated molecular pathways involved in cerebral corticogenesis. RESULTS Serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) libraries were constructed from C57BL/6 mouse cerebral cortices of age embryonic day (E) 15.5, E17.5, postnatal day (P) 1.5 and 4 to 6 months. Hierarchical clustering analysis of 561 differentially expressed transcripts showed regionalized, stage-specific and co-regulated expression profiles. SAGE expression profiles of 70 differentially expressed transcripts were validated using quantitative RT-PCR assays. Ingenuity pathway analyses of validated differentially expressed transcripts demonstrated that these transcripts possess distinctive functional properties related to various stages of cerebral corticogenesis and human neurological disorders. Genomic clustering analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts identified two highly transcribed genomic loci, Sox4 and Sox11, during embryonic cerebral corticogenesis. These loci feature unusual overlapping sense and antisense transcripts with alternative polyadenylation sites and differential expression. The Sox4 and Sox11 antisense transcripts were highly expressed in the brain compared to other mouse organs and are differentially expressed in both the proliferating and differentiating neural stem/progenitor cells and P19 (embryonal carcinoma) cells. CONCLUSIONS We report validated gene expression profiles that have implications for understanding the associations between differentially expressed transcripts, novel targets and related disorders pertaining to cerebral corticogenesis. The study reports, for the first time, spatio-temporally regulated Sox4 and Sox11 antisense transcripts in the brain, neural stem/progenitor cells and P19 cells, suggesting they have an important role in cerebral corticogenesis and neuronal/glial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- King-Hwa Ling
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science and The Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Chelsee A Hewitt
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Current address: Pathology Department, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia
| | - Tim Beissbarth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Current address: Department of Medical Statistics (Biostatistics), University of Göttingen, Humboldtalle 32, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lavinia Hyde
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Current address: The Bioinformatics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kakoli Banerjee
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor DE, Malaysia
| | - Ping Z Cannon
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher N Hahn
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science and The Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Gordon K Smyth
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Seong-Seng Tan
- Howard Florey Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tim Thomas
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hamish S Scott
- Molecular Medicine Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- The School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science and The Hanson Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Embryonic development of glial cells and myelin in the shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum. Gene Expr Patterns 2009; 9:572-85. [PMID: 19733690 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are responsible for a wide range of functions in the nervous system of vertebrates. The myelinated nervous systems of extant elasmobranchs have the longest independent history of all gnathostomes. Much is known about the development of glia in other jawed vertebrates, but research in elasmobranchs is just beginning to reveal the mechanisms guiding neurodevelopment. This study examines the development of glial cells in the bamboo shark, Chiloscyllium punctatum, by identifying the expression pattern of several classic glial and myelin proteins. We show for the first time that glial development in the bamboo shark (C. punctamum) embryo follows closely the one observed in other vertebrates and that neural development seems to proceed at a faster rate in the PNS than in the CNS. In addition, we observed more myelinated tracts in the PNS than in the CNS, and as early as stage 32, suggesting that the ontogeny of myelin in sharks is closer to osteichthyans than agnathans.
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Eda A, Tamura Y, Yoshida M, Hohjoh H. Systematic gene regulation involving miRNAs during neuronal differentiation of mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma cell. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 388:648-53. [PMID: 19679099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA and play an essential role in gene regulation. In this study, we investigated regulation of gene expression during neuronal differentiation of mouse P19 embryonic carcinoma cells and described a systematic pathway of gene regulation involving miRNAs. In the pathway, downregulation of Lin28 involved in blocking the let-7 maturation and upregulation of let-7 occur following induction of the differentiation, thereby triggering suppression of the downstream High Mobility Group A2 (Hmga2) gene expression via activation of gene silencing mediated by let-7. Our data further suggest that miR-9, as well as miR-125b, participate in the reduction of the Lin28 expression. The gene regulation involving miRNAs likely contributes to a rapid and programmed change in gene expression in neuronal differentiation of P19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Eda
- National Institute of Neuroscience, NCNP, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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32
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Anderson RM, Bosch JA, Goll MG, Hesselson D, Dong PDS, Shin D, Chi NC, Shin CH, Schlegel A, Halpern M, Stainier DYR. Loss of Dnmt1 catalytic activity reveals multiple roles for DNA methylation during pancreas development and regeneration. Dev Biol 2009; 334:213-23. [PMID: 19631206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2009.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental mechanisms regulating gene expression and the stable acquisition of cell fate direct cytodifferentiation during organogenesis. Moreover, it is likely that such mechanisms could be exploited to repair or regenerate damaged organs. DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) are enzymes critical for epigenetic regulation, and are used in concert with histone methylation and acetylation to regulate gene expression and maintain genomic integrity and chromosome structure. We carried out two forward genetic screens for regulators of endodermal organ development. In the first, we screened for altered morphology of developing digestive organs, while in the second we screed for the lack of terminally differentiated cell types in the pancreas and liver. From these screens, we identified two mutant alleles of zebrafish dnmt1. Both lesions are predicted to eliminate dnmt1 function; one is a missense mutation in the catalytic domain and the other is a nonsense mutation that eliminates the catalytic domain. In zebrafish dnmt1 mutants, the pancreas and liver form normally, but begin to degenerate after 84 h post fertilization (hpf). Acinar cells are nearly abolished through apoptosis by 100 hpf, though neither DNA replication, nor entry into mitosis is halted in the absence of detectable Dnmt1. However, endocrine cells and ducts are largely spared. Surprisingly, dnmt1 mutants and dnmt1 morpholino-injected larvae show increased capacity for pancreatic beta cell regeneration in an inducible model of pancreatic beta cell ablation. Thus, our data suggest that Dnmt1 is dispensable for pancreatic duct or endocrine cell formation, but not for acinar cell survival. In addition, Dnmt1 may influence the differentiation of pancreatic beta cell progenitors or the reprogramming of cells toward the pancreatic beta cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Human Genetics, Diabetes Center, and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324, USA. (
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Role of ubiquitin ligases in neural stem and progenitor cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2009; 57:177-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-009-0019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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