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King H, Reiber M, Philippi V, Stirling H, Aulehner K, Bankstahl M, Bleich A, Buchecker V, Glasenapp A, Jirkof P, Miljanovic N, Schönhoff K, von Schumann L, Leenaars C, Potschka H. Anesthesia and analgesia for experimental craniotomy in mice and rats: a systematic scoping review comparing the years 2009 and 2019. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1143109. [PMID: 37207181 PMCID: PMC10188949 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1143109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental craniotomies are a common surgical procedure in neuroscience. Because inadequate analgesia appears to be a problem in animal-based research, we conducted this review and collected information on management of craniotomy-associated pain in laboratory mice and rats. A comprehensive search and screening resulted in the identification of 2235 studies, published in 2009 and 2019, describing craniotomy in mice and/or rats. While key features were extracted from all studies, detailed information was extracted from a random subset of 100 studies/year. Reporting of perioperative analgesia increased from 2009 to 2019. However, the majority of studies from both years did not report pharmacologic pain management. Moreover, reporting of multimodal treatments remained at a low level, and monotherapeutic approaches were more common. Among drug groups, reporting of pre- and postoperative administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and local anesthetics in 2019 exceeded that of 2009. In summary, these results suggest that inadequate analgesia and oligoanalgesia are persistent issues associated with experimental intracranial surgery. This underscores the need for intensified training of those working with laboratory rodents subjected to craniotomies. Systematic review registration https://osf.io/7d4qe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah King
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria Reiber
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Vanessa Philippi
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helen Stirling
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Aulehner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marion Bankstahl
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Verena Buchecker
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aylina Glasenapp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Paulin Jirkof
- Office for Animal Welfare and 3Rs, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Schönhoff
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lara von Schumann
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cathalijn Leenaars
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hanover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Heidrun Potschka,
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2
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EphA4 is highly expressed in the atria of heart and its deletion leads to atrial hypertrophy and electrocardiographic abnormalities in rats. Life Sci 2021; 278:119595. [PMID: 33974931 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS EphA4 is a member of the Eph receptor family, and expressed mainly in central nervous system (CNS), which is involved in CNS development and multiple diseases. Due to the variability in EphA4 expression, we wondered if EphA4 is expressed in other tissues, and what role does EphA4 play? MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated an EphA4 knockout (KO) rat line with red fluorescent marker protein encoded by the mCherry cassette inserted downstream of the EphA4 promoter as a reporter. Using this system, we observed high expression of EphA4 in the heart atria and in the brain. KEY FINDINGS EphaA4 KO rats (EphA4-/-) developed obvious atrial hypertrophy with an increased atria-to-heart weight ratio and atrial cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area at six months of age. EphA4-/- rats had reduced atrial end diastolic volume (EDV), atrial ejection fraction (EF) and left ventricular EF. They also exhibited increased amplitude of QRS complexes and QT intervals, with invisible p waves. RNA sequencing revealed that EphA4 KO altered the transcription of multiple genes involved in regulation of transcription and translation, ion binding, metabolism and cell adhesion. Deletion of EphA4 reduced IGF1 mRNA and protein expression, which is involved in cardiac remodeling. SIGNIFICANCE Our data demonstrated that EphA4 was highly expressed in the atria and its deletion caused atrial dysfunction. Our findings also suggested that the EphA4 KO rat could be a potential model for studies on atrial remodeling.
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3
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Zhao J, Taylor CJ, Newcombe EA, Spanevello MD, O'Keeffe I, Cooper LT, Jhaveri DJ, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF. EphA4 Regulates Hippocampal Neural Precursor Proliferation in the Adult Mouse Brain by d-Serine Modulation of N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Signaling. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4381-4397. [PMID: 30590507 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) is a major region of the adult rodent brain in which neurogenesis occurs throughout life. The EphA4 receptor, which regulates neurogenesis and boundary formation in the developing brain, is also expressed in the adult DG, but whether it regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis is not known. Here, we show that, in the adult mouse brain, EphA4 inhibits hippocampal precursor cell proliferation but does not affect precursor differentiation or survival. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of EphA4 significantly increased hippocampal precursor proliferation in vivo and in vitro, by blocking EphA4 forward signaling. EphA4 was expressed by mature hippocampal DG neurons but not neural precursor cells, and an EphA4 antagonist, EphA4-Fc, did not activate clonal cultures of precursors until they were co-cultured with non-precursor cells, indicating an indirect effect of EphA4 on the regulation of precursor activity. Supplementation with d-serine blocked the increased precursor proliferation induced by EphA4 inhibition, whereas blocking the interaction between d-serine and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) promoted precursor activity, even at the clonal level. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that EphA4 indirectly regulates adult hippocampal precursor proliferation and thus plays a role in neurogenesis via d-serine-regulated NMDAR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Chanel J Taylor
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark D Spanevello
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Imogen O'Keeffe
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Leanne T Cooper
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Dhanisha J Jhaveri
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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4
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Zhao J, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF. The identification of a novel isoform of EphA4 and ITS expression in SOD1 G93A mice. Neuroscience 2017; 347:11-21. [PMID: 28153688 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of motor neurons, leading to progressive muscle atrophy and fatal paralysis. Mutations in more than 20 genes, including full-length EphA4 (EphA4-FL), have been implicated in this pathogenesis. The present study aimed to identify novel isoforms of EphA4-FL and to investigate the expression of EphA4-FL and its isoforms in the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutant mouse model of ALS. Two novel transcripts were verified in mouse and humans. In transfected cells, both transcripts could be translated into proteins, which respectively contained the N- and C-termini of EphA4-FL, referred as EphA4-N and EphA4-C. EphA4-N, which was expressed on the surface of transfected cells, was shown to act as a dominant negative receptor by significantly suppressing the activation of EphA4-FL in vitro. The expression of both EphA4-FL and EphA4-N was significantly higher in the nervous tissue of SOD1G93A compared to wild-type mice suggesting that both forms are modulated during the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Andrew W Boyd
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Qld 4006, Australia
| | - Perry F Bartlett
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia.
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5
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Huroy S, Kanawaty A, Magomedova L, Cummins CL, George SR, van der Kooy D, Henderson JT. EphB2 reverse signaling regulates learned opiate tolerance via hippocampal function. Behav Brain Res 2016; 300:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Robichaux MA, Chenaux G, Ho HYH, Soskis MJ, Greenberg ME, Henkemeyer M, Cowan CW. EphB1 and EphB2 intracellular domains regulate the formation of the corpus callosum and anterior commissure. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 76:405-20. [PMID: 26148571 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The two cortical hemispheres of the mammalian forebrain are interconnected by major white matter tracts, including the corpus callosum (CC) and the posterior branch of the anterior commissure (ACp), that bridge the telencephalic midline. We show here that the intracellular signaling domains of the EphB1 and EphB2 receptors are critical for formation of both the ACp and CC. We observe partial and complete agenesis of the corpus callosum, as well as highly penetrant ACp misprojection phenotypes in truncated EphB1/2 mice that lack intracellular signaling domains. Consistent with the roles for these receptors in formation of the CC and ACp, we detect expression of these receptors in multiple brain regions associated with the formation of these forebrain structures. Taken together, our findings suggest that a combination of forward and reverse EphB1/2 receptor-mediated signaling contribute to ACp and CC axon guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robichaux
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - George Chenaux
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390.,Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Hsin-Yi Henry Ho
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Michael J Soskis
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Michael E Greenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
| | - Mark Henkemeyer
- Developmental Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
| | - Christopher W Cowan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts, 02478.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, 75390
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7
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Klingler E, Martin PM, Garcia M, Moreau-Fauvarque C, Falk J, Chareyre F, Giovannini M, Chédotal A, Girault JA, Goutebroze L. The cytoskeleton-associated protein SCHIP1 is involved in axon guidance, and is required for piriform cortex and anterior commissure development. Development 2015; 142:2026-36. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.119248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
SCHIP1 is a cytoplasmic partner of cortical cytoskeleton ankyrins. The IQCJ-SCHIP1 isoform is a component of axon initial segments and nodes of Ranvier of mature axons in peripheral and central nervous systems, where it associates with membrane complexes comprising cell adhesion molecules. SCHIP1 is also expressed in the mouse developing central nervous system during embryonic stages of active axonogenesis. Here, we identify a new and early role for SCHIP1 during axon development and establishment of the anterior commissure (AC). The AC is composed of axons from the piriform cortex, the anterior olfactory nucleus and the amygdala. Schip1 mutant mice displayed early defects in AC development that might result from impaired axon growth and guidance. In addition, mutant mice presented a reduced thickness of the piriform cortex, which affected projection neurons in layers 2/3 and was likely to result from cell death rather than from impairment of neuron generation or migration. Piriform cortex neurons from E14.5 mutant embryos displayed axon initiation/outgrowth delay and guidance defects in vitro. The sensitivity of growth cones to semaphorin 3F and Eph receptor B2, two repulsive guidance cues crucial for AC development, was increased, providing a possible basis for certain fiber tract alterations. Thus, our results reveal new evidence for the involvement of cortical cytoskeleton-associated proteins in the regulation of axon development and their importance for the formation of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Klingler
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Martin
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Marta Garcia
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Caroline Moreau-Fauvarque
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, UMR-S 968, Paris F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Julien Falk
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5534, CGphiMC, Lyon F-69622, France
| | - Fabrice Chareyre
- House Research Institute, Center for Neural Tumor Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1624, USA
| | - Marco Giovannini
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Alain Chédotal
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, UMR-S 968, Paris F-75012, France
- CNRS, UMR 7210, Paris F-75012, France
| | - Jean-Antoine Girault
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Laurence Goutebroze
- INSERM, UMR-S 839, Paris F-75005, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris F-75005, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris F-75005, France
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8
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Nkx2.1-derived astrocytes and neurons together with Slit2 are indispensable for anterior commissure formation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6887. [PMID: 25904499 PMCID: PMC4423212 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Guidepost cells present at and surrounding the midline provide guidance cues that orient the growing axons through commissures. Here we show that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 known to control the specification of GABAergic interneurons also regulates the differentiation of astroglia and polydendrocytes within the mouse anterior commissure (AC). Nkx2.1-positive glia were found to originate from three germinal regions of the ventral telencephalon. Nkx2.1-derived glia were observed in and around the AC region by E14.5. Thereafter, a selective cell ablation strategy showed a synergistic role of Nkx2.1-derived cells, both GABAergic interneurons and astroglia, towards the proper formation of the AC. Finally, our results reveal that the Nkx2.1-regulated cells mediate AC axon guidance through the expression of the repellent cue, Slit2. These results bring forth interesting insights about the spatial and temporal origin of midline telencephalic glia, and highlight the importance of neurons and astroglia towards the formation of midline commissures. Guidepost cells provide guidance cues that orient growing axons in the brain but little is known about the midline guidepost cells that populate the mouse anterior commissure (AC). Here, the authors show that the transcription factor Nkx2.1 regulates the differentiation of astroglia and neurons that cooperate to guide AC axons through the expression of Slit2.
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9
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α2-chimaerin is required for Eph receptor-class-specific spinal motor axon guidance and coordinate activation of antagonistic muscles. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2344-57. [PMID: 25673830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4151-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal guidance involves extrinsic molecular cues that bind growth cone receptors and signal to the cytoskeleton through divergent pathways. Some signaling intermediates are deployed downstream of molecularly distinct axon guidance receptor families, but the scope of this overlap is unclear, as is the impact of embryonic axon guidance fidelity on adult nervous system function. Here, we demonstrate that the Rho-GTPase-activating protein α2-chimaerin is specifically required for EphA and not EphB receptor signaling in mouse and chick spinal motor axons. Reflecting this specificity, the loss of α2-chimaerin function disrupts the limb trajectory of extensor-muscle-innervating motor axons the guidance of which depends on EphA signaling. These embryonic defects affect coordinated contraction of antagonistic flexor-extensor muscles in the adult, indicating that accurate embryonic motor axon guidance is critical for optimal neuromuscular function. Together, our observations provide the first functional evidence of an Eph receptor-class-specific intracellular signaling protein that is required for appropriate neuromuscular connectivity.
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Viana J, Pidsley R, Troakes C, Spiers H, Wong CC, Al-Sarraj S, Craig I, Schalkwyk L, Mill J. Epigenomic and transcriptomic signatures of a Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY) karyotype in the brain. Epigenetics 2014; 9:587-99. [PMID: 24476718 PMCID: PMC4121369 DOI: 10.4161/epi.27806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most common sex-chromosome aneuploidy in humans. Most affected individuals carry one extra X-chromosome (47,XXY karyotype) and the condition presents with a heterogeneous mix of reproductive, physical and psychiatric phenotypes. Although the mechanism(s) by which the supernumerary X-chromosome determines these features of KS are poorly understood, skewed X-chromosome inactivation (XCI), gene-dosage dysregulation, and the parental origin of the extra X-chromosome have all been implicated, suggesting an important role for epigenetic processes. We assessed genomic, methylomic and transcriptomic variation in matched prefrontal cortex and cerebellum samples identifying an individual with a 47,XXY karyotype who was comorbid for schizophrenia and had a notably reduced cerebellum mass compared with other individuals in the study (n = 49). We examined methylomic and transcriptomic differences in this individual relative to female and male samples with 46,XX or 46,XY karyotypes, respectively, and identified numerous locus-specific differences in DNA methylation and gene expression, with many differences being autosomal and tissue-specific. Furthermore, global DNA methylation, assessed via the interrogation of LINE-1 and Alu repetitive elements, was significantly altered in the 47,XXY patient in a tissue-specific manner with extreme hypomethylation detected in the prefrontal cortex and extreme hypermethylation in the cerebellum. This study provides the first detailed molecular characterization of the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum from an individual with a 47,XXY karyotype, identifying widespread tissue-specific epigenomic and transcriptomic alterations in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Viana
- University of Exeter Medical School; Exeter University; Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth Pidsley
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Claire Troakes
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Helen Spiers
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Chloe Cy Wong
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Ian Craig
- Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School; Exeter University; Exeter, UK; Institute of Psychiatry; King's College London; London, UK
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Spanevello MD, Tajouri SI, Mirciov C, Kurniawan N, Pearse MJ, Fabri LJ, Owczarek CM, Hardy MP, Bradford RA, Ramunno ML, Turnley AM, Ruitenberg MJ, Boyd AW, Bartlett PF. Acute delivery of EphA4-Fc improves functional recovery after contusive spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurotrauma 2014; 30:1023-34. [PMID: 23557244 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the action of inhibitory molecules at sites of central nervous system injury has been proposed as a strategy to promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery. We have previously shown that genetic deletion or competitive antagonism of EphA4 receptor activity promotes axonal regeneration and functional recovery in a mouse model of lateral hemisection spinal cord injury. Here we have assessed the effect of blocking EphA4 activation using the competitive antagonist EphA4-Fc in a rat model of thoracic contusive spinal cord injury. Using a ledged tapered balance beam and open-field testing, we observed significant improvements in recovery of locomotor function after EphA4-Fc treatment. Consistent with functional improvement, using high-resolution ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging at 16.4T, we found that rats treated with EphA4-Fc had a significantly increased cross-sectional area of the dorsal funiculus caudal to the injury epicenter compared with controls. Our findings indicate that EphA4-Fc promotes functional recovery following contusive spinal cord injury and provides further support for the therapeutic benefit of treatment with the competitive antagonist in acute cases of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Damien Spanevello
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Nievergall E, Lackmann M, Janes PW. Eph-dependent cell-cell adhesion and segregation in development and cancer. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:1813-42. [PMID: 22204021 PMCID: PMC11114713 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0900-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 11/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies attest to essential roles for Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands in controlling cell positioning and tissue patterning during normal and oncogenic development. These studies suggest multiple, sometimes contradictory, functions of Eph-ephrin signalling, which under different conditions can promote either spreading and cell-cell adhesion or cytoskeletal collapse, cell rounding, de-adhesion and cell-cell segregation. A principle determinant of the balance between these two opposing responses is the degree of receptor/ligand clustering and activation. This equilibrium is likely altered in cancers and modulated by somatic mutations of key Eph family members that have emerged as candidate cancer markers in recent profiling studies. In addition, cross-talk amongst Ephs and with other signalling pathways significantly modulates cell-cell adhesion, both between and within Eph- and ephrin-expressing cell populations. This review summarises our current understanding of how Eph receptors control cell adhesion and morphology, and presents examples demonstrating the importance of these events in normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Nievergall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
- Present Address: Haematology Department, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | - Martin Lackmann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Peter W. Janes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800 Australia
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13
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Cahill LS, Laliberté CL, Ellegood J, Spring S, Gleave JA, van Eede MC, Lerch JP, Henkelman RM. Preparation of fixed mouse brains for MRI. Neuroimage 2012; 60:933-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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14
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Ito A, Shinmyo Y, Abe T, Oshima N, Tanaka H, Ohta K. Tsukushi is required for anterior commissure formation in mouse brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 402:813-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
The completed sequencing of genomes has forced upon us the challenge of understanding how the detailed information in the genome gives rise to the specific characteristics--phenotype--of the individual. This is crucial for understanding not only normal development but also, from a medical perspective, the genetic basis of disease. Much of the mammalian genome-to-phenotype relationship will be worked out in the mouse, for which powerful genetic-manipulation tools are available. Mouse imaging combined with powerful statistical methods has a unique and growing role to play in phenotyping genetically modified mice. This review outlines the challenges for image-based phenotyping, summarizes the current state of three-dimensional imaging technologies for the mouse, and highlights new opportunities in systems biology that are opened by imaging mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Henkelman
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G1X8, Canada.
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de Castro F. Wiring Olfaction: The Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms that Guide the Development of Synaptic Connections from the Nose to the Cortex. Front Neurosci 2009; 3:52. [PMID: 20582279 PMCID: PMC2858608 DOI: 10.3389/neuro.22.004.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the central nervous system, the olfactory system fascinates by its developmental and physiological particularities, and is one of the most studied models to understand the mechanisms underlying the guidance of growing axons to their appropriate targets. A constellation of contact-mediated (laminins, CAMs, ephrins, etc.) and secreted mechanisms (semaphorins, slits, growth factors, etc.) are known to play different roles in the establishment of synaptic interactions between the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory cortex. Specific mechanisms of this system (including the amazing family of about 1000 different olfactory receptors) have been also proposed. In the last years, different reviews have focused in partial sights, specially in the mechanisms involved in the formation of the olfactory nerve, but a detailed review of the mechanisms implicated in the development of the connections among the different olfactory structures (olfactory epithelium, OB, olfactory cortex) remains to be written. In the present work, we afford this systematic review: the different cellular and molecular mechanisms which rule the formation of the olfactory nerve, the lateral olfactory tract and the intracortical connections, as well as the few data available regarding the accessory olfactory system. These mechanisms are compared, and the implications of the differences and similarities discussed in this fundamental scenario of ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos Toledo, Spain
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