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Cerasuolo M, Di Meo I, Auriemma MC, Trojsi F, Maiorino MI, Cirillo M, Esposito F, Polito R, Colangelo AM, Paolisso G, Papa M, Rizzo MR. Iron and Ferroptosis More than a Suspect: Beyond the Most Common Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration for New Therapeutic Approaches to Cognitive Decline and Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119637. [PMID: 37298586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration is a multifactorial process that involves multiple mechanisms. Examples of neurodegenerative diseases are Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These are progressive and irreversible pathologies, characterized by neuron vulnerability, loss of structure or function of neurons, and even neuron demise in the brain, leading to clinical, functional, and cognitive dysfunction and movement disorders. However, iron overload can cause neurodegeneration. Dysregulation of iron metabolism associated with cellular damage and oxidative stress is reported as a common event in several neurodegenerative diseases. Uncontrolled oxidation of membrane fatty acids triggers a programmed cell death involving iron, ROS, and ferroptosis, promoting cell death. In Alzheimer's disease, the iron content in the brain is significantly increased in vulnerable regions, resulting in a lack of antioxidant defenses and mitochondrial alterations. Iron interacts with glucose metabolism reciprocally. Overall, iron metabolism and accumulation and ferroptosis play a significant role, particularly in the context of diabetes-induced cognitive decline. Iron chelators improve cognitive performance, meaning that brain iron metabolism control reduces neuronal ferroptosis, promising a novel therapeutic approach to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cerasuolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Di Meo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Auriemma
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ida Maiorino
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Cirillo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Esposito
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Polito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Colangelo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, NeuroMI Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks Morphology and System Biology, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ''Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Rizzo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
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The Neuroprotective Activities of the Novel Multi-Target Iron-Chelators in Models of Alzheimer's Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Aging. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050763. [PMID: 36899898 PMCID: PMC10001413 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of chelation therapy as a valuable therapeutic approach in neurological disorders led us to develop multi-target, non-toxic, lipophilic, brain-permeable compounds with iron chelation and anti-apoptotic properties for neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), age-related dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Herein, we reviewed our two most effective such compounds, M30 and HLA20, based on a multimodal drug design paradigm. The compounds have been tested for their mechanisms of action using animal and cellular models such as APP/PS1 AD transgenic (Tg) mice, G93A-SOD1 mutant ALS Tg mice, C57BL/6 mice, Neuroblastoma × Spinal Cord-34 (NSC-34) hybrid cells, a battery of behavior tests, and various immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques. These novel iron chelators exhibit neuroprotective activities by attenuating relevant neurodegenerative pathology, promoting positive behavior changes, and up-regulating neuroprotective signaling pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that our multifunctional iron-chelating compounds can upregulate several neuroprotective-adaptive mechanisms and pro-survival signaling pathways in the brain and might function as ideal drugs for neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD, AD, ALS, and aging-related cognitive decline, in which oxidative stress and iron-mediated toxicity and dysregulation of iron homeostasis have been implicated.
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García-Beltrán O, Urrutia PJ, Núñez MT. On the Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Multifunctional Compounds for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020214. [PMID: 36829773 PMCID: PMC9952574 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, iron dyshomeostasis, increased oxidative damage and inflammation are pathognomonic features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal iron accumulation. Moreover, the existence of positive feed-back loops between these pathological components, which accelerate, and sometimes make irreversible, the neurodegenerative process, is apparent. At present, the available treatments for PD aim to relieve the symptoms, thus improving quality of life, but no treatments to stop the progression of the disease are available. Recently, the use of multifunctional compounds with the capacity to attack several of the key components of neurodegenerative processes has been proposed as a strategy to slow down the progression of neurodegenerative processes. For the treatment of PD specifically, the necessary properties of new-generation drugs should include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, iron chelation capacity to decrease iron-mediated oxidative damage, the capacity to quench free radicals to decrease the risk of ferroptotic neuronal death, the capacity to disrupt α-synuclein aggregates and the capacity to decrease inflammatory conditions. Desirable additional characteristics are dopaminergic neurons to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment, and the inhibition of the MAO-B and COMPT activities to increase intraneuronal dopamine content. On the basis of the published evidence, in this work, we review the molecular basis underlying the pathological events associated with PD and the clinical trials that have used single-target drugs to stop the progress of the disease. We also review the current information on multifunctional compounds that may be used for the treatment of PD and discuss the chemical characteristics that underlie their functionality. As a projection, some of these compounds or modifications could be used to treat diseases that share common pathology features with PD, such as Friedreich's ataxia, Multiple sclerosis, Huntington disease and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué 730002, Colombia
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Pamela J. Urrutia
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Lota 2465, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile
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Soares P, Silva C, Chavarria D, Silva FSG, Oliveira PJ, Borges F. Drug discovery and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Emerging challenges and therapeutic opportunities. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101790. [PMID: 36402404 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs) leading to paralysis and, ultimately, death by respiratory failure 3-5 years after diagnosis. Edaravone and Riluzole, the only drugs currently approved for ALS treatment, only provide mild symptomatic relief to patients. Extraordinary progress in understanding the biology of ALS provided new grounds for drug discovery. Over the last two decades, mitochondria and oxidative stress (OS), iron metabolism and ferroptosis, and the major regulators of hypoxia and inflammation - HIF and NF-κB - emerged as promising targets for ALS therapeutic intervention. In this review, we focused our attention on these targets to outline and discuss current advances in ALS drug development. Based on the challenges and the roadblocks, we believe that the rational design of multi-target ligands able to modulate the complex network of events behind the disease can provide effective therapies in a foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Soares
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catia Silva
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Daniel Chavarria
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filomena S G Silva
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- CNC - CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal; IIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Borges
- CIQUP-IMS/Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Guo N, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Zeng F, Li X. Potential Role of APEX1 During Ferroptosis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:798304. [PMID: 35311089 PMCID: PMC8927806 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.798304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently discovered category of programmed cell death. It is much different from other types of cell death such as apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. The main pathological feature of ferroptosis is the accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. The typical changes in the morphological features of ferroptosis include cell volume shrinkage and increased mitochondrial membrane area. The mechanisms of ferroptosis may be mainly related to lipid peroxidation accumulation, imbalance in amino acid antioxidant system, and disturbance of iron metabolism. Besides, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and p53 pathway have been demonstrated to be involved in ferroptosis. At present, the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis pathway are still unmapped. In this review, an outlook has been put forward about the crucial role of apurinic/apyrimidinic endodeoxyribonuclease 1 (APEX1) in the regulation of ferroptosis. APEX1 plays an important role in the regulation of intracellular redox balance and can be used as a potential inhibitor of ferroptotic cell death. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the mRNA level of APEX1 is decreased in cases of ferroptosis triggered by erastin. Besides, it was found that there was a significant correlation between APEX1 and genes in the ferroptosis pathway. We have discussed the possibility to employ APEX1 inducers or inhibitors in the regulation of ferroptosis as a new strategy for the treatment of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yonghao Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fancai Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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Lin B, Youdim MBH. The protective, rescue and therapeutic potential of multi-target iron-chelators for retinitis pigmentosa. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:1-11. [PMID: 34324978 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited diseases in which mutations result in the initial loss of night vision, followed by complete blindness. There is currently no effective therapeutic option for RP patients. Given the extremely heterogeneous nature of RP, any causative gene-specific therapy would be practical in a small fraction of patients with RP. Non-gene-specific therapeutics that is applicable to the majority of RP patients regardless of causative mutations may have an enormous impact on RP treatment. Several theories including apoptosis, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been proposed as possible underlying mechanisms for photoreceptor death in RP. We have designed and synthesized a series of iron-chelating compounds that possess diverse pharmacological properties and can act in a non-gene-specific manner on multiple pathological features ascribed to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and RP. In this review, we discuss the multiple effects of several brain-permeable multi target iron-chelating compounds on photoreceptor degeneration in a mouse model of human RP. Specifically, we focus on the anti-apototic, neuroprotective and neurorescue effects of the compound VK28, M30 and VAR10303 on the histologic and functional preservation of photoreceptors in a mouse model of RP. We consider such drugs as potential therapeutic agents for RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Lin
- School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
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Ge X, Zuo Y, Xie J, Li X, Li Y, Thirupathi A, Yu P, Gao G, Zhou C, Chang Y, Shi Z. A new mechanism of POCD caused by sevoflurane in mice: cognitive impairment induced by cross-dysfunction of iron and glucose metabolism. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:22375-22389. [PMID: 34547719 PMCID: PMC8507282 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev) is a commonly used anesthetic in hospitals that can cause neurotoxicity. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a common clinical problem induced by some anesthetics. However, the exact mechanism of neurotoxicity induced by Sev is unclear. Here we studied a new mechanism of POCD induced by Sev. We treated 15-month-old mice with 2% Sev for 6 hours, and we had found that Sev causes POCD. Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ), we found that the transporter and the metabolism of carbohydrates and inorganic ions were involved in the cognitive impairment induced by Sev. Using synchrotron radiation micro-X-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF), we showed that Sev caused the iron overload in the brain of 15-month-old mice. Subsequently, excessive iron led to oxidative stress and impaired mitochondrial function that further led to glucose metabolism disorder and reduced ATP production by regulating the expression of key enzyme genes or proteins including G6Pase, Pck1, and Cs. Meanwhile, Sev also inhibited the oxygen consumption rate and glucose absorption by downregulating the expression of glucose transporter 1 in cerebral vascular endothelial cells. The cross-dysfunction of iron and glucose metabolism caused the apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus through Bcl2/Bax pathway. In conclusion, the data here showed a new mechanism that Sev caused apoptosis by cross-dysregulation of iron and glucose metabolism and induced energy stress in mice. Maintaining iron and glucose metabolism homeostasis may play an important role in cognitive impairment induced by Sev.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ge
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yong Zuo
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jinhong Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xincheng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Anand Thirupathi
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Guofen Gao
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Changhao Zhou
- The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhenhua Shi
- Laboratory of Molecular Iron Metabolism, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China
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Lestón Pinilla L, Ugun-Klusek A, Rutella S, De Girolamo LA. Hypoxia Signaling in Parkinson's Disease: There Is Use in Asking "What HIF?". BIOLOGY 2021; 10:723. [PMID: 34439955 PMCID: PMC8389254 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is a condition characterized by insufficient tissue oxygenation, which results in impaired oxidative energy production. A reduction in cellular oxygen levels induces the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor α (HIF-1α), master regulator of the molecular response to hypoxia, involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis and driving hypoxic adaptation through the control of gene expression. Due to its high energy requirement, the brain is particularly vulnerable to oxygen shortage. Thus, hypoxic injury can cause significant metabolic changes in neural cell populations, which are associated with neurodegeneration. Recent evidence suggests that regulating HIF-1α may ameliorate the cellular damage in neurodegenerative diseases. Indeed, the hypoxia/HIF-1α signaling pathway has been associated to several processes linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) including gene mutations, risk factors and molecular pathways such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and protein degradation impairment. This review will explore the impact of hypoxia and HIF-1α signaling on these specific molecular pathways that influence PD development and will evaluate different novel neuroprotective strategies involving HIF-1α stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lestón Pinilla
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Aslihan Ugun-Klusek
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Sergio Rutella
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Luigi A. De Girolamo
- Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease, School of Science & Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
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Redox-Active Metal Ions and Amyloid-Degrading Enzymes in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147697. [PMID: 34299316 PMCID: PMC8307724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox-active metal ions, Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), are essential biological molecules for the normal functioning of the brain, including oxidative metabolism, synaptic plasticity, myelination, and generation of neurotransmitters. Dyshomeostasis of these redox-active metal ions in the brain could cause Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Thus, regulating the levels of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) is necessary for normal brain function. To control the amounts of metal ions in the brain and understand the involvement of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III) in the pathogenesis of AD, many chemical agents have been developed. In addition, since toxic aggregates of amyloid-β (Aβ) have been proposed as one of the major causes of the disease, the mechanism of clearing Aβ is also required to be investigated to reveal the etiology of AD clearly. Multiple metalloenzymes (e.g., neprilysin, insulin-degrading enzyme, and ADAM10) have been reported to have an important role in the degradation of Aβ in the brain. These amyloid degrading enzymes (ADE) could interact with redox-active metal ions and affect the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we introduce and summarize the roles, distributions, and transportations of Cu(I/II) and Fe(II/III), along with previously invented chelators, and the structures and functions of ADE in the brain, as well as their interrelationships.
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Xin R, Chen Z, Fu J, Shen F, Zhu Q, Huang F. Xanomeline Protects Cortical Cells From Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation via Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:656. [PMID: 32595528 PMCID: PMC7303960 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanomeline, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, is one of the first compounds that was found to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenics and attenuating behavioral disturbances of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its role in ischemia-induced injury due to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) remains unclear. Primary rat neuronal cells were exposed to OGD and treated with xanomeline. The effects of xanomeline on apoptosis, cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were determined using an Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit, a non-radioactive cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colorimetric LDH cytotoxicity assay kit, and a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay, respectively, and the expressions of Sirtuin 1, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP), and hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-1α) as well as the level of phosphorylated kinase B (p-Akt) were determined by Western blotting. Compared with the control, xanomeline pretreatment increased the viability of isolated cortical neurons and decreased the LDH release induced by OGD. Compared with OGD-treated cells, xanomeline inhibited apoptosis, reduced ROS production, attenuated the OGD-induced HIF-1α increase and partially reversed the reduction of HO-1, Sirtuin-1, Bcl-2, PARP, and p-Akt induced by OGD. In conclusion, xanomeline treatment protects cortical neuronal cells possibly through the inhibition of apoptosis after OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujuan Xin
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Ninghai First Hospital, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Gülcan HO, Orhan IE. The Main Targets Involved in Neuroprotection for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:509-516. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200131103524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
With respect to the total cure failure of current drugs used in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases,
alternative strategies are followed. Particularly, neuroprotection approaches are questioned. Metal chelation,
antioxidant towards oxidative stress, modulation of the amyloidogenic pathway, MAO-B inhibition, and
NMDA receptor antagonism is more or less typical examples. Some of the representative drug candidates with
promising neuroprotective features are assessed in clinical trials. Although initial attempts were found hopeful,
none of the candidates have been found successful in each required clinical trials, particularly depending on the
failures in terms of cognitive enhancement and slowing the progressive characteristics of neurodegenerative diseases.
Today, neuroprotection is evaluated using multi-target ligand-based drug design studies. Within this study,
the clinical outcomes of these studies, the rationale behind the design of the molecules are reviewed concomitant
to the representative drug candidates of each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayrettin O. Gülcan
- Eastern Mediterranean University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Famagusta, TR. North Cyprus, via Mersin 10, Turkey
| | - Ilkay E. Orhan
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy, Etiler, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Genoud S, Senior AM, Hare DJ, Double KL. Meta-Analysis of Copper and Iron in Parkinson's Disease Brain and Biofluids. Mov Disord 2019; 35:662-671. [PMID: 31889341 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variations in study quality and design complicate interpretation of the clinical significance of consistently reported changes in copper and iron levels in human Parkinson's disease brain and biofluids. METHODS We systematically searched literature databases for quantitative reports of biometal levels in the degenerating substantia nigra (SN), CSF, serum, and plasma in Parkinson's disease compared with healthy age-matched controls and assessed the quality of these publications. The primary outcomes of our analysis confirmed SN copper and iron levels are decreased and increased, respectively, in the Parkinson's disease brain. We applied a novel Quality Assessment Scale for Human Tissue to categorize the quality of individual studies and investigated the effects of study quality on our outcomes. We undertook a random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression subgroup analysis. RESULTS In the 18 eligible studies identified (211 Parkinson's disease, 215 control cases), SN copper levels were significantly lower (d, -2.00; 95% CI, -2.81 to -1.19; P < 0.001), and iron levels were significantly higher (d, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.38-2.24; P < 0.01) in Parkinson's disease. No changes were detected in CSF, serum, or plasma for any metals (29 studies; 2443 Parkinson's disease and 2183 control cases) except serum iron, which was lower in Parkinson's disease (14 studies; 1177 Parkinson's disease and 1447 control cases). CONCLUSIONS Reductions in copper levels and elevations in iron were confirmed as characteristic of the degenerating SN of Parkinson's disease. Iron in serum was also changed, but in the opposite direction to that in the SN and to a lesser extent. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian Genoud
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alistair M Senior
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominic J Hare
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre at, The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kay L Double
- Brain and Mind Centre and Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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13
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Núñez MT, Hidalgo C. Noxious Iron-Calcium Connections in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 30809110 PMCID: PMC6379295 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron and calcium share the common feature of being essential for normal neuronal function. Iron is required for mitochondrial function, synaptic plasticity, and the development of cognitive functions whereas cellular calcium signals mediate neurotransmitter exocytosis, axonal growth and synaptic plasticity, and control the expression of genes involved in learning and memory processes. Recent studies have revealed that cellular iron stimulates calcium signaling, leading to downstream activation of kinase cascades engaged in synaptic plasticity. The relationship between calcium and iron is Janus-faced, however. While under physiological conditions iron-mediated reactive oxygen species generation boosts normal calcium-dependent signaling pathways, excessive iron levels promote oxidative stress leading to the upsurge of unrestrained calcium signals that damage mitochondrial function, among other downstream targets. Similarly, increases in mitochondrial calcium to non-physiological levels result in mitochondrial dysfunction and a predicted loss of iron homeostasis. Hence, if uncontrolled, the iron/calcium self-feeding cycle becomes deleterious to neuronal function, leading eventually to neuronal death. Here, we review the multiple cell-damaging responses generated by the unregulated iron/calcium self-feeding cycle, such as excitotoxicity, free radical-mediated lipid peroxidation, and the oxidative modification of crucial components of iron and calcium homeostasis/signaling: the iron transporter DMT1, plasma membrane, and intracellular calcium channels and pumps. We discuss also how iron-induced dysregulation of mitochondrial calcium contributes to the generation of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Tulio Núñez
- Iron and Neuroregeneration Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cecilia Hidalgo
- Calcium Signaling Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, CEMC, Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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14
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Youdim MBH. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and iron chelators in depressive illness and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1719-1733. [PMID: 30341696 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In early 1920s, tyramine oxidase was discovered that metabolized tyramine and in 1933 Blaschko demonstrated that this enzyme also metabolized adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine. Zeller gave it the name monoamine oxidase (MAO) to distinguish it from the enzyme that oxidatively deaminated diamines. MAO was recognized as an enzyme of crucial interest to pharmacologists because it catalyzed the major inactivation pathway for the catecholamines (and, later, 5-hydroxytryptamine, as well). Within the few decade, the inhibitors of MAO were discovered and introduced for the treatment of depressive illness which was established clinically. However, the first clinical use exposed serious side effects, pharmacological interest in, and investigation of, MAO continued, resulting in the characterization of two forms, distinct forms, MAO-A and -B, and selective inhibitors for them. Selective inhibitors of MAO-B (selegiline, rasagiline and safinamide) have found a therapeutic role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and reversible inhibitors of MAO-A offered antidepressant activity without the serious side effects of the earlier nonselective MAO inhibitors. Subsequent molecular pharmacological have also generated the concept of neuroprotection, reflecting the possibility of slowing, halting and maybe reversing, neurodegeneration in Parkinson's or Alzheimer's diseases. Increased levels of oxidative stress through the accumulation of iron in the Parkinsonian and Alzheimer brains has been suggested to be critical for the initiation and progress of neurodegeneration. Selective inhibition of brain MAO could contribute importantly to lowering such stress, preventing the formation of hydrogen peroxide. Interaction of Iron with hydrogen peroxide and lead to Fenton reaction and production of the most reactive radical, namely hydroxyl radical. There are complex interactions between free iron levels in brain and MAO, and cascade of neurotoxic events may have practical outcomes for depressive disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. As consequence recent novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases has led to the development of multi target drugs, that possess selective brain MAO A and B inhibitory moiety, iron chelating and antioxidant activities and the ability to increase brain levels of endogenous neurotrophins, such as BDNF, GDNF VEGF and erythropoietin and induce mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Technion-Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Haifa, Israel. .,, Yokneam, Israel.
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15
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Nuñez MT, Chana-Cuevas P. New Perspectives in Iron Chelation Therapy for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040109. [PMID: 30347635 PMCID: PMC6316457 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron chelation has been introduced as a new therapeutic concept for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with features of iron overload. At difference with iron chelators used in systemic diseases, effective chelators for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases must cross the blood–brain barrier. Given the promissory but still inconclusive results obtained in clinical trials of iron chelation therapy, it is reasonable to postulate that new compounds with properties that extend beyond chelation should significantly improve these results. Desirable properties of a new generation of chelators include mitochondrial destination, the center of iron-reactive oxygen species interaction, and the ability to quench free radicals produced by the Fenton reaction. In addition, these chelators should have moderate iron binding affinity, sufficient to chelate excessive increments of the labile iron pool, estimated in the micromolar range, but not high enough to disrupt physiological iron homeostasis. Moreover, candidate chelators should have selectivity for the targeted neuronal type, to lessen unwanted secondary effects during long-term treatment. Here, on the basis of a number of clinical trials, we discuss critically the current situation of iron chelation therapy for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases with an iron accumulation component. The list includes Parkinson’s disease, Friedreich’s ataxia, pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration, Huntington disease and Alzheimer’s disease. We also review the upsurge of new multifunctional iron chelators that in the future may replace the conventional types as therapeutic agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco T Nuñez
- Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Santiago 7800024, Chile.
| | - Pedro Chana-Cuevas
- Center for the Treatment of Movement Disorders, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Belisario Prat 1597, Santiago 83800000, Chile.
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16
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Alcalde LA, de Freitas BS, Machado GDB, de Freitas Crivelaro PC, Dornelles VC, Gus H, Monteiro RT, Kist LW, Bogo MR, Schröder N. Iron chelator deferiprone rescues memory deficits, hippocampal BDNF levels and antioxidant defenses in an experimental model of memory impairment. Biometals 2018; 31:927-940. [PMID: 30117045 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-018-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a key role in neural development and physiology, as well as in pathological states. Post-mortem studies demonstrate that BDNF is reduced in the brains of patients affected by neurodegenerative diseases. Iron accumulation has also been associated to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In rats, iron overload induces persistent memory deficits, increases oxidative stress and apoptotic markers, and decreases the expression of the synaptic marker, synaptophysin. Deferiprone (DFP) is an oral iron chelator used for the treatment of systemic iron overload disorders, and has recently been tested for Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated the effects of iron overload on BDNF levels and on mRNA expression of genes encoding TrkB, p75NTR, catalase (CAT) and NQO1. We also aimed at investigating the effects of DFP on iron-induced impairments. Rats received iron or vehicle at postnatal days 12-14 and when adults, received chronic DFP or water (vehicle). Recognition memory was tested 19 days after the beginning of chelation therapy. BDNF measurements and expression analyses in the hippocampus were performed 24 h after the last day of DFP treatment. DFP restored memory and increased hippocampal BDNF levels, ameliorating iron-induced effects. Iron overload in the neonatal period reduced, while treatment with DFP was able to rescue, the expression of antioxidant enzymes CAT and NQO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Azambuja Alcalde
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Betânia Souza de Freitas
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Dalto Barroso Machado
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro Castilhos de Freitas Crivelaro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Victoria Campos Dornelles
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gus
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Tavares Monteiro
- Neurobiology and Developmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Luiza Wilges Kist
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - Nadja Schröder
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq), Brasília, 71605-001, Brazil.
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17
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Savelieff MG, Nam G, Kang J, Lee HJ, Lee M, Lim MH. Development of Multifunctional Molecules as Potential Therapeutic Candidates for Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in the Last Decade. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1221-1322. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masha G. Savelieff
- SciGency Science Communications, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104, United States
| | - Geewoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhye Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuck Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hee Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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18
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Tang M, Chen Z, Wu D, Chen L. Ferritinophagy/ferroptosis: Iron-related newcomers in human diseases. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9179-9190. [PMID: 30076709 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 mediated ferritinophagy is an autophagic phenomenon that specifically involves ferritin to release intracellular free iron. Ferritinophagy is implicated in maintaining efficient erythropoiesis. Notably, ferritinophagy also plays a central role in driving some pathological processes, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and urinary tract infections. Some evidence has demonstrated that ferritinophagy is critical to induce ferroptosis. Ferroptosis is a newly nonapoptotic form of cell death, characterized by the accumulation of iron-based lipid reactive oxygen species. Ferroptosis plays an important role in inhibiting some types of cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Conversely, the activation of ferroptosis accelerates neurodegeneration diseases, including PD and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms related to ferritinophagy and ferroptosis. Moreover, the distinctive effects of ferritinophagy in human erythropoiesis and some pathologies, coupled with the promotive or inhibitory role of tumorous and neurodegenerative diseases mediated by ferroptosis, are elucidated. Obviously, activating or inhibiting ferroptosis could be exploited to achieve desirable therapeutic effects on diverse cancers and neurodegeneration diseases. Interrupting ferritinophagy to control iron level might provide a potentially therapeutic avenue to suppress urinary tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Tang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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19
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Therapeutic progress in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-beginning to learning. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 121:903-917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Multi-target therapeutics for neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1886-1914. [PMID: 27506871 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Historically, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disease treatments focused on the 'magic bullet' concept; however multi-targeted strategies are increasingly attractive gauging from the escalating research in this area. Because these diseases are typically co-morbid, multi-targeted drugs capable of interacting with multiple targets will expand treatment to the co-morbid disease condition. Despite their theoretical efficacy, there are significant impediments to clinical success (e.g., difficulty titrating individual aspects of the drug and inconclusive pathophysiological mechanisms). The new and revised diagnostic frameworks along with studies detailing the endophenotypic characteristics of the diseases promise to provide the foundation for the circumvention of these impediments. This review serves to evaluate the various marketed and nonmarketed multi-targeted drugs with particular emphasis on their design strategy.
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21
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Douiri S, Bahdoudi S, Hamdi Y, Cubì R, Basille M, Fournier A, Vaudry H, Tonon MC, Amri M, Vaudry D, Masmoudi-Kouki O. Involvement of endogenous antioxidant systems in the protective activity of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative damages in cultured rat astrocytes. J Neurochem 2016; 137:913-30. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salma Douiri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology; Research Unit UR/11ES09; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science of Tunis; University Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Seyma Bahdoudi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology; Research Unit UR/11ES09; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science of Tunis; University Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Yosra Hamdi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology; Research Unit UR/11ES09; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science of Tunis; University Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - Roger Cubì
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Magali Basille
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN); Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Alain Fournier
- INRS - Institut Armand-Frappier; Laval Quebec Canada
- Laboratoire International Associé Samuel de Champlain; Institut Armand-Frappier; Laval Quebec Canada
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Hubert Vaudry
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN); Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Marie-Christine Tonon
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN); Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Mohamed Amri
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology; Research Unit UR/11ES09; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science of Tunis; University Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
| | - David Vaudry
- Inserm U982; Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Communication and Differentiation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- Regional Platform for Cell Imaging of Normandie (PRIMACEN); Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
- International Associated Laboratory Samuel de Champlain; University of Rouen; Mont-Saint-Aignan France
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- Laboratory of Functional Neurophysiology and Pathology; Research Unit UR/11ES09; Department of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science of Tunis; University Tunis El Manar; Tunis Tunisia
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22
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Parkinson's Disease: The Mitochondria-Iron Link. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:7049108. [PMID: 27293957 PMCID: PMC4886095 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7049108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage are conditions often found in damaged brain areas of Parkinson's disease. We propose that a causal link exists between these three events. Mitochondrial dysfunction results not only in increased reactive oxygen species production but also in decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis and unorthodox activation of Iron Regulatory Protein 1 (IRP1), a key regulator of cell iron homeostasis. In turn, IRP1 activation results in iron accumulation and hydroxyl radical-mediated damage. These three occurrences-mitochondrial dysfunction, iron accumulation, and oxidative damage-generate a positive feedback loop of increased iron accumulation and oxidative stress. Here, we review the evidence that points to a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and iron accumulation as early events in the development of sporadic and genetic cases of Parkinson's disease. Finally, an attempt is done to contextualize the possible relationship between mitochondria dysfunction and iron dyshomeostasis. Based on published evidence, we propose that iron chelation-by decreasing iron-associated oxidative damage and by inducing cell survival and cell-rescue pathways-is a viable therapy for retarding this cycle.
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23
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Golko-Perez S, Amit T, Youdim MBH, Weinreb O. Beneficial Effects of Multitarget Iron Chelator on Central Nervous System and Gastrocnemius Muscle in SOD1(G93A) Transgenic ALS Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 59:504-10. [PMID: 27173029 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of evidence has demonstrated high levels of iron in the central nervous system of both sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients and in ALS mouse models. In accordance, iron chelation therapy was found to exert beneficial effects on ALS mice. Our group has designed and synthesized series of multifunctional non-toxic, brain permeable iron-chelating compounds for neurodegenerative diseases. Recent study has shown that co-administration of one of these drugs, VAR10303 with high calorie/energy-supplemented diet (VAR-ced), initiated after the appearance of disease symptoms improved motor performance, extended survival, and attenuated iron accumulation and motoneuron loss in SOD1(G93A) mice. Since VAR was found to exert diverse pharmacological properties associated with mitochondrial biogenesis in the gastrocnemius (GNS) muscle, we further assessed in the current study the impact of VAR-ced on additional neurorescue-associated molecular targets in the GNS and frontal cortex in SOD1(G93A) mice. The results show that VAR-ced treatment upregulated the expression of various HIF-1α-target glycolytic genes and elevated the levels of Bcl-2, neurotrophic factors, and AKT/GSK3β signaling in the GNS and frontal cortex of SOD1(G93A) mice, suggesting that these protective regulatory parameters regulated by VAR-ced treatment may be associated with the beneficial effects of the drug observed on ALS mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagit Golko-Perez
- Eve Topf Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O.B. 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O.B. 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O.B. 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel
| | - Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Center, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, P.O.B. 9697, 31096, Haifa, Israel.
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24
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Guo C, Hao LJ, Yang ZH, Chai R, Zhang S, Gu Y, Gao HL, Zhong ML, Wang T, Li JY, Wang ZY. Deferoxamine-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1α prevents dopaminergic neuronal death via the activation of MAPK family proteins in MPTP-treated mice. Exp Neurol 2016; 280:13-23. [PMID: 26996132 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that an abnormal accumulation of iron in the substantia nigra (SN) is one of the defining characteristics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Accordingly, the potential neuroprotection of Fe chelators is widely acknowledged for the treatment of PD. Although desferrioxamine (DFO), an iron chelator widely used in clinical settings, has been reported to improve motor deficits and dopaminergic neuronal survival in animal models of PD, DFO has poor penetration to cross the blood-brain barrier and elicits side effects. We evaluated whether an intranasal administration of DFO improves the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal axis and investigated the molecular mechanisms of intranasal DFO treatment in preventing MPTP-induced neurodegeneration. Treatment with DFO efficiently alleviated behavioral deficits, increased the survival of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive neurons, and decreased the action of astrocytes in the SN and striatum in an MPTP-induced PD mouse model. Interestingly, we found that DFO up-regulated the expression of HIF-1α protein, TH, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and growth associated protein 43 (GAP43) and down-regulated the expression of α-synuclein, divalent metal transporter with iron-responsive element (DMT1+IRE), and transferrin receptor (TFR). This was accompanied by a decrease in iron-positive cells in the SN and striatum of the DFO-treated group. We further revealed that DFO treatment significantly inhibited the MPTP-induced phosphorylation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and differentially enhanced the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/P38 kinase. Additionally, the effects of DFO on increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio were further validated in vitro and in vivo. In SH-SY5Y cells, the DFO-mediated up-regulation of HIF-1α occurred via the activation of the ERK and P38MAPK signaling pathway. Collectively, the present data suggest that intranasal DFO treatment is effective in reversing MPTP-induced brain abnormalities and that HIF-1-pathway activation is a potential therapy target for the attenuation of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Guo
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Hao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Zhao-Hui Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Rui Chai
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Yu Gu
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Hui-Ling Gao
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Man-Li Zhong
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - Zhan-You Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
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Gene dysregulation is restored in the Parkinson's disease MPTP neurotoxic mice model upon treatment of the therapeutic drug Cu(II)(atsm). Sci Rep 2016; 6:22398. [PMID: 26928495 PMCID: PMC4772163 DOI: 10.1038/srep22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of MPTP selectively targets the dopaminergic system resulting in Parkinsonism-like symptoms and is commonly used as a mice model of Parkinson’s disease. We previously demonstrated that the neuroprotective compound CuII(atsm) rescues nigral cell loss and improves dopamine metabolism in the MPTP model. The mechanism of action of CuII(atsm) needs to be further defined to understand how the compound promotes neuronal survival. Whole genome transcriptomic profiling has become a popular method to examine the relationship between gene expression and function. Substantia nigra samples from MPTP-lesioned mice were evaluated using whole transcriptome sequencing to investigate the genes altered upon CuII(atsm) treatment. We identified 143 genes affected by MPTP lesioning that are associated with biological processes related to brain and cognitive development, dopamine synthesis and perturbed synaptic neurotransmission. Upon CuII(atsm) treatment, the expression of 40 genes involved in promoting dopamine synthesis, calcium signaling and synaptic plasticity were restored which were validated by qRT-PCR. The study provides the first detailed whole transcriptomic analysis of pathways involved in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. In addition, we identify key therapeutic pathways targeted by a potentially new class of neuroprotective agents which may provide therapeutic benefits for other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Propargylamine as functional moiety in the design of multifunctional drugs for neurodegenerative disorders: MAO inhibition and beyond. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:609-29. [PMID: 25921401 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in designing analogues that can potentially confer neuroprotection against debilitating neurodegenerative disorders, yet the multifactorial pathogenesis of this cluster of diseases remains a stumbling block for the successful design of an 'ultimate' drug. However, with the growing popularity of the "one drug, multiple targets" paradigm, many researchers have successfully synthesized and evaluated drug-like molecules incorporating a propargylamine function that shows potential to serve as multifunctional drugs or multitarget-directed ligands. It is the aim of this review to highlight the reported activities of these propargylamine derivatives and their prospect to serve as drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Li K, Reichmann H. Role of iron in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:389-99. [PMID: 26794939 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1508-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, we still lack effective measures to modify disease progression in neurodegenerative diseases. Iron-containing proteins play an essential role in many fundamental biological processes in the central nervous system. In addition, iron is a redox-active ion and can induce oxidative stress in the cell. Although the causes and pathology hallmarks of different neurodegenerative diseases vary, iron dyshomeostasis, oxidative stress and mitochondrial injury constitute a common pathway to cell death in several neurodegenerative diseases. MRI is capable of depicting iron content in the brain, and serves as a potential biomarker for early and differential diagnosis, tracking disease progression and evaluating the effectiveness of neuroprotective therapy. Iron chelators have shown their efficacy against neurodegeneration in a series of animal models, and been applied in several clinical trials. In this review, we summarize recent developments on iron dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Friedreich ataxia, and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- Center of Clinical Neuroscience, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Heinz Reichmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden University of Technology, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
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Aguirre P, Mena NP, Carrasco CM, Muñoz Y, Pérez-Henríquez P, Morales RA, Cassels BK, Méndez-Gálvez C, García-Beltrán O, González-Billault C, Núñez MT. Iron Chelators and Antioxidants Regenerate Neuritic Tree and Nigrostriatal Fibers of MPP+/MPTP-Lesioned Dopaminergic Neurons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144848. [PMID: 26658949 PMCID: PMC4684383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal death in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often preceded by axodendritic tree retraction and loss of neuronal functionality. The presence of non-functional but live neurons opens therapeutic possibilities to recover functionality before clinical symptoms develop. Considering that iron accumulation and oxidative damage are conditions commonly found in PD, we tested the possible neuritogenic effects of iron chelators and antioxidant agents. We used three commercial chelators: DFO, deferiprone and 2.2’-dypyridyl, and three 8-hydroxyquinoline-based iron chelators: M30, 7MH and 7DH, and we evaluated their effects in vitro using a mesencephalic cell culture treated with the Parkinsonian toxin MPP+ and in vivo using the MPTP mouse model. All chelators tested promoted the emergence of new tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive processes, increased axodendritic tree length and protected cells against lipoperoxidation. Chelator treatment resulted in the generation of processes containing the presynaptic marker synaptophysin. The antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and dymetylthiourea also enhanced axodendritic tree recovery in vitro, an indication that reducing oxidative tone fosters neuritogenesis in MPP+-damaged neurons. Oral administration to mice of the M30 chelator for 14 days after MPTP treatment resulted in increased TH- and GIRK2-positive nigra cells and nigrostriatal fibers. Our results support a role for oral iron chelators as good candidates for the early treatment of PD, at stages of the disease where there is axodendritic tree retraction without neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pabla Aguirre
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia P. Mena
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos M. Carrasco
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yorka Muñoz
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Santiago, Chile
| | - Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Morales
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bruce K. Cassels
- Chemobiodynamics Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Méndez-Gálvez
- Chemobiodynamics Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Olimpo García-Beltrán
- Chemobiodynamics Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Santiago, Chile
- Neuronal and Cellular Dynamics Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco T. Núñez
- Iron and Biology of Aging Laboratory, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Research Ring on Oxidative Stress in the Nervous System, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Weinreb O, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH. Neuroprotective effects of multifaceted hybrid agents targeting MAO, cholinesterase, iron and β-amyloid in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:2080-94. [PMID: 26332830 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accepted nowadays as a complex neurodegenerative disorder with multifaceted cerebral pathologies, including extracellular deposition of amyloid β peptide-containing plaques, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, progressive loss of cholinergic neurons, metal dyshomeostasis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, glutamate excitoxicity, oxidative stress and increased MAO enzyme activity. This may explain why it is currently widely accepted that a more effective therapy for AD would result from the use of multifunctional drugs, which may affect more than one brain target involved in the disease pathology. The current review will discuss the potential benefits of novel multimodal neuroprotective, brain permeable drugs, recently developed by Youdim and collaborators, as a valuable therapeutic approach for AD treatment. The pharmacological and neuroprotective properties of these multitarget-directed ligands, which target MAO enzymes, the cholinergic system, iron accumulation and amyloid β peptide generation/aggregation are described, with a special emphasis on their potential therapeutic value for ageing and AD-associated cognitive functions. This review is conceived as a tribute to the broad neuropharmacology work of Professor Moussa Youdim, Professor Emeritus in the Faculty of Medicine and Director of Eve Topf Center of Excellence in Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, and Chief Scientific Officer of ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., at the occasion of his 75th birthday. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Updating Neuropathology and Neuropharmacology of Monoaminergic Systems. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.13/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,ABITAL Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Yokneam, Israel
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Weinreb O, Badinter F, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MB. Effect of long-term treatment with rasagiline on cognitive deficits and related molecular cascades in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2628-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Mechlovich D, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Weinreb O, Youdim MBH. Molecular targets of the multifunctional iron-chelating drug, M30, in the brains of mouse models of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:5636-49. [PMID: 25073425 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurodegenerative diseases are now recognized to be multifunctional, whereby a heterogeneous set of reactions acts independently or cooperatively, leading eventually to the demise of neurons. This has led our group to design and synthesize the multifunctional, nontoxic, brain-permeable, iron chelator compound M30 with a range of pharmacological properties. Here, we have characterized the molecular targets of M30 in the brains of animal models of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of M30 on molecular mechanisms associated with neuroprotection in the CNS were investigated-in the high-fat diet (HFD) and ob/ob transgenic mouse models of T2DM, using real-time PCR and Western blotting analyses. Brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity and catecholamine levels, and peripheral glucose tolerance were assayed after treatment in vivo. KEY RESULTS M30 increased cerebral levels of insulin and insulin receptor and phosphorylated-GSK-3β in HFD mice, compared with vehicle-treated HFD mice. In both T2DM mice models, M30 treatment significantly up-regulated cerebral hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α protein levels and induced the expression of several HIF-1 target genes involved in neuroprotection, glycolysis, neurogenesis, oxidative stress and anti-inflammation. Additionally, M30 inhibited MAO-A and -B activities in the cerebellum. Accordingly, M30 administration significantly reduced brain levels of dopamine metabolites and increased levels of 5-HT and noradrenaline. Glucose tolerance was also improved after M30 treatment in both models of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In the brain of HFD and ob/ob transgenic mice, M30 exerted a variety of beneficial neuroprotective regulatory effects that may act synergistically to delay or prevent neurodegenerative processes associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danit Mechlovich
- Eve Topf Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Lei P, Ayton S, Appukuttan AT, Volitakis I, Adlard PA, Finkelstein DI, Bush AI. Clioquinol rescues Parkinsonism and dementia phenotypes of the tau knockout mouse. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 81:168-75. [PMID: 25796563 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron accumulation and tau protein deposition are pathological features of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD). Soluble tau protein is lower in affected regions of these diseases, and we previously reported that tau knockout mice display motor and cognitive behavioral abnormities, brain atrophy, neuronal death in substantia nigra, and iron accumulation in the brain that all emerged between 6 and 12 months of age. This argues for a loss of tau function in AD and PD. We also showed that treatment with the moderate iron chelator, clioquinol (CQ) restored iron levels and prevented neuronal atrophy and attendant behavioral decline in 12-month old tau KO mice when commenced prior to the onset of deterioration (6 months). However, therapies for AD and PD will need to treat the disease once it is already manifest. So, in the current study, we tested whether CQ could also rescue the phenotype of mice with a developed phenotype. We found that 5-month treatment of symptomatic (13 months old) tau KO mice with CQ increased nigral tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation (which induces activity) and reversed the motor deficits. Treatment also reversed cognitive deficits and raised BDNF levels in the hippocampus, which was accompanied by attenuated brain atrophy, and reduced iron content in the brain. These data raise the possibility that lowering brain iron levels in symptomatic patients could reverse neuronal atrophy and improve brain function, possibly by elevating neurotrophins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lei
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Scott Ayton
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Irene Volitakis
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul A Adlard
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I Finkelstein
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Unit, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Bar-Am O, Amit T, Kupershmidt L, Aluf Y, Mechlovich D, Kabha H, Danovitch L, Zurawski VR, Youdim MB, Weinreb O. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities of a novel iron chelator-brain selective monoamine oxidase-A/monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor in animal models of Parkinson's disease and aging. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1529-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Zheng H, Fridkin M, Youdim M. New approaches to treating Alzheimer's disease. PERSPECTIVES IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015; 7:1-8. [PMID: 25733799 PMCID: PMC4327405 DOI: 10.4137/pmc.s13210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To date, no truly efficacious drugs for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been developed; moreover, all new anti-AD drugs developed since 2003 have failed. To succeed where previous ones have failed in drug development, new approaches for AD therapy are needed. Here we discuss the potential application of network medicine as a new approach to AD treatment. Unlike traditional approaches focused on a single target/pathway, network medicine targets and restores disease-disrupted networks through simultaneous modulation of numerous proteins (targets)/pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. We consider several drug candidates under development for AD therapy, including Keap1–Nrf2 regulators, endogenous neurogenic agents, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activators. These drug candidates are multi-target ligands with the potential to further develop as network medicines, since they act as master regulators to initiate a broad range of cellular defense mechanisms/cytoprotective genes that exert their efficacy in a holistic way. We also explore their diverse mechanisms of action and potential disease-modifying effects, which may have profound implications for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Intra-cellular Therapies Inc., New York, NY, USA
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Dhama K, Kesavan M, Karthik K, . A, Tiwari R, Sunkara LT, Singh R. Neuroimmunomodulation Countering Various Diseases, Disorders, Infections, Stress and Aging. INT J PHARMACOL 2015. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2015.76.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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36
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Zhu Y, Fotinos A, Mao LL, Atassi N, Zhou EW, Ahmad S, Guan Y, Berry JD, Cudkowicz ME, Wang X. Neuroprotective agents target molecular mechanisms of disease in ALS. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:65-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Brain catalase in the streptozotocin-rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease treated with the iron chelator-monoamine oxidase inhibitor, M30. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:559-64. [PMID: 25252744 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low intracerebroventricular (icv) doses of streptozotocin (STZ) produce regionally specific brain neurochemical changes in rats that are similar to those found in the brain of patients with sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Since oxidative stress is thought to be one of the major pathologic processes in sAD, catalase (CAT) activity was estimated in the regional brain tissue of animals treated intracerebroventricularly with STZ and the multitarget iron chelator, antioxidant and MAO-inhibitor M30 [5-(N-methyl-N-propargylaminomethyl)-8-hydroxyquinoline]. Five-day oral pre-treatment of adult male Wistar rats with 10 mg/kg/day M30 dose was followed by a single injection of STZ (1 mg/kg, icv). CAT activity was measured colorimetrically in the hippocampus (HPC), brain stem (BS) and cerebellum (CB) of the control, STZ-, M30- and STZ + M30-treated rats, respectively, 4 weeks after the STZ treatment. STZ-treated rats demonstrated significantly lower CAT activity in all three brain regions in comparison to the controls (p < 0.05 for BS and CB, p < 0.01 for HPC). M30 pre-treatment of the control rats did not influence the CAT activity in HPC and CB, but significantly increased it in BS (p < 0.05). M30 pre-treatment of STZ-treated rats significantly increased CAT activity in the HPC in comparison to the STZ treatment alone (p < 0.05) and normalized to the control values. These findings are in line with the assumption that reactive oxygen species contribute to the pathogenesis of STZ in a rat model of sAD and indicate that multifunctional iron chelators such as M30 might also have beneficial effects in this non-transgenic sAD model.
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Lovejoy DB, Guillemin GJ. The potential for transition metal-mediated neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:173. [PMID: 25100994 PMCID: PMC4107949 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulations of the potentially toxic transition metals iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) are implicated in the neurodegenerative process in a variety of human disease states including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the precise role played by these metals is still very much unclear, despite considerable clinical and experimental data suggestive of a role for these elements in the neurodegenerative process. The discovery of mutations in the antioxidant enzyme Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1) in ALS patients established the first known cause of ALS. Recent data suggest that various mutations in SOD-1 affect metal-binding of Cu and Zn, in turn promoting toxic protein aggregation. Copper homeostasis is also disturbed in ALS, and may be relevant to ALS pathogenesis. Another set of interesting observations in ALS patients involves the key nutrient Fe. In ALS patients, Fe loading can be inferred by studies showing increased expression of serum ferritin, an Fe-storage protein, with high serum ferritin levels correlating to poor prognosis. Magnetic resonance imaging of ALS patients shows a characteristic T2 shortening that is attributed to the presence of Fe in the motor cortex. In mutant SOD-1 mouse models, increased Fe is also detected in the spinal cord and treatment with Fe-chelating drugs lowers spinal cord Fe, preserves motor neurons, and extends lifespan. Inflammation may play a key causative role in Fe accumulation, but this is not yet conclusive. Excess transition metals may enhance induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a system that is already under strain in ALS. Taken together, the evidence suggests a role for transition metals in ALS progression and the potential use of metal-chelating drugs as a component of future ALS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Lovejoy
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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Youdim MBH, Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Weinreb O. Promises of novel multi-target neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2014; 20 Suppl 1:S132-6. [PMID: 24262165 DOI: 10.1016/s1353-8020(13)70032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cascade of neurotoxic events involved in neuronal degeneration suggests that it is naive to think mono-target drugs can induce disease modification by slowing the process of neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Employing the pharmacophore of rasagiline (N-propargyl-1-R-aminoindan), we have developed a series of novel multi-target neuroprotective drugs, including: (A) drugs [ladostigil, TV-3326 (N-propargyl-3R-aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methylcarbamate)] with both cholinesterase-butyrylesterase (Ch-BuE) and brain-selective monamine oxidase-AB (MAO-AB) inhibitory activities and (B) iron chelator-radical scavenging drugs (M30) possessing brain-selective MAO-AB inhibitor activity and the neuroprotective-neurorescue propargylamine moiety of rasagiline. This was considered to be valid since brain MAO and iron increase in PD and aging, which could lead to oxidative stress-dependent neurodegeneration. The multi-target iron chelator, M30, has all the properties of ladostigil, but is not an acetylcholinesterase (CHE) inhibitor. However, M30 has both neuroprotective and neurorestorative activities for nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in post-lesion MPTP, lactacystin and 6-hydroxydopamine animal models of PD. The neurorestorative activity has been identified as being related to the ability of the drug to activate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) by inhibiting prolyl-4-hydroxylase. M30 regulates cell cycle arrest and induces the neurotrophins brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), erythropoietin (EPO), as well as glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). These unique multiple actions of M30 make it potentially useful as a disease modifying drug for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Technion-Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Haifa, Israel Abital Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Tel Aviv, Israel.
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40
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Zheng H, Fridkin M, Youdim M. From single target to multitarget/network therapeutics in Alzheimer's therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2014; 7:113-35. [PMID: 24463342 PMCID: PMC3942689 DOI: 10.3390/ph7020113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain network dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves many proteins (enzymes), processes and pathways, which overlap and influence one another in AD pathogenesis. This complexity challenges the dominant paradigm in drug discovery or a single-target drug for a single mechanism. Although this paradigm has achieved considerable success in some particular diseases, it has failed to provide effective approaches to AD therapy. Network medicines may offer alternative hope for effective treatment of AD and other complex diseases. In contrast to the single-target drug approach, network medicines employ a holistic approach to restore network dysfunction by simultaneously targeting key components in disease networks. In this paper, we explore several drugs either in the clinic or under development for AD therapy in term of their design strategies, diverse mechanisms of action and disease-modifying potential. These drugs act as multi-target ligands and may serve as leads for further development as network medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Zheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Intra-cellular Therapies Inc. 3960 Broadway, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mati Fridkin
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Moussa Youdim
- Abital Pharma Pipeline Ltd., Tel Aviv 6789141, Israel.
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Youdim MB, Oh YJ. Promise of neurorestoration and mitochondrial biogenesis in Parkinson's disease with multi target drugs: an alternative to stem cell therapy. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:167-72. [PMID: 24167412 PMCID: PMC3807004 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need in progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. The present therapeutics for these diseases at best is symptomatic and is not able to delay disease or possess disease modifying activity. Thus an approach to drug design should be made to slow or halt progressive course of a neurological disorder by interfering with a disease-specific pathogenetic process. This would entail the ability of the drug to protect neurons by blocking the common pathway for neuronal injury and cell death and the ability to promote regeneration of neurons and restoration of neuronal function. We have now developed a number of multi target drugs which possess neuroprotective, and neurorestorative activity as well as being able to active PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1α), SIRT1 (NAD-dependent deacetylase protein) and NTF (mitochondrial transcription factor) that are intimately associated with mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa Bh Youdim
- Abital Pharma Pipeline Ltd, 96 Yuval Alon St., 61500 Tel Aviv, Israel
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Weinreb O, Mandel S, Youdim MBH, Amit T. Targeting dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in Parkinson's disease by iron chelators. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 62:52-64. [PMID: 23376471 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Brain iron accumulation has been implicated in a host of chronic neurological diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The elevated iron levels observed in the substantia nigra of PD subjects have been suggested to incite the generation of reactive oxygen species and intracellular α-synuclein aggregation, terminating in the oxidative neuronal destruction of this brain area. Thus, elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved in iron dysregulation and oxidative stress-induced neurodegeneration is a crucial step in deciphering PD pathology and in developing novel iron-complexing compounds aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis and attenuating neurodegeneration. This review discusses the involvement of dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis in PD pathology, with an emphasis on the potential effectiveness of naturally occurring compounds and novel iron-chelating/antioxidant therapeutic hybrid molecules, exerting a spectrum of neuroprotective interrelated activities: antioxidant/monoamine oxidase inhibition, activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 signaling pathway, induction of HIF-1 target iron-regulatory and antioxidative genes, and inhibition of α-synuclein accumulation and aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel.
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Moussa B H Youdim
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 31096, Israel
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Liddell JR, Obando D, Liu J, Ganio G, Volitakis I, Mok SS, Crouch PJ, White AR, Codd R. Lipophilic adamantyl- or deferasirox-based conjugates of desferrioxamine B have enhanced neuroprotective capacity: implications for Parkinson disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:147-56. [PMID: 23391576 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region of the brain. Iron content is also elevated in this region in PD and is implicated in the pathobiology of the disease. Desferrioxamine B (DFOB) is a high-affinity iron chelator and has shown efficacy in animal models of Parkinson disease. The high water solubility of DFOB, however, attenuates its ability to enter the brain. In this study, we have conjugated DFOB to derivatives of adamantane or the clinical iron chelator deferasirox to produce lipophilic compounds designed to increase the bioavailability of DFOB to brain cells. We found that the novel compounds are highly effective in preventing iron-mediated paraquat and hydrogen peroxide toxicity in neuronal-like BE2-M17 dopaminergic cells, primary neurons, and iron-loaded or glutathione-depleted primary astrocytes. The compounds also alleviated paraquat toxicity in BE2-M17 cells that express the PD-causing A30P mutation of α-synuclein. This protection was ∼66-fold more potent than DFOB alone and also more effective than other cell-permeative metal chelators, clioquinol and phenanthroline. These results demonstrate that increasing the bioavailability of DFOB through the conjugation of lipophilic fragments greatly enhances its protective capacity. These novel compounds have potential as therapeutics for the treatment of PD and other conditions of Fe dyshomeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Liddell
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, and Mental Health Research Institute, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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Evaluation of hypoxia inducible factor expression in inflammatory and neurodegenerative brain models. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1377-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Kell DB. Finding novel pharmaceuticals in the systems biology era using multiple effective drug targets, phenotypic screening and knowledge of transporters: where drug discovery went wrong and how to fix it. FEBS J 2013; 280:5957-80. [PMID: 23552054 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the sequencing of the human genome, the rate of innovative and successful drug discovery in the pharmaceutical industry has continued to decrease. Leaving aside regulatory matters, the fundamental and interlinked intellectual issues proposed to be largely responsible for this are: (a) the move from 'function-first' to 'target-first' methods of screening and drug discovery; (b) the belief that successful drugs should and do interact solely with single, individual targets, despite natural evolution's selection for biochemical networks that are robust to individual parameter changes; (c) an over-reliance on the rule-of-5 to constrain biophysical and chemical properties of drug libraries; (d) the general abandoning of natural products that do not obey the rule-of-5; (e) an incorrect belief that drugs diffuse passively into (and presumably out of) cells across the bilayers portions of membranes, according to their lipophilicity; (f) a widespread failure to recognize the overwhelmingly important role of proteinaceous transporters, as well as their expression profiles, in determining drug distribution in and between different tissues and individual patients; and (g) the general failure to use engineering principles to model biology in parallel with performing 'wet' experiments, such that 'what if?' experiments can be performed in silico to assess the likely success of any strategy. These facts/ideas are illustrated with a reasonably extensive literature review. Success in turning round drug discovery consequently requires: (a) decent systems biology models of human biochemical networks; (b) the use of these (iteratively with experiments) to model how drugs need to interact with multiple targets to have substantive effects on the phenotype; (c) the adoption of polypharmacology and/or cocktails of drugs as a desirable goal in itself; (d) the incorporation of drug transporters into systems biology models, en route to full and multiscale systems biology models that incorporate drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion; (e) a return to 'function-first' or phenotypic screening; and (f) novel methods for inferring modes of action by measuring the properties on system variables at all levels of the 'omes. Such a strategy offers the opportunity of achieving a state where we can hope to predict biological processes and the effect of pharmaceutical agents upon them. Consequently, this should both lower attrition rates and raise the rates of discovery of effective drugs substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, UK; Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, UK
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Youdim MBH. Multi target neuroprotective and neurorestorative anti-Parkinson and anti-Alzheimer drugs ladostigil and m30 derived from rasagiline. Exp Neurobiol 2013; 22:1-10. [PMID: 23585716 PMCID: PMC3620452 DOI: 10.5607/en.2013.22.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Present anti-PD and -AD drugs have limited symptomatic activity and devoid of neuroprotective and neurorestorative property that is needed for disease modifying action. The complex pathology of PD and AD led us to develop several multi-target neuroprotective and neurorestorative drugs with several CNS targets with the ability for possible disease modifying activity. Employing the pharmacophore of our anti-parkinson drug rasagiline (Azilect, N-propagrgyl-1-R-aminoindan), we have developed a series of novel multi-functional neuroprotective drugs (A) [TV-3326 (N-propargyl-3R-aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methylcarbamate)], with both cholinesterase-butyrylesterase and brain selective monoamine-oxidase (MAO) A/B inhibitory activities and (B) the iron chelator-radical scavenging-brain selective monoamine oxidase (MAO) A/B inhibitor and M30 possessing the neuroprotective and neurorescuing propargyl moiety of rasagiline, as potential treatment of AD, DLB and PD with dementia. Another series of multi-target drugs (M30, HLA-20 series) which are brain permeable iron chelators and potent selective brain MAO inhibitors were also developed. These series of drugs have the ability of regulating and processing amyloid precursor protein (APP) since APP and alpha-synuclein are metaloproteins (iron-regulated proteins), with an iron responsive element 5"UTR mRNA similar to transferring and ferritin. Ladostigil inhibits brain acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase in rats after oral doses. After chronic but not acute treatment, it inhibits MAO-A and -B in the brain. Ladostigil acts like an anti-depressant in the forced swim test in rats, indicating a potential for anti-depressant activity. Ladostigil prevents the destruction of nigrostriatal neurons induced by infusion of neurotoxin MPTP in mice. The propargylamine moiety of ladostigil confers neuroprotective activity against cytotoxicity induced by ischemia and peroxynitrite in cultured neuronal cells. The multi-target iron chelator M30 has all the properties of ladostigil and similar neuroprotective activity to ladostigil, but is not a ChE inhibitor. M30 has a neurorestorative activity in post-lesion of nigrostriatal dopamine neurons in MPTP, lacatcystin and 6-hydroxydopamine animal models of PD. The neurorestorative activity is related to the ability of the drug to activate hypoxia inducing factor (HIF) which induces the production of such neurotrophins as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin as well as glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The unique multiple actions of ladostigil and M30 make the potentially useful drugs for the treatment of dementia with Parkinsonian-like symptoms and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moussa B H Youdim
- Technion Rappaort Faculty of Medicine, Eve Topf and NPF Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Haifa, Haifa 30196, Israel. ; Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Kupershmidt L, Amit T, Bar-Am O, Youdim MBH, Weinreb O. The novel multi-target iron chelating-radical scavenging compound M30 possesses beneficial effects on major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 17:860-77. [PMID: 22360429 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of the novel neuroprotective multi-target nontoxic, lipophilic, brain permeable monoamine oxidase inhibitor and iron chelating-radical scavenging drug, M30, on the neuropathology and deficits of spatial learning and memory in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) double-transgenic (Tg) Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. RESULTS Here, we report that systemic treatment of APP/PS1 Tg mice with M30 for 9 months, significantly attenuated cognitive impairments in a variety of tasks of spatial learning and memory retention, working memory, learning abilities, anxiety levels, and memory for novel food and nesting behavior. Furthermore, we found that M30 reduced cerebral iron accumulation accompanied by a marked decrease in several AD-like phenotypes, including cerebral APP levels, amyloid β (Aβ) levels and plaques, phospho-APP and phospho-tau. Signaling studies revealed that M30 markedly downregulated the levels of phosphorylated cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and increased protein kinase B and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation. INNOVATION Accumulation and deposition of brain iron is central to various neuropathological processes in AD, including oxidative stress, amyloid deposition, and tau phosphorylation. Thus, the concept of iron chelation holds considerable promise as a therapeutic strategy for AD pathogenesis. Here, for the first time, we demonstrated that, when systemically administered to APP/PS1 Tg mice, our novel multifunctional iron chelating/radical scavenging compound, M30, effectively reduced Aβ accumulation and tau phosphorylation, and attenuated memory deficits. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that M30 is a potential therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Kupershmidt
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research, Haifa, Israel
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What have we learned from the streptozotocin-induced animal model of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease, about the therapeutic strategies in Alzheimer’s research. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:233-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Multi-target, Neuroprotective and Neurorestorative M30 Improves Cognitive Impairment and Reduces Alzheimer's-Like Neuropathology and Age-Related Alterations in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:217-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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