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Zhou Y, Yamamura Y, Ogawa M, Tsuji R, Tsuchiya K, Kasahara J, Goto S. c-Abl Inhibition Exerts Symptomatic Antiparkinsonian Effects Through a Striatal Postsynaptic Mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1311. [PMID: 30505273 PMCID: PMC6250819 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by a progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic cells leading to striatal dopamine deficiency. From the perspective of antiparkinsonian drug mechanisms, pharmacologic treatment of PD can be divided into symptomatic and disease-modifying (neuroprotective) therapies. An increase in the level and activity of the Abelson non-receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) has been identified in both human and mouse brains under PD conditions. In the last decade, it has been observed that the inhibition of c-Abl activity holds promise for protection against the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic cells in PD and thereby exerts antiparkinsonian effects. Accordingly, c-Abl inhibitors have been applied clinically as a disease-modifying therapeutic strategy for PD treatment. Moreover, in a series of studies, including that presented here, experimental evidence suggests that in a mouse model of parkinsonism induced by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, c-Abl inhibition exerts an immediate effect improving motor impairments by normalizing altered activity in striatal postsynaptic signaling pathways mediated by Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) and DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein 32 kDa). Based on this, we suggest that c-Abl inhibitors represent an ideal antiparkinsonian agent that has both disease-modifying and symptomatic effects. Future research is required to carefully evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and clinical challenges associated with applying c-Abl inhibitors to the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamura
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Ogawa
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tsuji
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jiro Kasahara
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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Morigaki R, Goto S. Striatal Vulnerability in Huntington's Disease: Neuroprotection Versus Neurotoxicity. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7060063. [PMID: 28590448 PMCID: PMC5483636 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7060063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease caused by the expansion of a CAG trinucleotide repeat encoding an abnormally long polyglutamine tract (PolyQ) in the huntingtin (Htt) protein. In HD, striking neuropathological changes occur in the striatum, including loss of medium spiny neurons and parvalbumin-expressing interneurons accompanied by neurodegeneration of the striosome and matrix compartments, leading to progressive impairment of reasoning, walking and speaking abilities. The precise cause of striatal pathology in HD is still unknown; however, accumulating clinical and experimental evidence suggests multiple plausible pathophysiological mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration in HD. Here, we review and discuss the characteristic neurodegenerative patterns observed in the striatum of HD patients and consider the role of various huntingtin-related and striatum-enriched proteins in neurotoxicity and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoma Morigaki
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Czapski GA, Gąssowska M, Wilkaniec A, Chalimoniuk M, Strosznajder JB, Adamczyk A. The mechanisms regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in hippocampus during systemic inflammatory response: The effect on inflammatory gene expression. Neurochem Int 2016; 93:103-12. [PMID: 26806339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is critical for nervous system's development and function, and its aberrant activation contributes to pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. It was recently suggested that Cdk5 may participate in regulation of inflammatory signalling. The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms involved in regulating Cdk5 activity in the brain during systemic inflammatory response (SIR) as well as the involvement of Cdk5 in controlling the expression of inflammatory genes. Genetic and biochemical alterations in hippocampus were analysed 3 and 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. We observed an increase in both Cdk5 gene expression and protein level. Moreover, phosphorylation of Cdk5 on Ser159 was significantly enhanced. Also transcription of Cdk5-regulatory protein (p35/Cdk5r1) was augmented, and the level of p25, calpain-dependent cleavage product of p35, was increased. All these results demonstrated rapid activation of Cdk5 in the brain during SIR. Hyperactivity of Cdk5 contributed to enhanced phosphorylation of tau and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Inhibition of Cdk5 with Roscovitine reduced activation of NF-κB and expression of inflammation-related genes, demonstrating the critical role of Cdk5 in regulation of gene transcription during SIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Quantitative activation-induced manganese-enhanced MRI reveals severity of Parkinson's disease in mice. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12800. [PMID: 26255701 PMCID: PMC4530460 DOI: 10.1038/srep12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate that activation-induced manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with quantitative determination of the longitudinal relaxation time (qAIM-MRI) reveals the severity of Parkinson's disease (PD) in mice. We first show that manganese ion-accumulation depends on neuronal activity. A highly active region was then observed by qAIM-MRI in the caudate-putamen in PD-model mice that was significantly correlated to the severity of PD, suggesting its involvement in the expression of PD symptoms.
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Abstract
Enzyme-linked signal amplification is a key technique used to enhance the immunohistochemical detection of protein, mRNA, and other molecular species. Tyramide signal amplification (TSA) is based on a catalytic reporter deposit in close vicinity to the epitope of interest. The advantages of this technique are its simplicity, enhanced sensitivity, high specificity, and compatibility with modern multi-label fluorescent microscopy. Here, we describe the use of a TSA kit to increase the signal of enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) expressed under the control of Slc17a6 regulatory elements in the brain of a transgenic mouse. The labeling procedure consists of 6 basic steps: (1) tissue preparation, (2) blocking of nonspecific epitopes, (3) binding with primary antibody, (4) binding with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody, (5) reacting with fluorescent tyramide substrate, and (6) imaging of the signal. The procedures described herein detail these steps and provide additional guidance and background to assist novice users.
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Tanabe A, Yamamura Y, Kasahara J, Morigaki R, Kaji R, Goto S. A novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor AMN107 (nilotinib) normalizes striatal motor behaviors in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:50. [PMID: 24600352 PMCID: PMC3929858 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal motor behaviors in Parkinson's disease (PD) result from striatal dysfunction due to an imbalance between dopamine and glutamate transmissions that are integrated by dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa (DARPP-32). c-Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) phosphorylates cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) at Tyr15 to increase the activity of Cdk5, which reduces the efficacy of dopaminergic signaling by phosphorylating DARPP-32 at Thr75 in the striatum. Here, we report that in the mouse striatum, a novel c-Abl inhibitor, nilotinib (AMN107), inhibits phosphorylation of both Cdk5 at Tyr15 and DARPP-32 at Thr75, which is negatively regulated by dopamine receptor activation through a D2 receptor-mediated mechanism. Like a D2-agonist, nilotinib synergizes with a D1-agonist for inducing striatal c-Fos expression. Moreover, systemic administration of nilotinib normalizes striatal motor behaviors in a mouse model of PD induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. These findings suggest that nilotinib could possibly serve as a new and alternative agent for treating PD motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akie Tanabe
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamura
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
| | - Jiro Kasahara
- Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryoma Morigaki
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ryuji Kaji
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Goto
- Department of Motor Neuroscience and Neurotherapeutics, Institute of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
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Yamamura Y, Morigaki R, Kasahara J, Yokoyama H, Tanabe A, Okita S, Koizumi H, Nagahiro S, Kaji R, Goto S. Dopamine signaling negatively regulates striatal phosphorylation of Cdk5 at tyrosine 15 in mice. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:12. [PMID: 23420105 PMCID: PMC3572678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal functions depend on the activity balance between the dopamine and glutamate neurotransmissions. Glutamate inputs activate cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which inhibits postsynaptic dopamine signaling by phosphorylating DARPP-32 (dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, 32 kDa) at Thr75 in the striatum. c-Abelson tyrosine kinase (c-Abl) is known to phosphorylate Cdk5 at Tyr15 (Tyr15-Cdk5) and thereby facilitates the Cdk5 activity. We here report that Cdk5 with Tyr15 phosphorylation (Cdk5-pTyr15) is enriched in the mouse striatum, where dopaminergic stimulation inhibited phosphorylation of Tyr15-Cdk5 by acting through the D2 class dopamine receptors. Moreover, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) mouse model, dopamine deficiency caused increased phosphorylation of both Tyr15-Cdk5 and Thr75-DARPP-32 in the striatum, which could be attenuated by administration of L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and imatinib (STI-571), a selective c-Abl inhibitor. Our results suggest a functional link of Cdk5-pTyr15 with postsynaptic dopamine and glutamate signals through the c-Abl kinase activity in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Yamamura
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan ; Department of Neurobiology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Health Bioscience, University of Tokushima Tokushima, Japan
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Kono T, Ahn G, Moss DR, Gann L, Zarain-Herzberg A, Nishiki Y, Fueger PT, Ogihara T, Evans-Molina C. PPAR-γ activation restores pancreatic islet SERCA2 levels and prevents β-cell dysfunction under conditions of hyperglycemic and cytokine stress. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:257-71. [PMID: 22240811 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis in the pancreatic β-cell is closely regulated by activity of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA) pump. Our data demonstrate a loss of β-cell SERCA2b expression in several models of type 2 diabetes including islets from db/db mice and cadaveric diabetic human islets. Treatment of 832/13 rat INS-1-derived cells with 25 mm glucose and the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β led to a similar loss of SERCA2b expression, which was prevented by treatment with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist, pioglitazone. Pioglitazone was able to also protect against hyperglycemia and cytokine-induced elevations in cytosolic Ca(2+) levels, insulin-secretory defects, and cell death. To determine whether PPAR-γ was a direct transcriptional regulator of the SERCA2 gene, luciferase assays were performed and showed that a -259 bp region is sufficient to confer PPAR-γ transactivation; EMSA and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that PPAR-γ directly binds a PPAR response element in this proximal region. We next sought to characterize the mechanisms by which SERCA2b was down-regulated. INS-1 cells were exposed to high glucose and IL-1β in time course experiments. Within 2 h of exposure, activation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) was observed and correlated with increased serine-273 phosphorylation of PPAR-γ and loss of SERCA2 protein expression, findings that were prevented by pioglitazone and roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of CDK5. We conclude that pioglitazone modulates SERCA2b expression through direct transcriptional regulation of the gene and indirectly through prevention of CDK5-induced phosphorylation of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuyoshi Kono
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA
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Okita S, Morigaki R, Koizumi H, Kaji R, Nagahiro S, Goto S. Cell type-specific localization of optineurin in the striatal neurons of mice: implications for neuronal vulnerability in Huntington's disease. Neuroscience 2011; 202:363-70. [PMID: 22155493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Striatal neuropathology of Huntington's disease (HD) involves primary and progressive degeneration of the medium-sized projection neurons, with relative sparing of the local circuit interneurons. The mechanism for such a patterned cell loss in the HD striatum continues to remain unclear. Optineurin (OPTN) is one of the proteins interacting with huntingtin and plays a protective role in several neurodegenerative disorders. To determine the cellular localization pattern of OPTN in the mouse striatum, we employed a highly sensitive immunohistochemistry with the tyramide signal amplification system. In this study, we show that OPTN appeared as a cytoplasmic protein within the subsets of the striatal neurons. Of particular interest was that OPTN was abundantly expressed in the interneurons, whereas low levels of OPTN were observed in the medium projection neurons. This cell type-specific distribution of OPTN in the striatum is strikingly complementary to the pattern of neuronal loss typically observed in the striatum of patients with HD. We suggest that OPTN abundance is an important cellular factor in considering the cell type-specific vulnerability of striatal neurons in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okita
- Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia Research Center, Tokushima University Hospital, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Crittenden JR, Graybiel AM. Basal Ganglia disorders associated with imbalances in the striatal striosome and matrix compartments. Front Neuroanat 2011; 5:59. [PMID: 21941467 PMCID: PMC3171104 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2011.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum is composed principally of GABAergic, medium spiny striatal projection neurons (MSNs) that can be categorized based on their gene expression, electrophysiological profiles, and input–output circuits. Major subdivisions of MSN populations include (1) those in ventromedial and dorsolateral striatal regions, (2) those giving rise to the direct and indirect pathways, and (3) those that lie in the striosome and matrix compartments. The first two classificatory schemes have enabled advances in understanding of how basal ganglia circuits contribute to disease. However, despite the large number of molecules that are differentially expressed in the striosomes or the extra-striosomal matrix, and the evidence that these compartments have different input–output connections, our understanding of how this compartmentalization contributes to striatal function is still not clear. A broad view is that the matrix contains the direct and indirect pathway MSNs that form parts of sensorimotor and associative circuits, whereas striosomes contain MSNs that receive input from parts of limbic cortex and project directly or indirectly to the dopamine-containing neurons of the substantia nigra, pars compacta. Striosomes are widely distributed within the striatum and are thought to exert global, as well as local, influences on striatal processing by exchanging information with the surrounding matrix, including through interneurons that send processes into both compartments. It has been suggested that striosomes exert and maintain limbic control over behaviors driven by surrounding sensorimotor and associative parts of the striatal matrix. Consistent with this possibility, imbalances between striosome and matrix functions have been reported in relation to neurological disorders, including Huntington’s disease, L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, dystonia, and drug addiction. Here, we consider how signaling imbalances between the striosomes and matrix might relate to symptomatology in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Crittenden
- Brain and Cognitive Sciences Department and McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
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