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Abstract
Until now, depression research has taken a surprisingly narrow approach to modelling the disease, mainly focusing on some form of psychomotor retardation within a mechanistic framework of depression etiology. However, depression has many symptoms and each is associated with a vast number of substrates. Thus, to deepen our insights, this SI ("Depression Symptoms") reviewed the behavioral and neurobiological sequelae of individual symptoms, specifically, psychomotor retardation, sadness, low motivation, fatigue, sleep/circadian disruption, weight/appetite changes, and cognitive affective biases. This manuscript aims to integrate the most central information provided by the individual reviews. As a result, a dynamic model of depression development is proposed, which views depression as a cumulative process, where different symptoms develop at different stages, referred to as early, intermediate, and advanced, that require treatment with different pharmaceutical agents, that is, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors early on and dopamine-based antidepressants at the advanced stage. Furthermore, the model views hypothalamic disruption as the source of early symptoms and site of early intervention. Longitudinal animal models that are capable of modelling the different stages of depression, including transitions between the stages, may be helpful to uncover novel biomarkers and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schulz
- Boğaziçi University, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Kandilli Campus, 34684 Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Daniels S, Horman T, Lapointe T, Melanson B, Storace A, Kennedy SH, Frey BN, Rizvi SJ, Hassel S, Mueller DJ, Parikh SV, Lam RW, Blier P, Farzan F, Giacobbe P, Milev R, Placenza F, Soares CN, Turecki G, Uher R, Leri F. Reverse translation of major depressive disorder symptoms: A framework for the behavioural phenotyping of putative biomarkers. J Affect Disord 2020; 263:353-366. [PMID: 31969265 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse translating putative biomarkers of depression from patients to animals is complex because Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a highly heterogenous condition. This review proposes an approach to reverse translation based on relating relevant bio-behavioural functions in laboratory rodents to MDD symptoms. METHODS This systematic review outlines symptom clusters assessed by psychometric tests of MDD and antidepressant treatment response including the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and the Beck Depression Inventory. Symptoms were related to relevant behavioural assays in laboratory rodents. RESULTS The resulting battery of tests includes passive coping, anxiety-like behaviours, sleep, caloric intake, cognition, psychomotor functions, hedonic reactivity and aversive learning. These assays are discussed alongside relevant clinical symptoms of MDD, providing a framework through which reverse translation of a biomarker can be interpreted. LIMITATIONS Certain aspects of MDD may not be quantified by tests in laboratory rodents, and their biological significance may not always be of clinical relevance. CONCLUSIONS Using this reverse translation approach, it is possible to clarify the functional significance of a putative biomarker in rodents and hence translate its contribution to specific clinical symptoms, or clusters of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Daniels
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Horman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Lapointe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brett Melanson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Storace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidney H Kennedy
- University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Sakina J Rizvi
- University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniel J Mueller
- The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Raymond W Lam
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Pierre Blier
- The Royal Institute of Mental Health Research, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faranak Farzan
- Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Peter Giacobbe
- University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Franca Placenza
- University of Toronto Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Rudolf Uher
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Francesco Leri
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Huston JP, Komorowski M, de Souza Silva MA, Lamounier-Zepter V, Nikolaus S, Mattern C, Müller CP, Topic B. Chronic corticosterone treatment enhances extinction-induced depression in aged rats. Horm Behav 2016; 86:21-26. [PMID: 27633458 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Withdrawal and avoidance behavior are common symptoms of depression and can appear as a consequence of absence of reward, i.e. extinction-induced depression (EID). This is particularly relevant for the aged organism subjected to pronounced loss of former rewards. Avoidance of the former site of reward and increased withdrawal into a distant compartment accompany extinction of food-rewarded behavior in rodent models. During extinction, behavioral markers for re-learning dissociate from indicators of extinction-induced depression. Here we examined the effect of a chronic treatment with corticosterone (CORT), a well-known inducer of depression-related behavior, on EID in adult and aged rats. Adult (3-4months) and aged (18months) male rats were treated with CORT via drinking water for 3weeks prior to extinction of a cued food-reward task. CORT treatment increased the distance from the site of reward and decreased goal tracking behavior during extinction, especially in the aged rats. Plasma hormone levels measured before and after restraint stress showed a decline in basal ACTH- and CORT-levels after chronic CORT treatment in aged animals. The treatment significantly impaired the HPA-axis activation after acute stress in both, adult and aged animals, alike. Altogether, these findings show an enhancement of EID after chronic CORT treatment in the aged organism, which may be mediated by an impaired HPA-axis sensitivity. These findings may have special relevance for the investigation of human geriatric depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mara Komorowski
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A de Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Nikolaus
- Clinic of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, 6376 Emmetten, Switzerland and Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bianca Topic
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Schulz D, Henn FA, Petri D, Huston JP. Rats bred for helplessness exhibit positive reinforcement learning deficits which are not alleviated by an antidepressant dose of the MAO-B inhibitor deprenyl. Neuroscience 2016; 329:83-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Méndez-Couz M, González-Pardo H, Vallejo G, Arias JL, Conejo NM. Spatial memory extinction differentially affects dorsal and ventral hippocampal metabolic activity and associated functional brain networks. Hippocampus 2016; 26:1265-75. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Méndez-Couz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo; Plaza Feijoo Oviedo Spain
| | - Héctor González-Pardo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo; Plaza Feijoo Oviedo Spain
| | - Guillermo Vallejo
- Methodology Area; Department of Psychology; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo; Plaza Feijoo Oviedo Spain
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo; Plaza Feijoo Oviedo Spain
| | - Nélida M. Conejo
- Laboratory of Neuroscience; Department of Psychology; Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), University of Oviedo; Plaza Feijoo Oviedo Spain
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6
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Huston JP, Kornhuber J, Mühle C, Japtok L, Komorowski M, Mattern C, Reichel M, Gulbins E, Kleuser B, Topic B, De Souza Silva MA, Müller CP. A sphingolipid mechanism for behavioral extinction. J Neurochem 2016; 137:589-603. [PMID: 26788861 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reward-dependent instrumental behavior must continuously be re-adjusted according to environmental conditions. Failure to adapt to changes in reward contingencies may incur psychiatric disorders like anxiety and depression. When an expected reward is omitted, behavior undergoes extinction. While extinction involves active re-learning, it is also accompanied by emotional behaviors indicative of frustration, anxiety, and despair (extinction-induced depression). Here, we report evidence for a sphingolipid mechanism in the extinction of behavior. Rapid extinction, indicating efficient re-learning, coincided with a decrease in the activity of the enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), which catalyzes turnover of sphingomyelin to ceramide, in the dorsal hippocampus of rats. The stronger the decline in ASM activity, the more rapid was the extinction. Sphingolipid-focused lipidomic analysis showed that this results in a decline of local ceramide species in the dorsal hippocampus. Ceramides shape the fluidity of lipid rafts in synaptic membranes and by that way can control neural plasticity. We also found that aging modifies activity of enzymes and ceramide levels in selective brain regions. Aging also changed how the chronic treatment with corticosterone (stress) or intranasal dopamine modified regional enzyme activity and ceramide levels, coinciding with rate of extinction. These data provide first evidence for a functional ASM-ceramide pathway in the brain involved in the extinction of learned behavior. This finding extends the known cellular mechanisms underlying behavioral plasticity to a new class of membrane-located molecules, the sphingolipids, and their regulatory enzymes, and may offer new treatment targets for extinction- and learning-related psychopathological conditions. Sphingolipids are common lipids in the brain which form lipid domains at pre- and postsynaptic membrane compartments. Here we show a decline in dorsal hippocampus ceramide species together with a reduction of acid sphingomyelinase activity during extinction of conditioned behavior in rats. This reduction was associated with expression of re-learning-related behavior, but not with emotional behaviors. Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 485.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Mühle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Japtok
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Mara Komorowski
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia Mattern
- M et P Pharma AG, Emmetten, Switzerland.,Oceanographic Center, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Bianca Topic
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria A De Souza Silva
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine-University of Dusseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian P Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Clinic, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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7
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Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core, but not shell, increases during signaled food reward and decreases during delayed extinction. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:125-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Méndez-Couz M, Conejo NM, Vallejo G, Arias JL. Brain functional network changes following Prelimbic area inactivation in a spatial memory extinction task. Behav Brain Res 2015; 287:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Trimmer PC, Higginson AD, Fawcett TW, McNamara JM, Houston AI. Adaptive learning can result in a failure to profit from good conditions: implications for understanding depression. Evol Med Public Health 2015; 2015:123-35. [PMID: 25916884 PMCID: PMC4448095 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eov009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Depression is a major medical problem diagnosed in an increasing proportion of people and for which commonly prescribed psychoactive drugs are frequently ineffective. Development of treatment options may be facilitated by an evolutionary perspective; several adaptive reasons for proneness to depression have been proposed. A common feature of many explanations is that depressive behaviour is a way to avoid costly effort where benefits are small and/or unlikely. However, this viewpoint fails to explain why low mood persists when the situation improves. We investigate whether a behavioural rule that is adapted to a stochastically changing world can cause inactivity which appears similar to the effect of depression, in that it persists after the situation has improved. METHODOLOGY We develop an adaptive learning model in which an individual has repeated choices of whether to invest costly effort that may result in a net benefit. Investing effort also provides information about the current conditions and rates of change of the conditions. RESULTS An individual following the optimal behavioural strategy may sometimes remain inactive when conditions are favourable (i.e. when it would be better to invest effort) when it is poorly informed about the current environmental state. Initially benign conditions can predispose an individual to inactivity after a relatively brief period of negative experiences. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our approach suggests that the antecedent factors causing depressed behaviour could go much further back in an individual s history than is currently appreciated. The insights from our approach have implications for the ongoing debate about best treatment options for patients with depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete C Trimmer
- Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK and Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Andrew D Higginson
- Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK and Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Tim W Fawcett
- Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK and Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - John M McNamara
- Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK and Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Alasdair I Houston
- Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK and Modelling Animal Decisions Group, School of Mathematics, University of Bristol, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TW, UK
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10
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Fidalgo C, Ko WKD, Tronci E, Li Q, Stancampiano R, Chuan Q, Bezard E, Carta M. Effect of serotonin transporter blockade on L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in animal models of Parkinson's disease. Neuroscience 2015; 298:389-96. [PMID: 25907446 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter blockade with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) was recently shown to counteract L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats. However, this effect has never been described in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, despite that they often receive SSRIs for the treatment of depression. In the present study, we investigated the efficacy of the SSRI citalopram against dyskinesia in two experimental models of PD, the 6-OHDA-lesioned rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated macaque. First, we studied the acute and chronic effect of citalopram, given at different time points before L-DOPA, in L-DOPA-primed parkinsonian rats. Moreover, the acute effect of citalopram was also evaluated in dyskinetic MPTP-treated macaques. In L-DOPA-primed rats, a significant and long-lasting reduction of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) was observed only when citalopram was given 30 min before L-DOPA, suggesting that the time of injection relative to L-DOPA is a key factor for the efficacy of the treatment. Interestingly, an acute challenge with the 5-HT1A/1B receptor agonist eltoprazine, given at the end of the chronic study, was equally effective in reducing LID in rats previously chronically treated with L-DOPA or L-DOPA plus citalopram, suggesting that no auto-receptor desensitization was induced by chronic citalopram treatment. In MPTP-treated macaques, citalopram produced a striking suppression of LID but at the expense of L-DOPA therapeutic efficacy, which represents a concern for possible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fidalgo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, SS554 km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - W K D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK
| | - E Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, SS554 km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Q Li
- Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - R Stancampiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, SS554 km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Q Chuan
- Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - E Bezard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience, Manchester, UK; Institute of Lab Animal Sciences, China Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - M Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, University Campus, SS554 km 4.5, 09042 Monserrato, Italy.
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11
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Modeling neuropsychiatric spectra to empower translational biological psychiatry. Behav Brain Res 2015; 276:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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12
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Papini MR, Fuchs PN, Torres C. Behavioral neuroscience of psychological pain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 48:53-69. [PMID: 25446953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pain is a common word used to refer to a wide range of physical and mental states sharing hedonic aversive value. Three types of pain are distinguished in this article: Physical pain, an aversive state related to actual or potential injury and disease; social pain, an aversive emotion associated to social exclusion; and psychological pain, a negative emotion induced by incentive loss. This review centers on psychological pain as studied in nonhuman animals. After covering issues of terminology, the article briefly discusses the daily-life significance of psychological pain and then centers on a discussion of the results originating from two procedures involving incentive loss: successive negative contrast-the unexpected devaluation of a reward-and appetitive extinction-the unexpected omission of a reward. The evidence reviewed points to substantial commonalities, but also some differences and interactions between physical and psychological pains. This evidence is discussed in relation to behavioral, pharmacological, neurobiological, and genetic factors that contribute to the multidimensional experience of psychological pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R Papini
- Department of Psychology, Texas Christian University, United States.
| | - Perry N Fuchs
- Departments of Psychology and Biology, University of Texas Arlington, United States
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13
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Transient inactivation of the pigeon hippocampus or the nidopallium caudolaterale during extinction learning impairs extinction retrieval in an appetitive conditioning paradigm. Behav Brain Res 2014; 265:93-100. [PMID: 24569011 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of experiments exploring context-dependent extinction learning employ Pavlovian fear conditioning in rodents. Since mechanisms of appetitive and aversive learning are known to differ at the neuronal level, we sought to investigate extinction learning in an appetitive setting. Working with pigeons, we established a within-subject ABA renewal paradigm based on Rescorla (Q J Exp Psychol 61:1793) and combined it with pharmacological interventions during extinction. From the fear conditioning literature, it is known that both prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus are core structures for context-specific extinction learning. Accordingly, we transiently inactivated the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL, a functional analogue of mammalian prefrontal cortex) and the hippocampus in separate experiments by intracranial infusion of the sodium-channel blocker tetrodotoxin immediately before extinction training. We find that TTX in both structures non-specifically suppresses conditioned responding, as revealed by a reduction of response rate to both the extinguished conditioned stimulus and a control stimulus which remained reinforced throughout the experiment. Furthermore, TTX during extinction training impaired later extinction retrieval assessed under drug-free conditions. This was true when responding to the extinguished stimulus was assessed in the context of extinction but not when tested in the context of acquisition, although both contexts were matched with respect to their history of conditioning. These results indicate that both NCL and hippocampus are involved in extinction learning under appetitive conditions or, more specifically, in the consolidation of extinction memory, and that their contribution to extinction is context-specific.
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14
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Beaudoin-Gobert M, Sgambato-Faure V. Serotonergic pharmacology in animal models: from behavioral disorders to dyskinesia. Neuropharmacology 2014; 81:15-30. [PMID: 24486710 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction has been involved in both movement and behavioral disorders. Serotonin pharmacology improves dyskinetic movements as well as depressive, anxious, aggressive and anorexic symptoms. Animal models have been useful to investigate more precisely to what extent 5-HT is involved and whether drugs targeting the 5-HT system can counteract the symptoms exhibited. We review existing rodent and non-human primate (NHP) animal models in which selective 5-HT or dual 5-HT-norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibitors, as well as specific 5-HT receptors agonists and antagonists, monoamine oxidase A inhibitors (IMAO-A) and MDMA (Ecstasy) have been used. We review overlaps between the various drug classes involved. We confront behavioral paradigms and treatment regimen. Some but not all animal models and associated pharmacological treatments have been extensively studied in the litterature. In particular, the impact of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) has been extensively investigated using a variety of pharmacological or genetic rodent models of depression, anxiety, aggressiveness. But the validity of these rodent models is questioned. On the contrary, few studies did address the potential impact of targeting the 5-HT system on NHP models of behavioral disorders, despite the fact that those models may match more closely to human pathologies. Further investigations with carefull behavioral analysis will improve our understanding of neural bases underlying the pathophysiology of movement and behavioral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Beaudoin-Gobert
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Bron cedex F-69675, France; Université Lyon 1, France
| | - Véronique Sgambato-Faure
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5229, Bron cedex F-69675, France; Université Lyon 1, France.
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15
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Spatial memory extinction: a c-Fos protein mapping study. Behav Brain Res 2013; 260:101-10. [PMID: 24315832 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While the neuronal basis of spatial memory consolidation has been thoroughly studied, the substrates mediating the process of extinction remain largely unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the functional contribution of selected brain regions during the extinction of a previously acquired spatial memory task in the Morris water maze. For that purpose, we used adult male Wistar rats trained in a spatial reference memory task. Learning-related changes in c-Fos inmunoreactive cells after training were evaluated in cortical and subcortical regions. Results show that removal of the hidden platform in the water maze induced extinction of the previously reinforced escape behavior after 16 trials, without spontaneous recovery 24h later. Extinction was related with significantly higher numbers of c-Fos positive nuclei in amygdala nuclei and prefrontal cortex. On the other hand, the lateral mammillary bodies showed higher number of c-Fos positive cells than the control group. Therefore, in contrast with the results obtained in studies of classical conditioning, we show the involvement of diencephalic structures mediating this kind of learning. In summary, our findings suggest that medial prefrontal cortex, the amygdala complex and diencephalic structures like the lateral mammillary nuclei are relevant for the extinction of spatial memory.
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Huston JP, Silva MADS, Komorowski M, Schulz D, Topic B. Animal models of extinction-induced depression: Loss of reward and its consequences. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2059-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lesions of the nucleus accumbens disrupt reinforcement omission effects in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:439-43. [PMID: 23796973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The reinforcement omission effects (ROEs) have been attributed to both motivational and attentional consequences of the surprising reinforcement omission. Some studies have been showed amygdala is part of a circuit involved in the ROEs modulation. The view that amygdala lesions interfere with the ROEs is supported by evidence involving amygdala in responses correlated with motivational processes. These processes depend on the operation of separate amygdala areas and their connections with other brain systems. It has been suggested the interaction between the amygdala and the nucleus accumbens (NAC) is important to the modulation of motivational processes. Recent neuroimaging studies in human revealed reward delivery enhances activity of subcortical structures (NAC and amygdala), whereas reward omission reduces the activity in these same structures. The present study aimed to clarify whether the mechanisms related to ROEs depend on NAC. Prior to acquisition training, rats received bilateral excitotoxic lesions of NAC (NAC group) or sham lesions (Sham group). Following postoperative recovery, the rats were trained on a fixed-interval with limited hold signaled schedule of reinforcement. After acquisition of stable performance, the training was changed from 100% to 50% schedule of reinforcement. Both NAC and Sham groups presented the ROEs. However, after nonreinforcement, the response rates of the NAC group were lower than those registered in the Sham group. The performance of the NAC group decreased in the period following nonreinforcement when compared to the period preceding reinforcement omission. These findings suggest the NAC is part of the neural substrate involved in the ROEs modulation.
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Topic B, Kröger I, Vildirasova PG, Huston JP. Indices of extinction-induced “depression” after operant learning using a runway vs. a cued free-reward delivery schedule. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2012; 98:329-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Distance from source of reward as a marker for extinction-induced “despair”: Modulation by the antidepressants clomipramine and citalopram. Neuroscience 2012; 223:152-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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