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Feng YJ, Hung SM, Hsieh PJ. Detecting spontaneous deception in the brain. Hum Brain Mapp 2022; 43:3257-3269. [PMID: 35344258 PMCID: PMC9189038 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deception detection can be of great value during the juristic investigation. Although the neural signatures of deception have been widely documented, most prior studies were biased by difficulty levels. That is, deceptive behavior typically required more effort, making deception detection possibly effort detection. Furthermore, no study has examined the generalizability across instructed and spontaneous responses and across participants. To explore these issues, we used a dual‐task paradigm, where the difficulty level was balanced between truth‐telling and lying, and the instructed and spontaneous truth‐telling and lying were collected independently. Using Multivoxel pattern analysis, we were able to decode truth‐telling versus lying with a balanced difficulty level. Results showed that the angular gyrus (AG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and postcentral gyrus could differentiate lying from truth‐telling. Critically, linear classifiers trained to distinguish instructed truthful and deceptive responses could correctly differentiate spontaneous truthful and deceptive responses in AG and IFG with above‐chance accuracy. In addition, with a leave‐one‐participant‐out analysis, multivoxel neural patterns from AG could classify if the left‐out participant was lying or not in a trial. These results indicate the commonality of neural responses subserved instructed and spontaneous deceptive behavior as well as the feasibility of cross‐participant deception validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Feng
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Min Hung
- Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Po-Jang Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Zarnowski O, Ziton S, Holmberg R, Musto S, Riegle S, Van Antwerp E, Santos-Nunez G. Functional MRI findings in personality disorders: A review. J Neuroimaging 2021; 31:1049-1066. [PMID: 34468063 DOI: 10.1111/jon.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders (PDs) have a prevalence of approximately 10% in the United States, translating to over 30 million people affected in just one country. The true prevalence of these disorders may be even higher, as the paucity of objective diagnostic criteria could be leading to underdiagnosis. Because little is known about the underlying neuropathologies of these disorders, patients are diagnosed using subjective criteria and treated nonspecifically. To better understand the neural aberrancies responsible for these patients' symptoms, a review of functional MRI literature was performed. The findings reveal that each PD is characterized by a unique set of activation changes corresponding to individual structures or specific neural networks. While unique patterns of neural activity are distinguishable within each PD, aberrations of the limbic/paralimbic structures and default mode network are noted across several of them. In addition to identifying valuable activation patterns, this review reveals a void in research pertaining to paranoid, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, and dependent PDs. By delineating patterns in PD neuropathology, we can more effectively direct future research efforts toward enhancing objective diagnostic techniques and developing targeted treatment modalities. Furthermore, understanding why patients are manifesting certain symptoms can advance clinical awareness and improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar Zarnowski
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Shirley Ziton
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Rylan Holmberg
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Sarafina Musto
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Sean Riegle
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Emily Van Antwerp
- West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg, West Virginia, USA
| | - Gabriela Santos-Nunez
- University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Radiology Department, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Lai X, Huang Q, Xin J, Yu H, Wen J, Huang S, Zhang H, Shen H, Tang Y. Identifying Methamphetamine Abstainers With Convolutional Neural Networks and Short-Time Fourier Transform. Front Psychol 2021; 12:684001. [PMID: 34456796 PMCID: PMC8385271 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.684001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have investigated the functional patterns of methamphetamine abstainers. A better understanding of the underlying neurobiological mechanism in the brains of methamphetamine abstainers will help to explain their abnormal behaviors. Forty-two male methamphetamine abstainers, currently in a long-term abstinence status (for at least 14 months), and 32 male healthy controls were recruited. All subjects underwent functional MRI while responding to drug-associated cues. This study proposes to combine a convolutional neural network with a short-time Fourier transform to identify different brain patterns between methamphetamine abstainers and controls. The short-time Fourier transformation provides time-localized frequency information, while the convolutional neural network extracts the structural features of the time-frequency spectrograms. The results showed that the classifier achieved a satisfactory performance (98.9% accuracy) and could extract robust brain voxel information. The highly discriminative power voxels were mainly concentrated in the left inferior orbital frontal gyrus, the bilateral postcentral gyri, and the bilateral paracentral lobules. This study provides a novel insight into the different functional patterns between methamphetamine abstainers and healthy controls. It also elucidates the pathological mechanism of methamphetamine abstainers from the view of time-frequency spectrograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lai
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jiang Xin
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hufei Yu
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingxi Wen
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shucai Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China.,The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongxian Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Institute of Mental Health of Central South University, Chinese National Technology Institute on Mental Disorders, Hunan Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hunan Medical Center for Mental Health, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Tang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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4
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Classification of Task-State fMRI Data Based on Circle-EMD and Machine Learning. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 2020:7691294. [PMID: 32802027 PMCID: PMC7416235 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7691294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the research work of the brain-computer interface and the function of human brain work, the state classification of multitask state fMRI data is a problem. The fMRI signal of the human brain is a nonstationary signal with many noise effects and interference. Based on the commonly used nonstationary signal analysis method, Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), we propose an improved circle-EMD algorithm to suppress the end effect. The algorithm can extract different intrinsic mode functions (IMFs), decompose the fMRI data to filter out low frequency and other redundant noise signals, and more accurately reflect the true characteristics of the original signal. For the filtered fMRI signal, we use three existing different machine learning methods: logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and deep neural network (DNN) to achieve effective classification of different task states. The experiment compares the results of these machine learning methods and confirms that the deep neural network has the highest accuracy for task-state fMRI data classification and the effectiveness of the improved circle-EMD algorithm.
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5
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Li F, Zhu H, Xu J, Gao Q, Guo H, Wu S, Li X, He S. Lie Detection Using fNIRS Monitoring of Inhibition-Related Brain Regions Discriminates Infrequent but not Frequent Liars. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:71. [PMID: 29593514 PMCID: PMC5859104 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to test whether monitoring inhibition-related brain regions is a feasible method for detecting both infrequent liars and frequent liars. Thirty-two participants were divided into two groups: the deceptive group (liars) and the non-deceptive group (ND group, innocents). All the participants were required to undergo a simulated interrogation by a computer. The participants from the deceptive group were instructed to tell a mix of lies and truths and those of the ND group were instructed always to tell the truth. Based on the number of deceptions, the participants of the deceptive group were further divided into a infrequently deceptive group (IFD group, infrequent liars) and a frequently deceptive group (FD group, frequent liars). The infrequent liars exhibited greater neural activities than the frequent liars and the innocents in the left middle frontal gyrus (MFG) when performing the deception detection tasks. While performing deception detection tasks, infrequent liars showed significantly greater neural activation in the left MFG than the baseline, but frequent liars and innocents did not exhibit this pattern of neural activation in any area of inhibition-related brain regions. The results of individual analysis showed an acceptable accuracy of detecting infrequent liars, but an unacceptable accuracy of detecting frequent liars. These results suggest that using fNIRS monitoring of inhibition-related brain regions is feasible for detecting infrequent liars, for whom deception may be more effortful and therefore more physiologically marked, but not frequent liars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China.,College of Teacher Education and Psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Zhu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Gao
- Guangdong Dance and Drama College, Foshan, China
| | - Huan Guo
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shijing Wu
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinge Li
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China.,School of Psychology, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University (SCNU), Guangzhou, China.,Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Episodic memory and consciousness in antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder. Behav Brain Sci 2018; 41:e13. [PMID: 29353574 DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x17001340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Episodic memory is one of the most significant sources of information of humans. It entails cooperative and linguistic skills and, as Mahr & Csibra (M&C) note, the capacity to ground veridical beliefs about the past. In some psychiatric disorders (antisocial personality disorder and conduct disorder), it was found that the habit of lying is associated with episodic memory and consciousness deficits.
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7
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Winters DE, Beerbower E. Mindfulness and meditation as an adjunctive treatment for adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system: Is repairing the brain and nervous system possible? SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 2017; 56:615-635. [PMID: 28486059 DOI: 10.1080/00981389.2017.1316341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents involved in the juvenile justice system are prone to more traumatic events than other adolescents, leaving them in danger of developmental difficulties. Trauma exposure is predictive of poor outcomes including mental and physical health issues as well as criminal activity. Current treatment approaches either have a nominal effect on recidivism rates or increase the likelihood of future criminal offenses. This article explores adolescent brain development, the unique difficulties that juvenile justice youth face, and mindfulness meditation as an adjunctive treatment to system-based treatment. Mindfulness meditation may be a way to redress damage to the brain and facilitate healthy brain development, thus impacting prosocial behavior. Practice implications include integrating mindfulness meditation as an important part of rehabilitative efforts with juvenile justice youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew E Winters
- a Indiana University School of Social Work, Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Emily Beerbower
- a Indiana University School of Social Work, Purdue University Indianapolis , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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8
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Are individuals with higher psychopathic traits better learners at lying? Behavioural and neural evidence. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1175. [PMID: 28742075 PMCID: PMC5538125 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
High psychopathy is characterized by untruthfulness and manipulativeness. However, existing evidence on higher propensity or capacity to lie among non-incarcerated high-psychopathic individuals is equivocal. Of particular importance, no research has investigated whether greater psychopathic tendency is associated with better 'trainability' of lying. An understanding of whether the neurobehavioral processes of lying are modifiable through practice offers significant theoretical and practical implications. By employing a longitudinal design involving university students with varying degrees of psychopathic traits, we successfully demonstrate that the performance speed of lying about face familiarity significantly improved following two sessions of practice, which occurred only among those with higher, but not lower, levels of psychopathic traits. Furthermore, this behavioural improvement associated with higher psychopathic tendency was predicted by a reduction in lying-related neural signals and by functional connectivity changes in the frontoparietal and cerebellum networks. Our findings provide novel and pivotal evidence suggesting that psychopathic traits are the key modulating factors of the plasticity of both behavioural and neural processes underpinning lying. These findings broadly support conceptualization of high-functioning individuals with higher psychopathic traits as having preserved, or arguably superior, functioning in neural networks implicated in cognitive executive processing, but deficiencies in affective neural processes, from a neuroplasticity perspective.
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9
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Thijssen S, Wildeboer A, van IJzendoorn MH, Muetzel RL, Langeslag SJE, Jaddoe VWV, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, White T. The honest truth about deception: Demographic, cognitive, and neural correlates of child repeated deceptive behavior. J Exp Child Psychol 2017. [PMID: 28623779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examined situational, psychological, and neurobiological factors associated with deceptive behavior in 8-year-old children. By assessing deception in low- and high-risk conditions, we differentiated between children displaying some dishonesty and children who deceived repeatedly, and we assessed the correlates of deception in 163 children. A large majority of the children were deceptive in the low-risk condition (n=121, 74.2%), but most children refrained from deception when at risk for getting caught (69 of 121). Using an aggregate score, children who continued deceiving could be discriminated from other children based on gender, lower age, lower IQ, less effortful control, and lower educated mothers. Compared with honest children and high-risk deceivers, low-risk deceivers differed on an aggregate score, suggesting that they were more likely to be girls and to come from higher income families. Compared with the other children, high-risk deceivers showed decreased activation in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and right frontal pole during the low-risk condition, suggesting decreased engagement in conflict monitoring and error detection during opportunities for deception. In high-risk deceivers, high-risk deception was associated with increased bilateral ACC and right paracingulate gyrus activation compared with low-risk deception. High-risk deceivers may require a higher level of risk to engage the ACC to the same degree as low-risk deceivers or honest children. Our results suggest that deceptive behavior in children seems to be largely dependent on the estimated likelihood of getting caught. High-risk deceivers form a distinct group with different cognitive and neurobiological characteristics compared with honest children and low-risk deceivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Thijssen
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Wildeboer
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra J E Langeslag
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marian J Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Karton I, Bachmann T. Disrupting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex by rTMS reduces the P300 based marker of deception. Brain Behav 2017; 7:e00656. [PMID: 28413707 PMCID: PMC5390839 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Quite many studies have revealed certain brain-process signatures indicative of subject's deceptive behavior. These signatures are neural correlates of deception. However, much less is known about whether these signatures can be modified by noninvasive brain stimulation techniques representing methods of causal intervention of brain processes and the corresponding behavior. Our purpose was to explore whether such methods have an effect on these signatures. METHODS It is well known that electroencephalographic event-related potential component, P300, is sensitive to perception of critical items in a concealed information test, one of the central methods in deception studies. We examined whether the relative level of expression of P300 as a neural marker of deception can be manipulated by means of noninvasive neuromodulation. We used EEG/ERP recording combined with (i) neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and (ii) concealed information detection test. An opportunistically recruited volunteer group of normal adults formed our experimental group. RESULTS We show that offline rTMS to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex attenuated relative P300 amplitude in response to the critical items compared to the neutral items. CONCLUSION Noninvasive prefrontal cortex excitability disruption by rTMS can be used to manipulate the sensitivity of ERP signatures of deception to critical items in a concealment-based variant of lie detection test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Karton
- Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia.,Department of Penal Law School of Law University of Tartu (Tallinn branch) Tallinn Estonia.,Estonian National Defence College Tartu Estonia
| | - Talis Bachmann
- Department of Penal Law School of Law University of Tartu (Tallinn branch) Tallinn Estonia
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11
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Psychopathic Traits and Their Relationship with the Cognitive Costs and Compulsive Nature of Lying in Offenders. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158595. [PMID: 27391854 PMCID: PMC4938600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive view on deception holds that lying typically requires additional mental effort as compared to truth telling. Psychopathy, however, has been associated with swift and even compulsive lying, leading us to explore the ease and compulsive nature of lying in psychopathic offenders. We explored the costs of instructed lying versus truth telling through RTs and error rates in 52 violent male offenders, who were assessed with the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Our deception paradigm also included trials with the free choice to lie or tell the truth. By coupling monetary loss to slow and erroneous responding, we hypothesized that the frequency of lying despite likely negative consequences, would provide an index of compulsive lying. Offenders were slower and erred more often when lying than when telling the truth, and there was no robust association between psychopathy and the cognitive cost of lying. From an applied perspective, this suggests that psychopathy may not threaten the validity of computerized cognition-based lie detection. In the face of probable negative consequences, high grandiose-manipulative offenders chose to lie three times as often as low grandiose-manipulative offenders. Our new lying frequency index is a first attempt to create a much needed tool to empirically examine compulsive lying, and provides preliminary support for the compulsive nature of lying in grandiose-manipulative offenders. Alternative interpretation of the findings are discussed.
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12
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Ma G, Fan H, Shen C, Wang W. Genetic and Neuroimaging Features of Personality Disorders: State of the Art. Neurosci Bull 2016; 32:286-306. [PMID: 27037690 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality disorders often act as a common denominator for many psychiatric problems, and studies on personality disorders contribute to the etiopathology, diagnosis, and treatment of many mental disorders. In recent years, increasing evidence from various studies has shown distinctive features of personality disorders, and that from genetic and neuroimaging studies has been especially valuable. Genetic studies primarily target the genes encoding neurotransmitters and enzymes in the serotoninergic and dopaminergic systems, and neuroimaging studies mainly focus on the frontal and temporal lobes as well as the limbic-paralimbic system in patients with personality disorders. Although some studies have suffered due to unclear diagnoses of personality disorders and some have included few patients for a given personality disorder, great opportunities remain for investigators to launch new ideas and technologies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Ma
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Hongying Fan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chanchan Shen
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Science, Hangzhou, 310007, China.
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13
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Falkiewicz M, Sarzyńska J, Babula J, Szatkowska I, Grabowska A, Nęcka E. Explicit Instructions Increase Cognitive Costs of Deception in Predictable Social Context. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1863. [PMID: 26696929 PMCID: PMC4678380 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Convincing participants to deceive remains one of the biggest and most important challenges of laboratory-based deception research. The simplest and most prevalent method involves explicitly instructing participants to lie or tell the truth before presenting each task item. The usual finding of such experiments is increased cognitive load associated with deceptive responses, explained by necessity to inhibit default and automatic honest responses. However, explicit instructions are usually coupled with the absence of social context in the experimental task. Context plays a key role in social cognition by activating prior knowledge, which facilitates behaviors consistent with the latter. We hypothesized that in the presence of social context, both honest and deceptive responses can be produced on the basis of prior knowledge, without reliance on truth and without additional cognitive load during deceptive responses. In order to test the hypothesis, we have developed Speed-Dating Task (SDT), which is based on a real-life social event. In SDT, participants respond both honestly and deceptively to questions in order to appear similar to each of the dates. The dates are predictable and represent well-known categories (i.e., atheist or conservative). In one condition participants rely on explicit instructions preceding each question (external cue). In the second condition no explicit instructions are present, so the participants need to adapt based on prior knowledge about the category the dates belong to (internal cue). With internal cues, reaction times (RTs) are similar for both honest and deceptive responses. However, in the presence of external cues (EC), RTs are longer for deceptive than honest responses, suggesting that deceptive responses are associated with increased cognitive load. Compared to internal cues, deception costs were higher when EC were present. However, the effect was limited to the first part of the experiment, only partially confirming our initial hypothesis. The results suggest that the presence of social context in deception tasks might have a significant influence on cognitive processes associated with deception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Falkiewicz
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Sarzyńska
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
| | - Justyna Babula
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Grabowska
- Departament of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edward Nęcka
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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Raschle NM, Menks WM, Fehlbaum LV, Tshomba E, Stadler C. Structural and Functional Alterations in Right Dorsomedial Prefrontal and Left Insular Cortex Co-Localize in Adolescents with Aggressive Behaviour: An ALE Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136553. [PMID: 26339798 PMCID: PMC4560426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging work has suggested that aggressive behaviour (AB) is associated with structural and functional brain abnormalities in processes subserving emotion processing and regulation. However, most neuroimaging studies on AB to date only contain relatively small sample sizes. To objectively investigate the consistency of previous structural and functional research in adolescent AB, we performed a systematic literature review and two coordinate-based activation likelihood estimation meta-analyses on eight VBM and nine functional neuroimaging studies in a total of 783 participants (408 [224AB/184 controls] and 375 [215 AB/160 controls] for structural and functional analysis respectively). We found 19 structural and eight functional foci of significant alterations in adolescents with AB, mainly located within the emotion processing and regulation network (including orbitofrontal, dorsomedial prefrontal and limbic cortex). A subsequent conjunction analysis revealed that functional and structural alterations co-localize in right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and left insula. Our results are in line with meta-analytic work as well as structural, functional and connectivity findings to date, all of which make a strong point for the involvement of a network of brain areas responsible for emotion processing and regulation, which is disrupted in AB. Increased knowledge about the behavioural and neuronal underpinnings of AB is crucial for the development of novel and implementation of existing treatment strategies. Longitudinal research studies will have to show whether the observed alterations are a result or primary cause of the phenotypic characteristics in AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Maria Raschle
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Willeke Martine Menks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lynn Valérie Fehlbaum
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ebongo Tshomba
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christina Stadler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Jiang W, Liu H, Zeng L, Liao J, Shen H, Luo A, Hu D, Wang W. Decoding the processing of lying using functional connectivity MRI. Behav Brain Funct 2015; 11:1. [PMID: 25595193 PMCID: PMC4316800 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-014-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous functional MRI (fMRI) studies have demonstrated group differences in brain activity between deceptive and honest responses. The functional connectivity network related to lie-telling remains largely uncharacterized. Methods In this study, we designed a lie-telling experiment that emphasized strategy devising. Thirty-two subjects underwent fMRI while responding to questions in a truthful, inverse, or deceitful manner. For each subject, whole-brain functional connectivity networks were constructed from correlations among brain regions for the lie-telling and truth-telling conditions. Then, a multivariate pattern analysis approach was used to distinguish lie-telling from truth-telling based on the functional connectivity networks. Results The classification results demonstrated that lie-telling could be differentiated from truth-telling with an accuracy of 82.81% (85.94% for lie-telling, 79.69% for truth-telling). The connectivities related to the fronto-parietal networks, cerebellum and cingulo-opercular networks are most discriminating, implying crucial roles for these three networks in the processing of deception. Conclusions The current study may shed new light on the neural pattern of deception from a functional integration viewpoint. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12993-014-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China. .,College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, P.R. China. .,Department of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan First Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410205, P.R. China.
| | - Huasheng Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.
| | - Lingli Zeng
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Shen
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, P.R. China.
| | - Aijing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P.R. China.
| | - Dewen Hu
- College of Mechatronics and Automation, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410073, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Medical Information Research (Central South University), College of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, P.R. China.
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16
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Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI)-based lie detection has been marketed as a tool for enhancing personnel selection, strengthening national security and protecting personal reputations, and at least three US courts have been asked to admit the results of lie detection scans as evidence during trials. How well does fMRI-based lie detection perform, and how should the courts, and society more generally, respond? Here, we address various questions — some of which are based on a meta-analysis of published studies — concerning the scientific state of the art in fMRI-based lie detection and its legal status, and discuss broader ethical and societal implications. We close with three general policy recommendations.
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Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM 5) classification of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) describes individuals who engage in repetitive irresponsible, delinquent, and criminal behavior. The diagnosis is highly controversial, with many researchers and clinicians arguing that the category is too heterogeneous, overinclusive, and demonstrates considerable overlap with other disorders. This review focuses on recent studies that have improved our understanding of the characteristics of individuals who fit the ASPD definition by exploring how subtypes differ and how comorbid conditions influence the presentation of ASPD. In addition, we discuss research on the etiology of ASPD that has identified genetic and environmental factors that may contribute to the development and persistence of antisocial behavior, and brain imaging research that has improved our understanding of the relationships between ASPD and other psychopathology. Finally, we discuss promising preliminary research on treatment for this disorder.
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