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Yang Y, Chen N, Kobayashi M, Watanabe K. Color-taste correspondence tested by the Stroop task. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1250781. [PMID: 38328377 PMCID: PMC10847320 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1250781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
People consistently associate colors with tastes (e.g., pink-sweet, yellow-sour). However, little has been known on the strength of those color-taste correspondences. The current study examined the congruency effect of color-taste correspondence using two Stroop word categorization tasks. The visual stimuli consisted of food names associated with sweet and sour tastes, presented in different shades of pink and yellow font colors. Participants were instructed to categorize the taste (sweet or sour) of the words in the Stroop word-taste categorization task and to discriminate the font color (pink or yellow) of the words in the Stroop word-color discrimination task. Results showed that participants responded faster in congruent conditions (sweet-pink and sour-yellow) than incongruent conditions (sweet-yellow and sour-pink) in both tasks. Specifically, yellow font colors facilitated the categorization of sour taste words compared to pink font colors, whereas sweet taste words facilitated the discrimination of pink font colors compared to sour taste words. These results provide further evidence for the congruency effect of color-taste correspondence in facilitating the processing of taste-related words and colors. Furthermore, the congruency effect was shown to operate bidirectionally, influencing both the conceptual meaning of tastes and perceptual color perception. This study highlights the significant interference effect of color-taste correspondence on cognitive processing as assessed by the Stroop task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidie Yang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Na Chen
- The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Maiko Kobayashi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsumi Watanabe
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
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Liang P, Jiang J, Chen J, Wei L. Affective Face Processing Modified by Different Tastes. Front Psychol 2021; 12:644704. [PMID: 33790842 PMCID: PMC8006344 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.644704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial emotional recognition is something used often in our daily lives. How does the brain process the face search? Can taste modify such a process? This study employed two tastes (sweet and acidic) to investigate the cross-modal interaction between taste and emotional face recognition. The behavior responses (reaction time and correct response ratios) and the event-related potential (ERP) were applied to analyze the interaction between taste and face processing. Behavior data showed that when detecting a negative target face with a positive face as a distractor, the participants perform the task faster with an acidic taste than with sweet. No interaction effect was observed with correct response ratio analysis. The early (P1, N170) and mid-stage [early posterior negativity (EPN)] components have shown that sweet and acidic tastes modified the ERP components with the affective face search process in the ERP results. No interaction effect was observed in the late-stage (LPP) component. Our data have extended the understanding of the cross-modal mechanism and provided electrophysiological evidence that affective facial processing could be influenced by sweet and acidic tastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Hubei, China.,Brain and Cognition Research Center (BCRC), Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayu Jiang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning, China.,School of Fundamental Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Hubei, China
| | - Liuqing Wei
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Hubei, China.,Brain and Cognition Research Center (BCRC), Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Hubei, China
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Liang P, Jiang JY, Liu Q, Zhang SL, Yang HJ. Mechanism of Cross-modal Information Influencing Taste. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:474-479. [PMID: 32681252 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the integration of cross-modal information with taste perception has been mostly limited to uni-modal level. The cross-modal sensory interaction and the neural network of information processing and its control were not fully explored and the mechanisms remain poorly understood. This mini review investigated the impact of uni-modal and multi-modal information on the taste perception, from the perspective of cognitive status, such as emotion, expectation and attention, and discussed the hypothesis that the cognitive status is the key step for visual sense to exert influence on taste. This work may help researchers better understand the mechanism of cross-modal information processing and further develop neutrally-based artificial intelligent (AI) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Liang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China. .,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Jia-Yu Jiang
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,Brain and Cognition Research Center, Faculty of Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China.,Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China
| | - Su-Lin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
| | - Hua-Jing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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Xu M, Dupuis-Roy N, Jiang J, Guo C, Xiao X. Event-Related Brain Potentials Associated With the Olfactory-Visual Stroop Effect and Its Modulation by Olfactory-Induced Emotional States. Front Psychol 2020; 11:583. [PMID: 32328011 PMCID: PMC7160315 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the event-related brain potentials associated with the olfactory-visual cross-modal Stroop effect and its modulation by olfactory-induced and self-reported affective states. Eighteen healthy participants were presented with an olfactory stimulus and the image of a plant, and they had to categorize the olfactory attribute of the image as “aromatic” or “pungent” by pressing the relevant button as quickly as possible. The type of olfactory-visual stimuli (congruent or incongruent) and the valence of the olfactory-induced emotional states (positive or negative) were manipulated following a 2 × 2 factorial design. Interference effects were observed at the behavioral and the electrophysiological levels: response times recorded in the incongruent condition were higher than those observed in the congruent condition; an incongruent minus congruent negative difference component was discovered between 350 and 550 ms after stimulus onset in the negative—but not in the positive—olfactory-induced emotional state condition. This ND350-550 component was interpreted as reflecting the amount of selective attention involved in the olfactory-visual cross-modal Stroop effect. These results are also consistent with a facilitatory effect of positive emotional state on selective attention which could reduce brain potentials associated with the cross-modal interference effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xu
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Basic Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengyao Guo
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Brain potentials associated with the shape Stroop effect. Neuroreport 2016; 27:306-10. [PMID: 26862935 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore, for the first time, the electrophysiological correlates of the shape Stroop effect. Fifteen healthy individuals were presented with a frame and a name of an object with a typical shape in life and asked to categorize the object's typical shape in life as a 'circle', a 'square,' or a 'triangle' by pressing the relevant button as quickly as possible. Accurate categorization of the name of an object was faster when it was presented with a congruent shape frame (e.g. name of a tyre/circle frame) than with an incongruent one (e.g. name of a tyre/square frame). Scalp ERPs analysis showed that the incongruent condition elicited a more negative component N430 and a more late positive component LPC than the congruent condition. N430 is a critical sign of conflict detection in the early stage, whereas late positive component reflects the response conflict in the late stage. The results provided evidence for the dissociation between conflict detection and conflict resolution in the shape Stroop effect.
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