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Pérez-Núñez R, González MF, Avalos AM, Leyton L. Impacts of PI3K/protein kinase B pathway activation in reactive astrocytes: from detrimental effects to protective functions. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1031-1041. [PMID: 38845231 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant type of glial cell in the central nervous system. Upon injury and inflammation, astrocytes become reactive and undergo morphological and functional changes. Depending on their phenotypic classification as A1 or A2, reactive astrocytes contribute to both neurotoxic and neuroprotective responses, respectively. However, this binary classification does not fully capture the diversity of astrocyte responses observed across different diseases and injuries. Transcriptomic analysis has revealed that reactive astrocytes have a complex landscape of gene expression profiles, which emphasizes the heterogeneous nature of their reactivity. Astrocytes actively participate in regulating central nervous system inflammation by interacting with microglia and other cell types, releasing cytokines, and influencing the immune response. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway is a central player in astrocyte reactivity and impacts various aspects of astrocyte behavior, as evidenced by in silico , in vitro , and in vivo results. In astrocytes, inflammatory cues trigger a cascade of molecular events, where nuclear factor-κB serves as a central mediator of the pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we review the heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes and the molecular mechanisms underlying their activation. We highlight the involvement of various signaling pathways that regulate astrocyte reactivity, including the PI3K/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), α v β 3 integrin/PI3K/AKT/connexin 43, and Notch/PI3K/AKT pathways. While targeting the inactivation of the PI3K/AKT cellular signaling pathway to control reactive astrocytes and prevent central nervous system damage, evidence suggests that activating this pathway could also yield beneficial outcomes. This dual function of the PI3K/AKT pathway underscores its complexity in astrocyte reactivity and brain function modulation. The review emphasizes the importance of employing astrocyte-exclusive models to understand their functions accurately and these models are essential for clarifying astrocyte behavior. The findings should then be validated using in vivo models to ensure real-life relevance. The review also highlights the significance of PI3K/AKT pathway modulation in preventing central nervous system damage, although further studies are required to fully comprehend its role due to varying factors such as different cell types, astrocyte responses to inflammation, and disease contexts. Specific strategies are clearly necessary to address these variables effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Pérez-Núñez
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Fernanda González
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana María Avalos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Cellular Communication Laboratory, Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Center for Studies on Exercise, Metabolism and Cancer (CEMC), Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Zheng B, Geng Y, Li Y, Huang H, Liu A. Specificity protein 1/3 regulate T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell proliferation and apoptosis through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p. Ann Hematol 2024; 103:2945-2960. [PMID: 38829410 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-024-05764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a hematologic heterogeneous disease. This study explored the mechanism of specificity protein 1/3 (Sp1/3) in T-ALL cells through β-catenin by acting as targets of miR-495-3p. Expression levels of miR-495-3p, Sp1, Sp3, and β-catenin in the serum from T-ALL children patients, healthy controls, and the T-ALL cell lines were measured. The cell proliferation ability and apoptosis rate were detected. Levels of proliferation-related proteins proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)/cyclinD1 and apoptosis-related proteins B-cell lymphoma-2 associated X protein (Bax)/B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) were determined. The binding of Sp1/3 and β-catenin promoter and the targeted relationship between miR-495-3p with Sp1/3 were analyzed. Sp1/3 were upregulated in CD4+ T-cells in T-ALL and were linked with leukocyte count and risk classification. Sp1/3 interference prevented proliferation and promoted apoptosis in T-ALL cells. Sp1/3 transcription factors activated β-catenin expression. Sp1/3 enhanced T-ALL cell proliferation by facilitating β-catenin expression. miR-495-3p targeted and repressed Sp1/3 expressions. miR-495-3p overexpression inhibited T-ALL cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Conjointly, Sp1/3, as targets of miR-495-3p limit apoptosis and promote proliferation in T-ALL cells by promoting β-catenin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zheng
- Hematology clinic, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yueqi Geng
- Hematology clinic, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Hematology, Hainan Cancer Hospital, Haikou, China
| | - Huixiong Huang
- Hematology clinic, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Aichun Liu
- Hematology clinic, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No.150 Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150081, China.
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3
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Zhang Z, Li X, Ma L, Wang S, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Guo X, Niu Q. LNC000152 Mediates Aluminum-Induced Proliferation of Reactive Astrocytes. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:11958-11968. [PMID: 38496998 PMCID: PMC10938322 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Aluminum is a metal element with significant neurotoxicity, and there is a substantial correlation between aluminum exposure and cognitive dysfunction. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is widely used as a marker of reactive astrocyte proliferation in response to pathological injury of the central nervous system. Studies of various neurodegenerative diseases have confirmed that the expression changes in GFAP are associated with nerve injury. We investigated the role of LNC000152 in the aluminum-induced reactive proliferation of astrocytes. By establishing two aluminum-exposed cell models of rat primary astrocytes and CTX-TNA2 cell lines, we examined the expression of LNC000152 and GFAP and detected cell proliferation with EdU and cell cycle changes with flow cytometry. The role of aluminum in promoting glial cell proliferation was verified; the expression levels of LNC000152 and GFAP increased with the concentration of aluminum exposure. Intervention of LNC000152 expression by siRNA technology revealed that LNC000152 affected glial cell responsive proliferation by influencing GFAP expression. These results suggest that LNC000152 plays a role in the reactive proliferation of astrocytes induced by aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoran Zhang
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Limin Ma
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Section
of Occupational Medicine, Department of Special Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Jingsi Zhang
- Section
of Occupational Medicine, Department of Special Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
| | - Qiao Niu
- Department
of Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, China
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4
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Zhao X, Chen C, Luo Y, Li D, Wang Q, Fang Y, Kang P. Connexin43 overexpression promotes bone regeneration by osteogenesis and angiogenesis in rat glucocorticoid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Dev Biol 2023; 496:73-86. [PMID: 36805498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GIONFH) is a devastating orthopedic disease. Previous studies suggested that connexin43 is involved in the process of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. However, the role of Cx43 potentiates in the osteogenesis and angiogenesis of bone marrow-derived stromal stem cells (BMSCs) in GIONFH is still not investigated. In this study, BMSCs were isolated and transfected with green fluorescent protein or the fusion gene encoding GFP and Cx43. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs were detected after transfected with Cx43. In addition, the migration abilities and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were been detected after induced by transfected BMSCs supernatants in vitro. Finally, we established GC-ONFH rat model, then, a certain amount of transfected or controlled BMSCs were injected into the tibia of the rats. Immunohistological staining and micro-CT scanning results showed that the transplanted experiment group had significantly promoted more bone regeneration and vessel volume when compared with the effects of the negative or control groups. This study demonstrated for the first time that the Cx43 overexpression in BMSCs could promote bone regeneration as seen in the osteogenesis and angiogenesis process, suggesting that Cx43 may serve as a therapeutic gene target for GIONFH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250021, People's Republic of China; Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuru Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Fang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengde Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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Lin X, Yang Y, Ji Y, Wang G, Xu W, Wang B, Guo H, Ren J, Yan J, Wang N. MiR-135a-5p/SP1 Axis Regulates Spinal Astrocyte Proliferation and Migration. Neuroscience 2023; 515:12-24. [PMID: 36764602 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), astrocyte activation and proliferation result in the development of glial scars, which impede axonal growth and neurological recovery. Dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) during SCI results in altered expression of downstream genes. Our previous study has revealed that miR-135a-5p regulates neuronal apoptosis and axonal growth by targeting specificity protein 1 (SP1). This study attempted to investigate whether the miR-135a-5p/SP1 axis has regulatory effect on astrocytes. Herein, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) reduced miR-135a-5p expression in astrocytes. miR-135a-5p overexpression in astrocytes resulted in a decrease in CyclinD1, MMP9, GFAP, and vimentin proteins, and thus attenuated LPS-induced proliferation and migration of astrocytes. Moreover, miR-135a-5p overexpression decreased astrocyte size and the total quantity of cell protrusions, suggesting a role for miR-135a-5p in regulating astrocyte morphology. SP1 silencing also decreased astrocyte proliferation and migration by LPS. SP1 silencing could significantly reverse the promoting effect of miR-135a-5p inhibition on astrocyte proliferation and migration. In summary, the miR-135a-5p/SP1 axis regulates astrocyte proliferation and migration after SCI. This finding benefits for the development of novel ways in treating SCI effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Ye Ji
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Guangxi Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Hangyu Guo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jiyu Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China
| | - Jinglong Yan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China.
| | - Nanxiang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, PR China.
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Ski regulates the inflammatory response of reactive astrocytes induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) through the NF-κB pathway. Neuroscience 2022; 490:250-263. [PMID: 35339646 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a common disease of the nervous system, including primary and secondary injuries.Neuronal inflammation after SCI is the most important pathological process of SCI and a chemical barrier to nerve function recovery after injury.Ski, an evolutionarily conserved functional transcriptional regulator protein, is upregulated in reactive astrocytes after SCI and regulates the biological characteristics of astrocytes. However, its role in the glial inflammatory response triggered by reactive astrocytes after spinal cord ischemia and its exact mechanism remains unclear. This study investigated the role and mechanism of Ski in the inflammatory response triggered by reactive astrocytes induced by oxygen and sugar deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model in vitro. In the ODG/R model, Ski expression was upregulated.In contrast, Ski upregulation was accompanied by increased levels of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and other inflammation-related factors.These results indicated that the inflammatory response triggered by astrocytes was significantly enhanced in OGD/R-stimulated astrocytes. Astrocytes were transfected with Ski specific siRNA to knock out Ski and subsequently attenuate OGD-induced astrocyte-triggered inflammation.Our results also suggest that Ski downregulation downregulates the expression of iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in OGD/R-induced reactive astrocytes by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, downregulation of Ski can effectively inhibit glial inflammation in SCI by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway.These findings suggest that Ski is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory responses after SCI.In conclusion, Ski downregulation can effectively inhibit glial inflammation in SCI by inhibiting the activity of the NF-κB pathway. These findings suggest that Ski might serve as a promising target for the treatment of inflammatory responses after SCI.
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7
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Liao HY, Wang ZQ, Da CM, Zhou KS, Zhang HH. Ski regulates proliferation and migration of reactive astrocytes induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) through PI3K/Akt pathway. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 364:577807. [PMID: 35007896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide. Reactive astrogliosis, a typical feature of SCI, undergoes various molecular and morphological changes and contributes to glial scar formation, which impedes axonal regeneration. Ski is a novel molecule that regulates the biological characteristics of astrocytes after spinal cord injury, but its function and the exact mechanism of its overexpression in reactive astrocyte proliferation and migration after SCI remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect and mechanism of Ski on the proliferation and migration of reactive astrocytes, and to regulate the spatiotemporal formation of glial scars after SCI. In an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced astrocyte injury model, the expression of Ski was upregulated in a time-dependent manner in LPS-induced astrocytes, and the upregulation of Ski was accompanied by that of PCNA, CDK4, CyclinD1, and other proliferation-related proteins. Our findings suggest that Ski promotes the proliferation and migration of reactive astrocytes. Next, astrocytes were transfected with a specific lentivirus to cause the overexpression of Ski, which significantly enhanced the proliferation and migration of reactive astrocytes and LPS-induced activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The PI3K/Akt pathway inhibitor LY294002 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of LPS-induced reactive astrocytes after Ski overexpression. In conclusion, Ski regulates LPS-induced astrocyte proliferation and migration through the PI3K/Akt pathway, making Ski a promising target for strategies to combat glial scarring after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Kai-Sheng Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Department of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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8
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Da CM, Liao HY, Deng YS, Zhao GH, Ma L, Zhang HH. Transcription Factor SP2 Regulates Ski-mediated Astrocyte Proliferation In Vitro. Neuroscience 2021; 479:22-34. [PMID: 34687796 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors bind specific sequences upstream of the 5' end of their target genes to ensure proper spatiotemporal expression of the target gene. This study aims to demonstrate that the transcription factor SP2 regulates expression of the Ski gene, which has specific binding sites for SP2, and thus enables Ski to regulate astrocyte proliferation. The upstream regulation mechanism of astrocyte proliferation was explored to further regulate the formation of glial scar in specific time and space after spinal cord injury. JASPAR and UCSC databases were used to predict transcription factor binding and the threshold was gradually reduced to screen transcription factors upstream of Ski, leading to the identification of SP2. Next, we analyzed the correlation between the expression of SP2 and Ski in normal astrocytes and reactive astrocytes, as well as the changes in astrocyte proliferation. To confirm that SP2 regulates Ski during astrocyte proliferation, astrocytes were transfected siRNA targeting SP2 and then astrocyte proliferation were analyzed. Finally, a dual luciferase reporter assay and Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay confirmed that the promoter region of Ski contained a specific SP2 binding site. This is the first that SP2 has been identified and confirmed to play an important role in astrocyte proliferation by regulating Ski expression. These results may help identify novel targets for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 143Qilihe North Street, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Yin-Shuan Deng
- Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 143Qilihe North Street, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Guang-Hai Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 143Qilihe North Street, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Gansu Provincial Maternal and Child Health Hospital, 143Qilihe North Street, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China.
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Ding Z, Dai C, Shan W, Liu R, Lu W, Gao W, Zhang H, Huang W, Guan J, Yin Z. TNF-α up-regulates Nanog by activating NF-κB pathway to induce primary rat spinal cord astrocytes dedifferentiation. Life Sci 2021; 287:120126. [PMID: 34758295 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Astrocytes re-acquire stem cell potential upon inflammation, thereby becoming a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine. Nanog is an essential transcription factor to maintain the characteristics of stem cells. We aimed to investigate the role of Nanog in astrocyte dedifferentiation. MAIN METHODS TNF-α was used to induce the dedifferentiation of primary rat spinal cord astrocytes. The expression of immature markers CD44 and Musashi-1 was detected by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence. The Nanog gene is knocked down by small interference RNA. Nanog expression was measured by qRT-PCR and western blotting. BAY 11-7082 was used to suppress NF-κB signals in astrocytes. NF-κB signaling was evaluated by Western blotting. KEY FINDINGS Our results showed that TNF-α promoted the re-expression of CD44 and Musashi-1 in astrocytes. Dedifferentiated astrocytes could be induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte lineage cells indicating that the astrocytes had pluripotency. In addition, TNF-α treatment activated NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulated Nanog. Knockdown of Nanog reversed the increase of CD44 and Musashi-1 induced by TNF-α without affecting the activation of NF-κB signaling. Importantly, blocking NF-κB signaling by BAY 11-7082 inhibited the expression of immature markers suggesting that TNF-α induces dedifferentiation of astrocytes through the NF-κB signaling pathway. BAY 11-7082 could also inhibit the expression of Nanog, which indicated that Nanog was regulated by NF-κB signaling pathway. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate that activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway through TNF-α leads to astrocytes dedifferentiation via Nanog. These results expand our understanding of the mechanism of astrocytes dedifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Intersection of Guangde Road and Leshui Road, Hefei 230011, Anhui, China
| | - Wenshan Shan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China.
| | - Jianzhong Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, 287#Chang Huai Road, Bengbu 230071, Anhui, China; Anhui Key Laboratory of Tissue Transplantation, 2600#Dong Hai Avenue, Bengbu 233030, Anhui, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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10
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Ding Z, Dai C, Zhong L, Liu R, Gao W, Zhang H, Yin Z. Neuregulin-1 converts reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells via upregulating the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway to repair spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111168. [PMID: 33395598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal demyelination is a consistent pathological characteristic of Spinal cord injury (SCI). Promoting differentiation of oligodendrocytes is of importance for remyelination. Conversion of reactive astrocytes with stem cell potential to oligodendrocytes is proposed as an innovative strategy for SCI repair. Neuregulin-1 (Nrg1) plays an essential role in the differentiation of oligodendrocytes. Therefore, it's a potential treatment for demyelination in SCI that using Nrg1 to drive reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells. In this study, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was used to induce dedifferentiation of primary rat spinal cord astrocytes into reactive astrocytes and Nrg1 was used to induce astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that astrocytes treated with TNF-α expressed immaturity markers CD44 and Musashi1 at mRNA and protein levels, indicating that TNF-α induced the stem cell state of astrocytes. Nrg1 induced reactive astrocytes to express oligodendrocyte markers PDGFR-α and O4 at mRNA and protein levels, indicating that Nrg1 directly converts reactive astrocytes toward oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Moreover, upregulation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling activation in response to Nrg1 was observed. In rats with SCI, intrathecal treatment with Nrg1 converted reactive astrocytes to oligodendrocyte lineage cells, inhibited astrogliosis, promoted remyelination, protected axons and eventually improved BBB score. All the biological effects of Nrg1 were significantly reversed by the co-administration of Nrg1 and ErbB inhibitor, suggesting that Nrg1 functioned through the receptor ErbB. Our findings indicate that Nrg1 is sufficient to trans-differentiate reactive astrocytes to oligodendrocytes via the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and repair SCI. Delivery of Nrg1 for the remyelination processes could be a promising strategy for spinal cord repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ce Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lin Zhong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 218#Ji Xi Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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11
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Liao HY, Da CM, Wu ZL, Zhang HH. Ski: Double roles in cancers. Clin Biochem 2020; 87:1-12. [PMID: 33188772 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2020.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The Ski (Sloan-Kettering Institute) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that plays a dual role as an oncoprotein and tumor suppressor gene in the development of human cancer. The Ski oncogene was first identified as a transforming protein of the avian Sloan-Kettering retrovirus in 1986. Since its discovery, Ski has been identified as a carcinogenic regulator in a variety of malignant tumors. Later, it was reported that Ski regulates the occurrence and development of some cancers by acting as an oncogene. Ski mediates the proliferation, differentiation, metastasis, and invasion of numerous cancer cells through various mechanisms. Several studies have shown that Ski expression is correlated with the clinical characteristics of cancer patients and is a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms and potential clinical implications of Ski in dimorphism, cancer occurrence, and progression in various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yang Liao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Ming Da
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zuo-Long Wu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou 730030, PR China; Orthopaedics Key Laboratory of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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12
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Liu F, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Lu Y, Lu X. MiR-208a aggravates H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte injury by targeting APC. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 864:172668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Zhao X, Fang Y, Wang X, Yang Z, Li D, Tian M, Kang P. Knockdown of Ski decreases osteosarcoma cell proliferation and migration by suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:206-218. [PMID: 31746363 PMCID: PMC6910224 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ski, an evolutionary conserved protein, is involved in the development of a number of tumors, such as Barrett's esophagus, leukemia, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, hemangiomas and melanoma. However, studies on the functions of Ski in osteosarcoma (OS) are limited. In this study, firstly the differential expression of Ski in OS tissues and osteochondroma tissues was detected, and the expression of Ski in both human OS cell lines (MG63 and U2OS) and normal osteoblasts (hFoB1.19) was then detected. The results demonstrated that Ski expression was significantly upregulated in both human OS tissues and cell lines. The results led us to hypothesize that Ski may play an essential role in the pathological process of OS. Thus, Ski specific small interfere RNA (Ski-siRNA) was used. The results revealed that OS cell proliferation was markedly inhibited following the knockdown of Ski, which was identified by CCK8 assay, EdU staining and cell cycle analysis. In addition, OS cell migration was significantly suppressed following Ski knockdown, which was identified by wound healing assay. Moreover, the protein levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt in OS cells declined prominently following Ski knockdown. On the whole, the findings of this study revealed that Ski expression was significantly upregulated in OS tissue and OS cells. The knockdown of Ski decreased OS cell proliferation and migration, which was mediated by blocking the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Thus, Ski may act as a tumor promoter gene in tumorigenesis, and Ski may prove to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Fang
- Weifang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P.R. China
| | - Xingwen Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Zhouyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Meng Tian
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan Univerisity, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Pengde Kang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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14
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Zhao X, Wei Z, Li D, Yang Z, Tian M, Kang P. Glucocorticoid Enhanced the Expression of Ski in Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head: The Effect on Adipogenesis of Rabbit BMSCs. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:506-517. [PMID: 31359074 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00592-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteonecrosis has been considered as the most serious side effect in long-term or over-dose steroid therapy. The decreased bone mass and increased marrow fat tissue demonstrated that GC can destroy the normal differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), which accelerates adipogenesis but not osteogenesis. However, the underlying mechanisms are still unclear. Ski, an evolutionary conserved protein, is a multifunctional transcriptional regulator that involved in regulating signaling pathways associated with adipogenesis differentiation, but the concrete function remains unclear. In this work, we first established a methylprednisolone (MPS)-induced osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH) rabbit model, in which the expression of Ski, PPAR-γ, and FABP4 was up-regulated compared with control group, and then we induced the isolated BMSCs from rabbit with dexamethasone (Dex) in vitro and the results showed that the Ski expression was up-regulated by Dex in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Therefore, we demonstrated that the expression of Ski was up-regulated in glucocorticoid-related osteonecrosis disease in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, the adipogenesis differentiation capacity of BMSCs was enhanced after induced by Dex, which was identified by Oil Red O staining, and the up-regulated PPAR-γ and FABP4 expression. To further study the function of Ski in BMSC after induced by Dex, Ski specific small interfering RNA (Ski-siRNA) was used. Results showed that knockdown of Ski obviously decreased adipogenesis differentiation evident by Oil Red O staining, and the expression of PPAR-γ and FABP4 was down-regulated simultaneously. Collectively, our findings suggest that Ski increased significantly during glucocorticoid-induced adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and the expression level was consistent with adipogenic-related proteins including PPAR-γ and FABP4. Based on the above data, we believe that Ski might become a new molecule in the treatment of GC-induced ONFH and our study could provide a basis for further study on the detailed function of Ski in ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhun Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Donghai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhouyuan Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Tian
- Neurosurgery Research Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan Univerisity, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengde Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Wainan Guoxue Road, Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Acute Neuroinflammatory Response in the Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta of Rats after a Local Injection of Lipopolysaccharide. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1838921. [PMID: 29854828 PMCID: PMC5964493 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1838921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Models of Parkinson's disease with neurotoxins have shown that microglial activation does not evoke a typical inflammatory response in the substantia nigra, questioning whether neuroinflammation leads to neurodegeneration. To address this issue, the archetypal inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was injected into the rat substantia nigra. LPS induced fever, sickness behavior, and microglial activation (OX42 immunoreactivity), followed by astrocyte activation and leukocyte infiltration (GFAP and CD45 immunoreactivities). During the acute phase of neuroinflammation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-4, and IL-10) responded differentially at mRNA and protein level. Increased NO production and lipid peroxidation occurred at 168 h after LPS injection. At this time, evidence of neurodegeneration could be seen, entailing decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity, irregular body contour, and prolongation discontinuity of TH+ cells, as well as apparent phagocytosis of TH+ cells by OX42+ cells. Altogether, these results show that LPS evokes a typical inflammatory response in the substantia nigra that is followed by dopaminergic neurodegeneration.
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16
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Zhao X, Zhou K, Li Z, Nan W, Wang J, Xia Y, Zhang H. Knockdown of Ski decreased the reactive astrocytes proliferation in vitro induced by oxygen‐glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4548-4558. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Kai‐Sheng Zhou
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Zhong‐Hao Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Wei Nan
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Jing Wang
- Orthopaedics Key laboratory of Gansu ProvinceLanzhouPR China
| | - Ya‐Yi Xia
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
| | - Hai‐Hong Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouPR China
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17
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Gladkov A, Grinchuk O, Pigareva Y, Mukhina I, Kazantsev V, Pimashkin A. Theta rhythm-like bidirectional cycling dynamics of living neuronal networks in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192468. [PMID: 29415033 PMCID: PMC5802926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomena of synchronization, rhythmogenesis and coherence observed in brain networks are believed to be a dynamic substrate for cognitive functions such as learning and memory. However, researchers are still debating whether the rhythmic activity emerges from the network morphology that developed during neurogenesis or as a result of neuronal dynamics achieved under certain conditions. In the present study, we observed self-organized spiking activity that converged to long, complex and rhythmically repeated superbursts in neural networks formed by mature hippocampal cultures with a high cellular density. The superburst lasted for tens of seconds and consisted of hundreds of short (50-100 ms) small bursts with a high spiking rate of 139.0 ± 78.6 Hz that is associated with high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus. In turn, the bursting frequency represents a theta rhythm (11.2 ± 1.5 Hz). The distribution of spikes within the bursts was non-random, representing a set of well-defined spatio-temporal base patterns or motifs. The long superburst was classified into two types. Each type was associated with a unique direction of spike propagation and, hence, was encoded by a binary sequence with random switching between the two "functional" states. The precisely structured bidirectional rhythmic activity that developed in self-organizing cultured networks was quite similar to the activity observed in the in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseniy Gladkov
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Cell Technology Department, Central Research Laboratory, Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Oleg Grinchuk
- Information Science and Technology Department, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yana Pigareva
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Irina Mukhina
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Cell Technology Department, Central Research Laboratory, Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Victor Kazantsev
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Pimashkin
- Laboratory of Neuroengineering, Center of Translational Technologies, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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