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Raheel K, See QR, Munday V, Fakhroo B, Ivanenko O, Salvatelli ML, Mutti C, Goadsby PJ, Delogu A, Naismith SL, Holland P, Parrino L, Chaudhuri KR, Rosenzweig I. Orexin and Sleep Disturbances in Alpha-Synucleinopathies: a Systematic Review. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024; 24:389-412. [PMID: 39031323 PMCID: PMC11349833 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01359-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Sleep disturbances are amongst most frequent non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease (PD), and they are similarly frequently reported in other alpha-syncleinopathies, such as Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). More recently, the orexin system has been implicated in control of arousal based on salient environmental set points, and its dysregulation in sleep issues in alpha-synucleinopathies suggested by the findings from the translational animal models. However, its role in the patients with alpha-synucleinopathies remains unclear. We thus set to systematically review, and to critically assess, contemporary evidence on the association of the orexinergic system and sleep disturbances in alpha-synucleinopathies. In this systematic review, studies investigating orexin and sleep in alpha-synucleinopathies (Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Behaviour Disorder (RBD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)) were identified using electronic database searches of PubMed, Web of Science and PsychINFO using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words such as "Alpha-synucleinopathies" AND "Orexin" AND "Sleep Disturbances". RECENT FINDINGS 17 studies were included in this systemic review, of which 2 studies on RBD, 10 on PD, 4 on DLB, and 1 on MSA patients. Taken together, RBD and PD studies suggest a potential adaptive increase in orexin levels in early stages of the neurodegenerative process, with reduced levels more often reported for later, more advanced stages of illness. To date, no differences in orexin levels were demonstrated between MSA patients and healthy controls. There is a dearth of studies on the role of orexin levels in alpha-synucleinopathies. Moreover, significant methodologic limitations in the current body of work, including use of non-standardised research protocols and lack of prospective, multi-centre studies, disallow for any finite conclusion in regards to underlying pathomechanisms. Nonetheless, a picture of a complex, multifaceted relationship between the dysregulation of the orexinergic pathway and sleep disturbances in alpha-synucleinopathies is emerging. Hence, future studies disentangling orexinergic pathomechanisms of alpha-syncleinopathies are urgently needed to obtain a more comprehensive account of the role of orexinergic pathway in alpha-synucleinopathies. Pharmacological manipulations of orexins may have multiple therapeutic applications in treatment strategies, disease diagnosis, and might be effective for treating both motor and non-motor symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausar Raheel
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Qi Rui See
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Veronica Munday
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Basma Fakhroo
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Olga Ivanenko
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marcello Luigi Salvatelli
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Carlotta Mutti
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - Peter J Goadsby
- NIHR-Wellcome Trust King's Clinical Research Facility, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Alessio Delogu
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Sharon L Naismith
- Healthy Brain Ageing Program, School of Psychology; Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, & Charles Perkins Centre, Camperdown, Sydney, Australia
| | - Phil Holland
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Liborio Parrino
- Sleep Disorders Center, Department of General and Specialized Medicine, University Hospital of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neurology Unit, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy
| | - K Ray Chaudhuri
- Movement Disorders Unit, King's College Hospital and Department of Clinical and Basic Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience and Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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Pang B, Wu X, Chen H, Yan Y, Du Z, Yu Z, Yang X, Wang W, Lu K. Exploring the memory: existing activity-dependent tools to tag and manipulate engram cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1279032. [PMID: 38259503 PMCID: PMC10800721 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1279032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The theory of engrams, proposed several years ago, is highly crucial to understanding the progress of memory. Although it significantly contributes to identifying new treatments for cognitive disorders, it is limited by a lack of technology. Several scientists have attempted to validate this theory but failed. With the increasing availability of activity-dependent tools, several researchers have found traces of engram cells. Activity-dependent tools are based on the mechanisms underlying neuronal activity and use a combination of emerging molecular biological and genetic technology. Scientists have used these tools to tag and manipulate engram neurons and identified numerous internal connections between engram neurons and memory. In this review, we provide the background, principles, and selected examples of applications of existing activity-dependent tools. Using a combination of traditional definitions and concepts of engram cells, we discuss the applications and limitations of these tools and propose certain developmental directions to further explore the functions of engram cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Pang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hailun Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Yan
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibo Du
- The First Clinical Medical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Yu
- School of Basic Medicine Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ankang Central Hospital, Ankang, China
| | - Wanshan Wang
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Southern Medical Laboratory Animal Sci. and Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangrong Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Xue T, Wang S, Chen S, Wang H, Liu C, Shi L, Bai Y, Zhang C, Han C, Zhang J. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation attenuates motor seizures via modulating the nigral orexin pathway. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1157060. [PMID: 37214393 PMCID: PMC10196042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1157060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Focal motor seizures that originate in the motor region are a considerable challenge because of the high risk of permanent motor deficits after resection. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is a potential treatment for motor epilepsy that may enhance the antiepileptic actions of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr). Orexin and its receptors have a relationship with both STN-DBS and epilepsy. We aimed to investigate whether and how STN inputs to the SNr regulate seizures and the role of the orexin pathway in this process. Methods A penicillin-induced motor epileptic model in adult male C57BL/6 J mice was established to evaluate the efficacy of STN-DBS in modulating seizure activities. Optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches were employed to regulate STN-SNr circuits. Selective orexin receptor type 1 and 2 antagonists were used to inhibit the orexin pathway. Results First, we found that high-frequency ipsilateral or bilateral STN-DBS was effective in reducing seizure activity in the penicillin-induced motor epilepsy model. Second, inhibition of STN excitatory neurons and STN-SNr projections alleviates seizure activities, whereas their activation amplifies seizure activities. In addition, activation of the STN-SNr circuits also reversed the protective effect of STN-DBS on motor epilepsy. Finally, we observed that STN-DBS reduced the elevated expression of orexin and its receptors in the SNr during seizures and that using a combination of selective orexin receptor antagonists also reduced seizure activity. Conclusion STN-DBS helps reduce motor seizure activity by inhibiting the STN-SNr circuit. Additionally, orexin receptor antagonists show potential in suppressing motor seizure activity and may be a promising therapeutic option in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunkui Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlei Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Tabikh M, Chahla C, Okdeh N, Kovacic H, Sabatier JM, Fajloun Z. Parkinson disease: Protective role and function of neuropeptides. Peptides 2022; 151:170713. [PMID: 34929264 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are bioactive molecules, made up of small chains of amino acids, with many neuromodulatory properties. Several lines of evidence suggest that neuropeptides, mainly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in the onset of Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathology. The wide spread disruption of neuropeptides has been excessively demonstrated to be related to the pathophysiological symptoms in PD where impairment in motor function per example was correlated with neuropeptides dysregulation in the substantia niagra (SN). Moreover, the levels of different neuropeptides have been found modified in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood of PD patients, indicating their potential role in the manifestation of PD symptoms and dysfunctions. In this review, we outlined the neuroprotective effects of neuropeptides on dopaminergic neuronal loss, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in several models and tissues of PD. Our main focus was to elaborate the role of orexin, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), opioids, angiotensin, carnosine and many others in the protection and/or involvement in the neurodegeneration of striatal dopaminergic cells. Further studies are required to better assess the mode of action and cellular mechanisms of neuropeptides in order to shift the focus from the in vitro and in vivo testing to applicable clinical testing. This review, allows a support for future use of neuropeptides as therapeutic solution for PA pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Tabikh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Chahla
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nathalie Okdeh
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Herve Kovacic
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Aix-Marseille, Institut de Neuro-Physiopathologie, UMR 7051, Boulevard Pierre Dramard-CS80011, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France.
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Faculty of Sciences 3, Department of Biology, Lebanese University, Campus Michel Slayman Ras Maska, 1352, Tripoli, Lebanon; Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, 1300, Tripoli, Lebanon.
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Kumar S, Goyal L, Singh S. Tremor and Rigidity in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: Emphasis on Epidemiology, Pathophysiology and Contributing Factors. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2022; 21:596-609. [PMID: 34620070 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666211006142100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prominent neurodegenerative movement disorder after Alzheimer's disease, involving 2-3% of the population aged above 65 years. This is mainly triggered by the depletion of dopaminergic neurons located in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the region of basal ganglia. At present, diagnosis for symptoms of PD is clinical, contextual, unspecified and therapeutically incomprehensive. Analysis of various causes of PD is essential for an accurate examination of the disease. Among the different causes, such as tremors and rigidity, unresponsiveness to the current treatment approach contributes to mortality. In the present review article, we describe various key factors of pathogenesis and physiology associated with tremors and rigidity necessary for the treatment of PI (postural instability) in patients with PD. Additionally, several reports showing early tremor and rigidity causes, particularly age, cortex lesions, basal ganglia lesions, genetic abnormalities, weakened reflexes, nutrition, fear of fall, and altered biomechanics, have been explored. By summarizing the factors that contribute to the disease, histopathological studies can assess rigidity and tremor in PD. With a clear understanding of the contributing factors, various prospective studies can be done to assess the incidence of rigidity and tremors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Kumar
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Lav Goyal
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
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杨 鑫, 朱 苏, 靳 娜, 李 妍, 甄 骋, 张 环, 徐 爱, 汪 萌, 郑 超. [Orexin-A inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid current of neonatal rat spinal cord ventral horn neurons by activating OX 1R, OX 2R and Ca 2+-independent PKC]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:694-701. [PMID: 34134956 PMCID: PMC8214956 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.05.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of orexin-A on the functionality of ionotropic γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors in spinal cord ventral horn neurons and its mechanisms. OBJECTIVE The spinal cord containing the lumbosacral enlargement was isolated from neonatal SD rats (7-12 days old) and sliced. The slices were digested with papain (in 0.18 g/30 mL artificial cerebrospinal fluid) for 40-60 min, and the ventral horn neurons were separated acutely using fire-polished Pasteur pipettes. After the cells adhered to the bottom of Petri dishes, patch-clamp experiments combined with pharmacological methods were performed to test the effects of orexin-A on GABA currents of the neurons treated with SB334867 (a selective OX1R antagonist), TCSOX229 (a selective OX2R antagonist), Bis-Ⅳ (a PKC inhibitor), PMA (a PKC agonist), Rp-cAMP (a PKA inhibitor), or BAPTA (Ca2+ chelator). OBJECTIVE The isolated neurons maintained good morphologies with diverse shapes of cell body and long protrusions. Treatment with orexin-A significantly inhibited the amplitude of GABA-induced current (P < 0.001, n=49) with an inhibition rate of (67.48±12.50)%. SB334867 and TCSOX229, when applied simultaneously, completely abolished the suppressive effect of orexin-A on the GABA currents (P=0.93, n=6), and their separate use partially relieved the suppressive effect of orexin-A (P=0.001, n=8; P=0.02, n=8). The application of Bis-Ⅳ also abolished the suppressive effect of orexin-A on GABA currents (P=0.31, n=5). PMA mimicked the effect of orexin-A in these neurons and significantly inhibited GABA currents with an inhibition rate of (60.79±10.94)%, and the application of orexin-A did not cause further suppression of GABA currents in PMA-treated neurons (P=0.15, n=6). Orexin-A was still capable of suppressing GABA currents in Rp-cAMP-treated neurons (P=0.001, n=5). The extracellular Ca2+-free solution (P=0.004, n=8) or the presence of BAPTA (P=0.04, n=7) did not significantly affect the inhibitory effect of orexin-A on GABA currents. OBJECTIVE Orexin-A inhibits GABA currents in the ventral horn neurons of rat spinal cord probably by activating OX1R, OX2R and Ca2+-independent PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- 鑫宇 杨
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 苏月 朱
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 娜 靳
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 妍 李
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 骋 甄
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 环环 张
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 心理生理学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Psychophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 爱萍 徐
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 萌芽 汪
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 细胞电生理研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - 超 郑
- 皖南医学院生理科学研究所 神经生物学研究室,安徽 芜湖 241002Neurobiology Laboratory, Institute of Physiological Sciences, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
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Jin N, Zhu SY, Yang XY, Zhen C, Li Y, Zhang HH, Xu AP, Wang MY, Zheng C. Orexin-A potentiates glycine currents by activating OX 1R and IP 3/Ca 2+/PKC signaling pathways in spinal cord ventral horn neurons. Brain Res Bull 2021; 169:196-204. [PMID: 33515654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-A/B modulates multiple physical functions by activating their receptors (OX1R and OX2R), but its effects in the spinal cord motor control remain unknown. Using acute separation (by digestive enzyme) of cells and patch-clamp recordings, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanisms of orexin-A on the glycine receptors in the spinal cord ventral horn neurons. Orexin-A potentiated the glycine currents by activating OX1R. In Ca2+-free extracellular solution, orexin-A still increased the glycine currents. While, the orexin-A-induced potentiation was blocked when Ca2+ was chelated by internal infusion of BAPTA, and the orexin-A effect was abolished by the IP3 receptor antagonists heparin and Xe-C. The PKC inhibitor Bis-IV nullified the orexin-A effect. In addition, orexin-A did not cause a further enhancement of the glycine currents after bath application of the PKC activator PMA. In conclusion, after OX1R is activated, a distinct IP3/Ca2+-dependent PKC signaling pathway, is likely responsible for the orexin-A potentiation on glycine currents in the spinal cord ventral horn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jin
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Su-Yue Zhu
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xin-Yu Yang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yan Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China; Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zhang
- Psychophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Ai-Ping Xu
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Meng-Ya Wang
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.
| | - Chao Zheng
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China.
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Abdulhadi MH, Hussien NR, Al-Niemi MS, Rasheed HA, Al-Gareeb AI. Involvement of orexinergic system in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders: A scoping review. Brain Circ 2020; 6:70-80. [PMID: 33033776 PMCID: PMC7511915 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_42_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin is a neuropeptide secreted from lateral hypothalamus and pre-frontal cortex concerned in the wakefulness and excitement. This study aimed to review the possible neurobiological effect of orexin. A diversity of search strategies was adopted and assumed which included electronic database searches of Medline and PubMed using MeSH terms, keywords, and title words during the search. Orexin plays a vital role in activation of learning, memory acquisition, and consolidation through activation of monoaminergic system, which affect cognitive flexibility and cognitive function. Orexin stimulates adrenocorticotropin and corticosteroid secretions via activation of central corticotropin-releasing hormone. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum orexin serum levels are reduced in depression, schizophrenia, and narcolepsy. However, high orexin serum levels are revealed in drug addictions. Regarding neurodegenerative brain diseases, CSF and serum orexin serum levels are reduced Parkinson disease, Alzheimer dementia, Huntington's disease, amyotrphic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. Orexin antagonist leads to significant reduction of sympathetic over-activity during withdrawal syndrome. As well, orexin antagonist improves sleep pattern. Orexinergic system is involved in the different psychiatric and neurological disorders; therefore, targeting of this system could be possible novel pathway in the management of these disorders. In addition, measurement of CSF and serum orexin levels might predict the relapse and withdrawal of addict patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - May H Abdulhadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Nawar R Hussien
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Marwa S Al-Niemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Huda A Rasheed
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine Almustansiriya University, Baghdad, Iraq
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9
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Pan YP, Liu C, Liu MF, Wang Y, Bian K, Xue Y, Chen L. Involvement of orexin-A in the regulation of neuronal activity and emotional behaviors in central amygdala in rats. Neuropeptides 2020; 80:102019. [PMID: 31980205 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amygdala is a complex structure involved in the regulation of emotional behaviors including fear and anxiety. The central amygdala is the main output of the amygdala and plays an important role in emotional processing. Recent studies indicate that orexin, a kind of neuropeptides responsible for maintaining wakefulness, is also associated with emotion-related behaviors, such as depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Central amygdala receives orexinergic fibers originating from the lateral hypothalamus and expresses OX1 receptors in rats. To test the electrophysiological and behavioral effects of orexins in the central amygdala, single unit in vivo extracellular recordings, open field and elevated plus maze tests were performed in rats. Micro-pressure administration of orexin-A (0.01 mmol/L) increased the firing rate in 18 out of the 31 central amygdala neurons, while the other 13 neurons were not excited by orexin-A. The excitatory effects of orexin-A on central amygdala neurons were mainly mediated by OX1 receptors rather than OX2 receptors. Orexin-B (0.01 mmol/L) did not change the firing activity in all recorded central amygdala neurons. Selectively blocking OX1 receptors by SB-334867 (0.01 mmol/L) significantly decreased the spontaneous firing rate in 14 out of the 33 central amygdala neurons, leaving the remaining 19 neurons were not affected. However, blocking OX2 receptors by TCS-OX2-29 (0.01 mmol/L) did not change the firing activity. Finally, both open field test and elevated plus maze test showed that bilateral microinjection of orexin-A into the central amygdala induced significantly anxiolytic-like behaviors. The specific OX1 receptor antagonist tended to produce opposite effects although there was no statistical difference. The present electrophysiological and behavioral studies suggested that orexin-A participates in anxiety-like behaviors by modulating the spontaneous firing activity of central amygdala neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang Bian
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
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10
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Wang Y, Chen AQ, Xue Y, Liu MF, Liu C, Liu YH, Pan YP, Diao HL, Chen L. Orexins alleviate motor deficits via increasing firing activity of pallidal neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C800-C812. [PMID: 31365289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00125.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Orexin is a peptide neurotransmitter released in the globus pallidus. Morphological evidence reveals that both orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) exist in the globus pallidus. Here we showed that bilateral microinjection of both orexin-A and orexin-B into the globus pallidus alleviated motor deficits in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced parkinsonian mice. Further in vivo extracellular single-unit recording revealed that the basal spontaneous firing rate of the globus pallidus neurons in MPTP parkinsonian mice was slower than that of normal mice. Application of orexin-A or orexin-B significantly increased the spontaneous firing rate of pallidal neurons. The influx of Ca2+ through the L-type Ca2+ channel is the major mechanism involved in orexin-induced excitation in the globus pallidus. Orexin-A-induced increase in firing rate of pallidal neurons in MPTP parkinsonian mice was stronger than that of normal mice. Orexin-A exerted both electrophysiological and behavioral effects mainly via OX1R, and orexin-B exerted the effects via OX2R. Endogenous orexins modulated the excitability of globus pallidus neurons mainly through OX1R. The present behavioral and electrophysiological results suggest that orexins ameliorate parkinsonian motor deficits through increasing the spontaneous firing of globus pallidus neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - An-Qi Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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11
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Li GY, Zhuang QX, Zhang XY, Wang JJ, Zhu JN. Ionic Mechanisms Underlying the Excitatory Effect of Orexin on Rat Subthalamic Nucleus Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:153. [PMID: 31105528 PMCID: PMC6499184 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Central orexinergic system deficiency results in cataplexy, a motor deficit characterized with a sudden loss of muscle tone, highlighting a direct modulatory role of orexin in motor control. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the regulation of orexin on motor function are still largely unknown. The subthalamic nucleus (STN), the only excitatory structure of the basal ganglia, holds a key position in the basal ganglia circuitry and motor control. Previous study has revealed a wide distribution of orexinergic fibers as well as orexin receptors in the basal ganglia including the STN. Therefore, in the present study, by using whole-cell patch clamp recording and immunostaining techniques, the direct effect of orexin on the STN neurons in brain slices, especially the underlying receptor and ionic mechanisms, were investigated. Our results show that orexin-A elicits an excitatory effect on STN neurons in rats. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) does not block the orexin-induced excitation on STN neurons, suggesting a direct postsynaptic action of the neuropeptide. The orexin-A-induced inward current on STN neurons is mediated by the activation of both OX1 and OX2 receptors. Immunofluorescence result shows that OX1 and OX2 receptors are co-expressed and co-localized in STN neurons. Furthermore, Na+-Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) and inward rectifier K+ channels co-mediate the excitatory effect of orexin-A on STN neurons. These results demonstrate a dual receptor in conjunction with the downstream ionic mechanisms underlying the excitatory action of orexin on STN neurons, suggesting a potential modulation of the central orexinergic system on basal ganglia circuitry as well as its related motor control and motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qian-Xing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing-Ning Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Liu MF, Xue Y, Liu C, Liu YH, Diao HL, Wang Y, Pan YP, Chen L. Orexin-A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via OX1R in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 30524223 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00835.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Orexin-A is involved in many biological effects of the body. It has been reported that orexin-A has protective effects in cellular models of PD. However, little is known about the protective effects of orexin-A in animal parkinsonian models and the cellular mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orexin-A in MPTP mice model of PD as well as the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of orexin-A on dopaminergic neurons. The results from animal experiments demonstrated that orexin-A attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra, normalized the striatal dopaminergic fibers, and prevented the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. MPTP-treated mice showed cognitive impairments accompanied with significant motor deficiency. Orexin-A improved MPTP-induced impairments in both motor activity and spatial memory. Importantly, orexin-A increased the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the protective effects of orexin-A on MPTP parkinsonian mice could be blocked by orexinergic receptor 1 (OX1R) antagonist, SB334867. In another set of experiments with SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells, orexin-A significantly induced the expression of BDNF in a dose and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of BDNF is mainly concerned with PI3K and PKC signaling pathways via OX1R. The present study demonstrated that orexin-A exerted neuroprotective effects on MPTP parkinsonian mice, which may imply orexin-A as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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13
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Liu MF, Xue Y, Liu C, Liu YH, Diao HL, Wang Y, Pan YP, Chen L. Orexin-A Exerts Neuroprotective Effects via OX1R in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:835. [PMID: 30524223 PMCID: PMC6262320 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive and selective death of dopaminergic neurons. Orexin-A is involved in many biological effects of the body. It has been reported that orexin-A has protective effects in cellular models of PD. However, little is known about the protective effects of orexin-A in animal parkinsonian models and the cellular mechanism has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of orexin-A in MPTP mice model of PD as well as the possible neuroprotective mechanisms of orexin-A on dopaminergic neurons. The results from animal experiments demonstrated that orexin-A attenuated the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the substantia nigra, normalized the striatal dopaminergic fibers, and prevented the depletion of dopamine and its metabolites in the striatum. MPTP-treated mice showed cognitive impairments accompanied with significant motor deficiency. Orexin-A improved MPTP-induced impairments in both motor activity and spatial memory. Importantly, orexin-A increased the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Furthermore, the protective effects of orexin-A on MPTP parkinsonian mice could be blocked by orexinergic receptor 1 (OX1R) antagonist, SB334867. In another set of experiments with SH-SY5Y dopaminergic cells, orexin-A significantly induced the expression of BDNF in a dose and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of BDNF is mainly concerned with PI3K and PKC signaling pathways via OX1R. The present study demonstrated that orexin-A exerted neuroprotective effects on MPTP parkinsonian mice, which may imply orexin-A as a potential therapeutic target for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,College of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao, China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun-Hai Liu
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi-Peng Pan
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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14
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Liu C, Xue Y, Liu MF, Wang Y, Liu ZR, Diao HL, Chen L. Orexins increase the firing activity of nigral dopaminergic neurons and participate in motor control in rats. J Neurochem 2018; 147:380-394. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Liu
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Yan Xue
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Mei-Fang Liu
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Zi-Ran Liu
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Hui-Ling Diao
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physiology; Qingdao University; Qingdao China
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15
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Liu JJ, Mirabella VR, Pang ZP. Cell type- and pathway-specific synaptic regulation of orexin neurocircuitry. Brain Res 2018; 1731:145974. [PMID: 30296428 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Orexin-expressing neurons are located exclusively in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical areas and exhibit complex connectivity. The intricate wiring pattern is evident from a diverse function for orexin neurons in regulating many physiological processes and behaviors including sleep, metabolism, circadian cycles, anxiety, and reward. Nevertheless, the precise synaptic and circuitry-level mechanisms mediating these processes remain enigmatic, partially due to the wide spread connectivity of the orexin system, complex neurochemistry of orexin neurons, and previous lack of suitable tools to address its complexity. Here we summarize recent advances, focusing on synaptic regulatory mechanisms in the orexin neurocircuitry, including both the synaptic inputs to orexin neurons as well as their downstream targets in the brain. A clear and detailed elucidation of these mechanisms will likely provide novel insight into how dysfunction in orexin-mediated signaling leads to human disease and may ultimately be treated with more precise strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Liu
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Vincent R Mirabella
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Zhiping P Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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16
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Yakovleva OV, Lyashenko EA, Poluektov MG. Dysfunction of the orexin system in Parkinson's disease. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2018; 118:82-89. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811806282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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