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Khan H, Bangar A, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Mechanistic Implications of GSK and CREB Crosstalk in Ischemia Injury. Neurotox Res 2023; 42:1. [PMID: 38091155 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a damage to an organ when the blood supply is less than the demand required for normal functioning, leading to exacerbation of cellular dysfunction and death. IR injury occurs in different organs like the kidney, liver, heart, brain, etc., and may not only involve the ischemic organ but also cause systemic damage to distant organs. Oxygen-glucose deprivation in cells causes oxidative stress, calcium overloading, inflammation, and apoptosis. CREB is an essential integrator of the body's various physiological systems, and it is widely accepted that dysfunction of CREB signaling is involved in many diseases, including ischemia-reperfusion injury. The activation of CREB can provide life to a cell and increase the cell's survival after ischemia. Hence, GSK/CREB signaling pathway can provide significant protection to cells of different organs after ischemia and emerges as a futuristic strategy for managing ischemia-reperfusion injury. Different signaling pathways such as MAPK/ERK, TLR4/MyD88, RISK, Nrf2, and NF-κB, get altered during IR injury by the modulation of GSK-3 and CREB (cyclic AMP response element (CRE)-binding protein). GSK-3 (protein kinase B) and CREB are the downstream targets for fulfilling the roles of various signaling pathways. Calcium overloading during ischemia increases the expression of calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK), which subsequently activates CREB-mediated transcription, thus promoting the survival of cells. Furthermore, this review highlights the crosstalk between GSK-3 and CREB, promoting survival and rendering the cells resistant to subsequent severe ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
| | - Annu Bangar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, 140401, India
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Gerace E, Cialdai F, Sereni E, Lana D, Nosi D, Giovannini MG, Monici M, Mannaioni G. NIR Laser Photobiomodulation Induces Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:5383-5395. [PMID: 34319540 PMCID: PMC8497317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) is an innovative treatment for a variety of neurological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. However, the capability of PBM for ischemic stroke needs to be further explored and its mechanisms of action remain currently unclear. The aim of the present research was to identify a treatment protocol capable of inducing neuroprotection and to investigate the molecular mechanisms activated by a dual-wavelength near infrared (NIR) laser source in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of hypoxia/ischemia. Hippocampal slices were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 30 min followed by NIR laser light (fluence 3.71, 7.42, or 14.84 J/cm2; wavelengths 808 nm and 905 nm) delivered immediately or 30 min or 60 min after OGD, in order to establish a therapeutic window. Neuronal injury was assessed by propidium iodide fluorescence 24 h later. Our results show that NIR laser irradiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity once applied immediately or 30 min after OGD. Western blot analysis of proteins involved in neuroinflammation (iNOS, COX-2, NFkB subunit p65, and Bcl-2) and in glutamatergic-mediated synaptic activity (vGluT1, EAAT2, GluN1, and PSD95) showed that the protein modifications induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser application. Moreover, CA1 confocal microscopy revealed that the profound morphological changes induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser radiation. In conclusion, NIR laser radiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices through attenuation of inflammatory mechanisms. These findings shed light on molecular definition of NIR neuroprotective mechanisms, thus underlining the potential benefit of this technique for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
| | - Francesca Cialdai
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div. - Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elettra Sereni
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div. - Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Lana
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Nosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giovannini
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Monici
- ASAcampus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div. - Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
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Wu S, Guo T, Qi W, Li Y, Gu J, Liu C, Sha Y, Yang B, Hu S, Zong X. Curcumin ameliorates ischemic stroke injury in rats by protecting the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:783. [PMID: 34055082 PMCID: PMC8145684 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for proper cerebral homeostasis and its dysfunction during ischemic stroke can result in significant neurological injury. The major goal of the present study was to identify whether curcumin pretreatment possessed protective effects on BBB integrity during the 24 h of acute ischemic brain injury. To investigate the protective effects of curcumin, male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into multiple groups, including sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) vehicle and curcumin pretreated MCAO/R groups. The effects of curcumin were measured by analyzing neurological deficits, infarct size, BBB permeability and expression levels of permeability-related proteins in the brain. It was found that curcumin pretreatment significantly improved neurological scores, decreased infarct size, and protected synaptic remodeling of hippocampal neurons and upregulated the protein expression level of tight junction proteins, ZO-1, occludin and claudin-5 in ischemic rat brains. Furthermore, curcumin pretreatment before stroke was shown to downregulate the phosphorylation of NF-κB and MMP-9, which are central mediators of inflammation. The results from the present study indicated that curcumin pretreatment ameliorated ischemic stroke injury by protecting BBB integrity and synaptic remodeling, as well as inhibiting inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuguang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Ting Guo
- Department of Neurology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Wenxuan Qi
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Jie Gu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Cui Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Sha
- Department of Emergency, First People's Hospital, Pizhou, Jiangsu 221300, P.R. China
| | - Baocheng Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China.,Emergency Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Shuqun Hu
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China.,Emergency Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
| | - Xuemei Zong
- Jiangsu Provincial Institute of Health Emergency, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China.,Emergency Center of The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221002, P.R. China
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Yu Q, Dai H, Jiang Y, Zha Y, Zhang J. Sevoflurane alleviates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation-induced injury in HT22 cells through regulation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:376. [PMID: 33732349 PMCID: PMC7903476 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sevoflurane (Sev), a volatile anesthetic, has been reported to exhibit beneficial effects on different ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-injured organs. However, the neuroprotective effect of Sev on cerebral I/R injury is poorly understood. In the present study, the effects of Sev on HT22 cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) injury are investigated. The present study demonstrated that OGD/R suppressed the cell viability and increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from the cells, and these effects were attenuated by Sev treatment. The results also demonstrated that Sev alleviated OGD/R-induced cell apoptosis via flow cytometry and caspase-3 activity determination. Biochemical analysis results revealed that Sev significantly protected against OGD/R-induced oxidative stress by reducing ROS generation and improving antioxidant defense markers. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Sev reactivated the PI3K/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) signaling pathway, which was inhibited by OGD/R. In addition, wortmannin, a selective PI3K inhibitor was used to investigate the underlying pathways. Notably, the neuroprotective effect of Sev on apoptosis and reactive oxygen species production was found to be suppressed by wortmannin. Collectively, these results demonstrated that Sev may protect neuronal cells against OGD/R-induced injury through the activation of the PI3K/AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway. The findings from the present study provide a novel insight into understanding the neuroprotective effect of Sev on cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China
| | - Haofei Dai
- Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Jiang
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Yifeng Zha
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital-North, Fudan University, Shanghai 201907, P.R. China
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Fei Y, Zhao B, Zhu J, Fang W, Li Y. XQ-1H promotes cerebral angiogenesis via activating PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin/VEGF signal in mice exposed to cerebral ischemic injury. Life Sci 2021; 272:119234. [PMID: 33607158 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke still ranks as a most lethal disease worldwide. Angiogenesis during the chronic phase of ischemic stroke can alleviate ischemic injury and attenuate neurological deficit. XQ-1H is a new compound derived from the structure modification of ginkgolide B, which exerts anti-inflammation and neuroprotection against cerebral ischemic injury during the acute or subacute phase. However, whether XQ-1H facilitates angiogenesis and neural functional recovery during the chronic phase remains unclear. This research was designed to explore whether XQ-1H promotes angiogenesis after ischemic stroke and to preliminarily elucidate the mechanism. In vitro, XQ-1H was found to facilitate proliferation, migration and tube formation in bEnd.3 cells. In vivo, XQ-1H raised the CD31 positive microvessel number and increased focal cerebral blood flow in mice exposed to cerebral ischemic injury, and improved the neurological function. Mechanism studies revealed that XQ-1H exerted angiogenesis promoting effect via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β/β-catenin/VEGF signal pathway, which was reversed by LY294002 (the specific inhibitor of PI3K/Akt). In conclusion, XQ-1H exerts angiogenetic effect both in vivo and in vitro, which is a potential agent against ischemic stroke during chronic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Jianping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Weirong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yunman Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Dani C, Pratesi S, Mannaioni G, Gerace E. Neurotoxicity of Unconjugated Bilirubin in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in vitro. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:659477. [PMID: 33959576 PMCID: PMC8093500 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.659477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The pathophysiology of bilirubin neurotoxicity in course of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term and preterm infants is still poorly understood. We hypothesized that oxidative stress may be a common mechanism that link hyperbilirubinemia and HIE. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to evaluate whether unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) may enhance the HI brain injury by increasing oxidative stress and to test pioglitazone and allopurinol as new antioxidant therapeutic drugs in vitro. Methods: The effects of UCB were tested on organotypic hippocampal slices subjected to 30 min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), used as in vitro model of HIE. The experiments were performed on mature (14 days in culture) and immature (7 days in culture) slices, to mimic the brains of term and preterm infants, respectively. Mature and immature slices were exposed to UCB, human serum albumin (HSA), pioglitazone, and/or allopurinol for 24 h, immediately after 30 min OGD. Neuronal injury was assessed using propidium iodide (PI) fluorescence. ROS formation was quantified by using the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA) method. Results: In mature slices, we found that the neurotoxicity, as well as oxidative stress, induced by OGD were enhanced by UCB. HSA significantly prevented UCB-increased neurotoxicity, but had a slight reduction on ROS production. Allopurinol, but not pioglitazone, significantly reduced UCB-increased neurotoxicity induced by OGD. In immature slices exposed to OGD, no increase of neuronal death was observed, whereas oxidative stress was detected after UCB exposure. HSA, pioglitazone and allopurinol have no protective effects on both OGD-induced neuronal death and on UCB-induced oxidative stress. For this reason, UCB, pioglitazone and allopurinol was also tested on ischemic preconditioning protocol. We found that UCB abolished the neuroprotection induced by preconditioning and increased oxidative stress. These effects were restored by allopurinol but not pioglitazone. Conclusions: UCB characterized a different path of neuronal damage and oxidative stress in mature and immature hippocampal slice model of HIE. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in a complex pathological condition, such as HIE and hyperbilirubinemia, should be very careful. Allopurinol could deserve attention as a novel pharmacological intervention for hyperbilirubinemia and HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Dani
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Simone Pratesi
- Division of Neonatology, Careggi University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Gerace E, Zianni E, Landucci E, Scartabelli T, Berlinguer Palmini R, Iezzi D, Moroni F, Di Luca M, Mannaioni G, Gardoni F, Pellegrini-Giampietro DE. Differential mechanisms of tolerance induced by NMDA and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) preconditioning. J Neurochem 2020; 155:638-649. [PMID: 32343420 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the molecular events triggered by NMDA and 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) preconditioning, that lead to neuroprotection against excitotoxic insults (AMPA or oxygen and glucose deprivation) in rat organotypic hippocampal slices, with particular attention on glutamate receptors and on cannabinoid system. We firstly evaluated the protein expression of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits after preconditioning using western blot analysis performed in post-synaptic densities. We observed that following NMDA, but not DHPG preconditioning, the expression of GluA1 was significantly reduced and this reduction appeared to be associated with the internalization of AMPA receptors. Whole-cell voltage clamp recordings on CA1 pyramidal neurons of organotypic slices show that 24 hr after exposure to NMDA and DHPG preconditioning, AMPA-induced currents were significantly reduced. To clarify the mechanisms induced by DHPG preconditioning, we then investigated the involvement of the endocannabinoid system. Exposure of slices to the CB1 antagonist AM251 prevented the development of tolerance to AMPA toxicity induced by DHPG but not NMDA. Accordingly, the MAG-lipase inhibitor URB602, that increases arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) content, but not the FAAH inhibitor URB597, that limits the degradation of anandamide, was also able to induce tolerance versus AMPA and OGD toxicity, suggesting that 2-AG is responsible for the DHPG-induced tolerance. In conclusion, preconditioning with NMDA or DHPG promotes differential neuroprotective mechanisms: NMDA by internalization of GluA1-AMPA receptors, DHPG by producing the endocannabinoid 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Gerace
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Zianni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Landucci
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Tania Scartabelli
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Oncology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Rolando Berlinguer Palmini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Iezzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Flavio Moroni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Mannaioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NeuroFarBa), Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences (DiSFeB), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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