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Anderson TA, Pacharinsak C, Vilches-Moure J, Kantarci H, Zuchero JB, Butts-Pauly K, Yeomans D. Focused ultrasound-induced inhibition of peripheral nerve fibers in an animal model of acute pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023; 48:462-470. [PMID: 36822815 PMCID: PMC11233103 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2022-104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate-to-severe acute pain is prevalent in many healthcare settings and associated with adverse outcomes. Peripheral nerve blockade using traditional needle-based and local anesthetic-based techniques improves pain outcomes for some patient populations but has shortcomings limiting use. These limitations include its invasiveness, potential for local anesthetic systemic toxicity, risk of infection with an indwelling catheter, and relatively short duration of blockade compared with the period of pain after major injuries. Focused ultrasound is capable of inhibiting the peripheral nervous system and has potential as a pain management tool. However, investigations of its effect on peripheral nerve nociceptive fibers in animal models of acute pain are lacking. In an in vivo acute pain model, we investigated focused ultrasound's effects on behavior and peripheral nerve structure. METHODS Focused ultrasound was applied directly to the sciatic nerve of rats just prior to a hindpaw incision; three control groups (focused ultrasound sham only, hindpaw incision only, focused ultrasound sham+hindpaw incision) were also included. For all four groups (intervention and controls), behavioral testing (thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, hindpaw extension and flexion) took place for 4 weeks. Structural changes to peripheral nerves of non-focused ultrasound controls and after focused ultrasound application were assessed on days 0 and 14 using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with controls, after focused ultrasound application, animals had (1) increased mechanical nociceptive thresholds for 2 weeks; (2) sustained increase in thermal nociceptive thresholds for ≥4 weeks; (3) a decrease in hindpaw motor response for 0.5 weeks; and (4) a decrease in hindpaw plantar sensation for 2 weeks. At 14 days after focused ultrasound application, alterations to myelin sheaths and nerve fiber ultrastructure were observed both by light and electron microscopy. DISCUSSION Focused ultrasound, using a distinct parameter set, reversibly inhibits A-delta peripheral nerve nociceptive, motor, and non-nociceptive sensory fiber-mediated behaviors, has a prolonged effect on C nociceptive fiber-mediated behavior, and alters nerve structure. Focused ultrasound may have potential as a peripheral nerve blockade technique for acute pain management. However, further investigation is required to determine C fiber inhibition duration and the significance of nerve structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Anthony Anderson
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jose Vilches-Moure
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Husniye Kantarci
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kim Butts-Pauly
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Yeomans
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Alleviates Chronic Neuropathic Pain-Induced Allodynia by Inhibiting Neuroplasticity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex. Neural Plast 2022; 2022:6472475. [PMID: 35915650 PMCID: PMC9338851 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6472475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) is a potential noninvasive method to alleviate allodynia by modulating the central nervous system. However, the underlying analgesic mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we assessed how LIFU at the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) affects behavior response and central plasticity resulting from chronic constrictive injury (CCI). The safety of LIFU stimulation was assessed by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining. A 21-day ultrasound exposure therapy was conducted from day 91 after CCI surgery in mice. We assessed the 50% mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT50) using Von Frey filaments (VFFs). The expression levels of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), growth-associated protein 43 (GAP43), and tau were determined via western blotting (WB) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining to evaluate the central plasticity in ACC. The regions of ACC were activated effectively and safely by LIFU stimulation, which significantly increased the number of c-fos-positive cells (P < 0.05) with no bleeding, coagulative necrosis, and neuronal loss. Under chronic neuropathic pain- (CNP-) induced allodynia, MWT50 decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and overexpression of MAP2, GAP43, and tau was also observed. After 3 weeks of treatment, significant increases in MWT50 were found in the CCI+LIFU group compared with the CCI group (P < 0.05). WB and IF staining both demonstrated a significant reduction in the expression levels of MAP2, GAP43, and tau (P < 0.05). LIFU treatment on ACC can effectively attenuate CNP-evoked mechanical sensitivity to pain and reverse aberrant central plasticity.
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Liss A, Hellman A, Patel VJ, Maietta T, Byraju K, Trowbridge R, Acheta J, Panse D, Srikanthan A, Neubauer P, Burdette C, Ghoshal G, Williams E, Qian J, Pilitsis JG. Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Increases Duration of Anti-Nociceptive Responses in Female Common Peroneal Nerve Injury Rats. Neuromodulation 2022; 25:504-510. [PMID: 35667768 DOI: 10.1111/ner.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic pain affects 7%-10% of Americans, occurs more frequently and severely in females, and available treatments have been shown to have less efficacy in female patients. Preclinical models addressing sex-specific treatment differences in the treatment of chronic pain have been limited. Here we examine the sex-specific effects of low intensity focused ultrasound (liFUS) in a modified sciatic nerve injury (SNI) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A modified SNI performed by ligating the common peroneal nerve (CPN) was used to measure sensory, behavioral pain responses, and nerve conduction studies in female and male rats, following liFUS of the L5 dorsal root ganglion. RESULTS Using the same dose of liFUS in females and males of the same weight, CPN latency immediately after treatment was increased for 50 min in females compared to 25 min in males (p < 0.001). Improvements in mechanical pain thresholds after liFUS lasted significantly longer in females (seven days; p < 0.05) compared to males (three days; p < 0.05). In females, there was a significant improvement in depression-like behavior as a result of liFUS (N = 5; p < 0.01); however, because males never developed depression-like behavior there was no change after liFUS treatment. CONCLUSIONS Neuromodulation with liFUS has a greater effect in female rats on CPN latency, mechanical allodynia duration, and depression-like behavior. In order to customize neuromodulatory techniques for different patient phenotypes, it is essential to understand how they may alter sex-specific pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Liss
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Abigail Hellman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Vraj J Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Teresa Maietta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Kanakaharini Byraju
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Trowbridge
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Jenica Acheta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Drishti Panse
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Adithya Srikanthan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
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Sheldon BL, Bao J, Khazen O, Pilitsis JG. Spinal Cord Stimulation as Treatment for Cancer and Chemotherapy-Induced Pain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 2:699993. [PMID: 35295456 PMCID: PMC8915692 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2021.699993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a rampant disease exacting a significant toll on patients, providers, and health care systems around the globe. Neuromodulation has been successfully employed to treat many indications including failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS), complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), phantom limb pain (PLP), radiculopathies, and intractable pelvic pain, among many others. Recent studies have also demonstrated efficacy for cancer-related pain and chemotherapy induced neuropathy with these techniques. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is the most commonly employed technique and involves implantation of percutaneous or paddle leads targeting the dorsal columns of the spinal cord with the goal of disrupting the pain signals traveling to the brain. Tonic, high frequency, and burst waveforms have all been shown to reduce pain and disability in chronic pain patients. Closed-loop SCS systems that automatically adjust stimulation parameters based on feedback (such as evoked compound action potentials) are becoming increasingly used to help ease the burden placed on patients to adjust their programming to their pain and position. Additionally, dorsal root ganglion stimulation (DRGS) is a newer technique that allows for dermatomal coverage especially in patients with pain in up to two dermatomes. Regardless of the technique chosen, neuromodulation has been shown to be cost-effective and efficacious and should be given full consideration in patients with chronic pain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna L Sheldon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan Bao
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Olga Khazen
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States
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Hellman A, Maietta T, Clum A, Byraju K, Raviv N, Staudt MD, Jeannotte E, Ghoshal G, Shin D, Neubauer P, Williams E, Heffter T, Burdette C, Qian J, Nalwalk J, Pilitsis JG. Pilot study on the effects of low intensity focused ultrasound in a swine model of neuropathic pain. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:1508-1515. [PMID: 33862597 PMCID: PMC10804417 DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.jns202962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors' laboratory has previously demonstrated beneficial effects of noninvasive low intensity focused ultrasound (liFUS), targeted at the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), for reducing allodynia in rodent neuropathic pain models. However, in rats the DRG is 5 mm below the skin when approached laterally, while in humans the DRG is typically 5-8 cm deep. Here, using a modified liFUS probe, the authors demonstrated the feasibility of using external liFUS for modulation of antinociceptive responses in neuropathic swine. METHODS Two cohorts of swine underwent a common peroneal nerve injury (CPNI) to induce neuropathic pain. In the first cohort, pigs (14 kg) were iteratively tested to determine treatment parameters. liFUS penetration to the L5 DRG was verified by using a thermocouple to monitor tissue temperature changes and by measuring nerve conduction velocity (NCV) at the corresponding common peroneal nerve (CPN). Pain behaviors were monitored before and after treatment. DRG was evaluated for tissue damage postmortem. Based on data from the first cohort, a treatment algorithm was developed, parameter predictions were verified, and neuropathic pain was significantly modified in a second cohort of larger swine (20 kg). RESULTS The authors performed a dose-response curve analysis in 14-kg CPNI swine. Specifically, after confirming that the liFUS probe could reach 5 cm in ex vivo tissue experiments, the authors tested liFUS in 14-kg CPNI swine. The mean ± SEM DRG depth was 3.79 ± 0.09 cm in this initial cohort. The parameters were determined and then extrapolated to larger animals (20 kg), and predictions were verified. Tissue temperature elevations at the treatment site did not exceed 2°C, and the expected increases in the CPN NCV were observed. liFUS treatment eliminated pain guarding in all animals for the duration of follow-up (up to 1 month) and improved allodynia for 5 days postprocedure. No evidence of histological damage was seen using Fluoro-Jade and H&E staining. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that a 5-cm depth can be reached with external liFUS and alters pain behavior and allodynia in a large-animal model of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hellman
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Teresa Maietta
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Alicia Clum
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Kanakaharini Byraju
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Nataly Raviv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Michael D. Staudt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Erin Jeannotte
- Department of Animals Resources Facility, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | - Damian Shin
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | | | | | | | | | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Julia Nalwalk
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Julie G. Pilitsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
- Departments of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Hellman A, Maietta T, Clum A, Byraju K, Raviv N, Staudt MD, Jeannotte E, Nalwalk J, Belin S, Poitelon Y, Pilitsis JG. Development of a common peroneal nerve injury model in domestic swine for the study of translational neuropathic pain treatments. J Neurosurg 2021; 135:1516-1523. [PMID: 33862596 PMCID: PMC8521549 DOI: 10.3171/2020.9.jns202961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To date, muscular and bone pain have been studied in domestic swine models, but the only neuropathic pain model described in swine is a mixed neuritis model. Common peroneal nerve injury (CPNI) neuropathic pain models have been utilized in both mice and rats. METHODS The authors developed a swine surgical CPNI model of neuropathic pain. Behavioral outcomes were validated with von Frey filament testing, thermal sensitivity assessments, and social and motor scoring. Demyelination of the nerve was confirmed through standard histological assessment. The contralateral nerve served as the control. RESULTS CPNI induced mechanical and thermal allodynia (p < 0.001 [n = 10] and p < 0.05 [n = 4], respectively) and increased pain behavior, i.e., guarding of the painful leg (n = 12). Myelin protein zero (P0) staining revealed demyelination of the ligated nerve upstream of the ligation site. CONCLUSIONS In a neuropathic pain model in domestic swine, the authors demonstrated that CPNI induces demyelination of the common peroneal nerve, which the authors hypothesize is responsible for the resulting allodynic pain behavior. As the anatomical features of domestic swine resemble those of humans more closely than previously used rat and mouse models, utilizing this swine model, which is to the authors' knowledge the first of its kind, will aid in the translation of experimental treatments to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hellman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Teresa Maietta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Alicia Clum
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Kanakaharini Byraju
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Nataly Raviv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Michael D. Staudt
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Erin Jeannotte
- Department of Animals Resources Facility, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Julia Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Sophie Belin
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Yannick Poitelon
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
| | - Julie G. Pilitsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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Hellman A, Clum A, Maietta T, Srikanthan A, Patel V, Panse D, Zimmerman O, Neubauer P, Nalwalk J, Williams E, Ghoshal G, Burdette C, Pilitsis JG. Effects of external low intensity focused ultrasound on inflammatory markers in neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 2021; 757:135977. [PMID: 34023413 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in inflammatory cytokine levels contribute to the induction and maintenance of neuropathic pain. We have shown that external low intensity focused ultrasound (liFUS) reduces allodynia in a common peroneal nerve injury (CPNI). Here, we investigate an underlying mechanism of action for this treatment and measure the effect of liFUS on inflammatory markers. METHODS Male rats were divided into four groups: CPNI/liFUS, CPNI/shamliFUS, shamCPNI/liFUS, and shamCPNI/shamliFUS. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds were measured using Von Frey filaments (VFF) to confirm the absence/presence of allodynia at baseline, after CPNI, and after liFUS. Commercial microarray and ELISA assays were used to assess cytokine expression in the treated L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and dorsal horn (DH) tissue 24 and 72 h after liFUS. RESULTS VFF thresholds were significantly reduced following CPNI in both groups that received the injury (p < 0.001). After liFUS, only the CPNI/liFUS cohort showed a significant increase in mechanical thresholds (p < 0.001). CPNI significantly increased TNFa, IL6, CNTF, IL1b (p < 0.05 for all) levels in the DRG and DH, compared to baseline, consistent with previous work in sciatic nerve injury. LiFUS in CPNI rats resulted in a decrease in these cytokines in DRG 72 h post-therapy (TNFa, IL6, CNTF and IL1b, p < 0.001). In the DH, IL1b, CNTF, and TNFa (p < 0.05 for all) decreased 72 h after liFUS. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that liFUS modifies inflammatory cytokines in both DRG and DH in CPNI rats. These data provide evidence that liFUS, reverses the allodynic phenotype, in part, by altering inflammatory cytokine pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Hellman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Alicia Clum
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Teresa Maietta
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Adithya Srikanthan
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Vraj Patel
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Drishti Panse
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Olivia Zimmerman
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | | | - Julia Nalwalk
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
| | | | | | | | - Julie G Pilitsis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States.
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Kotb HI, Abedalmohsen AM, Elgamal AF, Mokhtar DM, Abd-Ellatief RB. Preemptive Stem Cells Ameliorate Neuropathic Pain in Rats: A Central Component of Preemptive Analgesia. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 27:450-456. [PMID: 33588960 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621000076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the efficacy of intravenously injected mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in treating neuropathic pain either before or after its induction by a chronic constriction injury (CCI) model. Rats were divided into four groups: control group, neuropathic group, and treated groups (pre and postinduction) with i.v. mononuclear cells (106 cell/mL). For these rats, experimental testing for both thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia was evaluated. The cerebral cortex of the rats was dissected, and immunohistochemical analysis using anti-proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), CD117, nestin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein was performed. Our results showed that a single injection of MSCs (either preemptive/or post-CCI) produced equipotent effects on allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, and thermal response. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the stem cells have reached the cerebral cortex. The injected group with MSCs before CCI showing few stem cells expressed PCNA, CD117, and nestin in the cerebral cortex. The group injected with MSCs after CCI, showing numerous recently proliferated CD117-, nestin-, PCNA-positive stem cells in the cerebral cortex. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that the most probable effect of i.v. stem cells is the central anti-inflammatory effect, which opens concerns about how stem cells circulating in systemic administration to reach the site of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan I Kotb
- Department of anesthesia, intensive care and pain management, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Abualauon M Abedalmohsen
- Department of anesthesia, intensive care and pain management, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Elgamal
- Department of anesthesia, intensive care and pain management, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Doaa M Mokhtar
- Department of anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
| | - Rasha B Abd-Ellatief
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Asyut, Egypt
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Li GZ, Hu YH, Li DY, Zhang Y, Guo HL, Li YM, Chen F, Xu J. Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy: A mini-review. Neurotoxicology 2020; 81:161-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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