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Wu Z, Zhu Y, Xu L, Lai W, Chen X, Long H. Development of a novel three-dimensional injection guide for trigeminal ganglia. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 409:110197. [PMID: 38878976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trigeminal ganglion (TG) plays an important role in the process of orthodontic pain. It's necessary to design an accurate, precise and minimally invasive trigeminal ganglion injection guide plate to study TG. METHODS Micro-CT was used to obtain the Dicom format data, and three-dimensional (3D) software (mimics and magics23.03) was used to reconstruct 3D head models. Design and modifications of the TG injection guide plate were performed in Magic 23.03 software, and the guide plate was produced by a 3D stereolithography printer. X-ray, micro-CT, Evans blue, and virus transduction were used to demonstrate the accuracy of the guide-assisted injection. Pain levels were evaluated after using the injection guide by a bite force test and Von Frey test. RESULTS X-ray and micro-CT tests confirmed that the injection needle reached the bilateral trigeminal ganglia fossa. The Evans blue test and virus transduction proved that the injected drug could be accurately injected into the bilateral trigeminal ganglion and the lentivirus could be successfully transfected. The percentage of accurate injection was 10/10 (bilateral trigeminal ganglia). Orofacial pain induced by the trigeminal ganglion injection was mild and returned to baseline within seven days. CONCLUSION The injection guide described in this study is viable and reliable for the delivery of drugs and virus transduction into the trigeminal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouqiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China; Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Lehan Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China
| | - Xuepeng Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine & Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, PR China.
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Wang S, Ko CC, Chung MK. Nociceptor mechanisms underlying pain and bone remodeling via orthodontic forces: toward no pain, big gain. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2024; 5:1365194. [PMID: 38455874 PMCID: PMC10917994 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2024.1365194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic forces are strongly associated with pain, the primary complaint among patients wearing orthodontic braces. Compared to other side effects of orthodontic treatment, orthodontic pain is often overlooked, with limited clinical management. Orthodontic forces lead to inflammatory responses in the periodontium, which triggers bone remodeling and eventually induces tooth movement. Mechanical forces and subsequent inflammation in the periodontium activate and sensitize periodontal nociceptors and produce orthodontic pain. Nociceptive afferents expressing transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) play central roles in transducing nociceptive signals, leading to transcriptional changes in the trigeminal ganglia. Nociceptive molecules, such as TRPV1, transient receptor potential ankyrin subtype 1, acid-sensing ion channel 3, and the P2X3 receptor, are believed to mediate orthodontic pain. Neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptides and substance P can also regulate orthodontic pain. While periodontal nociceptors transmit nociceptive signals to the brain, they are also known to modulate alveolar bone remodeling in periodontitis. Therefore, periodontal nociceptors and nociceptive molecules may contribute to the modulation of orthodontic tooth movement, which currently remains undetermined. Future studies are needed to better understand the fundamental mechanisms underlying neuroskeletal interactions in orthodontics to improve orthodontic treatment by developing novel methods to reduce pain and accelerate orthodontic tooth movement-thereby achieving "big gains with no pain" in clinical orthodontics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ching-Chang Ko
- Division of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Man-Kyo Chung
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center to Advance Chronic Pain Research, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, United States
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3
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Hung CH, Chin Y, Fong YO, Lee CH, Han DS, Lin JH, Sun WH, Chen CC. Acidosis-related pain and its receptors as targets for chronic pain. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 247:108444. [PMID: 37210007 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sensing acidosis is an important somatosensory function in responses to ischemia, inflammation, and metabolic alteration. Accumulating evidence has shown that acidosis is an effective factor for pain induction and that many intractable chronic pain diseases are associated with acidosis signaling. Various receptors have been known to detect extracellular acidosis and all express in the somatosensory neurons, such as acid sensing ion channels (ASIC), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and proton-sensing G-protein coupled receptors. In addition to sense noxious acidic stimulation, these proton-sensing receptors also play a vital role in pain processing. For example, ASICs and TRPs are involved in not only nociceptive activation but also anti-nociceptive effects as well as some other non-nociceptive pathways. Herein, we review recent progress in probing the roles of proton-sensing receptors in preclinical pain research and their clinical relevance. We also propose a new concept of sngception to address the specific somatosensory function of acid sensation. This review aims to connect these acid-sensing receptors with basic pain research and clinical pain diseases, thus helping with better understanding the acid-related pain pathogenesis and their potential therapeutic roles via the mechanism of acid-mediated antinociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsien Hung
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin Chin
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-On Fong
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Der-Shen Han
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Her Lin
- Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsin Sun
- Department of Life Science & Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neuroscience Program of Academia Sinica, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Mao XL, Chen YX, Yu H, Yang QW. Inhibition of acid sensing ion channels by eugenol in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. Neurosci Lett 2023; 803:137192. [PMID: 36924928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Eugenol is widely used as an analgesic in the dental treatment. The underlying mechanisms may involve its modulation of various ion channels. Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are pH sensors and expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. In the present study, we found that eugenol concentration-dependently inhibited ASIC currents in TG neurons with an IC50 of 98.8 ± 7.4 μM. Eugenol decreased the maximum response to acidic pH and did not alter pH0.5 in the concentration-response curve of acidic pH, suggesting a noncompetitive inhibition of ASICs by eugenol. G-proteins were not involved in eugenol-induced inhibition, since pre-application of eugenol also decreased ASIC currents in the presence of the G-protein blocker GDP-β-S. In addition, eugenol also partly inhibited ASIC3 currents in Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with ASIC3. In conclusion, eugenol partly inhibited ASIC currents in TG neurons in a concentration-dependent, non-competitive and G-protein independent manner. These results suggested that the ASICs could be a molecular target for eugenol in TG neurons, which contributed to its analgesic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Mao
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yi-Xuan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Quan-Wei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan First Hospital, Wuhan, China.
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5
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Ovsepian SV, Waxman SG. Gene therapy for chronic pain: emerging opportunities in target-rich peripheral nociceptors. Nat Rev Neurosci 2023; 24:252-265. [PMID: 36658346 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-022-00673-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
With sweeping advances in precision delivery systems and manipulation of the genomes and transcriptomes of various cell types, medical biotechnology offers unprecedented selectivity for and control of a wide variety of biological processes, forging new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. This perspective summarizes state-of-the-art gene therapies enabled by recent innovations, with an emphasis on the expanding universe of molecular targets that govern the activity and function of primary sensory neurons and which might be exploited to effectively treat chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saak V Ovsepian
- School of Science, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich London, Chatham Maritime, UK.
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Verkest C, Salinas M, Diochot S, Deval E, Lingueglia E, Baron A. Mechanisms of Action of the Peptide Toxins Targeting Human and Rodent Acid-Sensing Ion Channels and Relevance to Their In Vivo Analgesic Effects. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100709. [PMID: 36287977 PMCID: PMC9612379 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are voltage-independent H+-gated cation channels largely expressed in the nervous system of rodents and humans. At least six isoforms (ASIC1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3 and 4) associate into homotrimers or heterotrimers to form functional channels with highly pH-dependent gating properties. This review provides an update on the pharmacological profiles of animal peptide toxins targeting ASICs, including PcTx1 from tarantula and related spider toxins, APETx2 and APETx-like peptides from sea anemone, and mambalgin from snake, as well as the dimeric protein snake toxin MitTx that have all been instrumental to understanding the structure and the pH-dependent gating of rodent and human cloned ASICs and to study the physiological and pathological roles of native ASICs in vitro and in vivo. ASICs are expressed all along the pain pathways and the pharmacological data clearly support a role for these channels in pain. ASIC-targeting peptide toxins interfere with ASIC gating by complex and pH-dependent mechanisms sometimes leading to opposite effects. However, these dual pH-dependent effects of ASIC-inhibiting toxins (PcTx1, mambalgin and APETx2) are fully compatible with, and even support, their analgesic effects in vivo, both in the central and the peripheral nervous system, as well as potential effects in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Verkest
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Miguel Salinas
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
| | - Sylvie Diochot
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Deval
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
| | - Eric Lingueglia
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
| | - Anne Baron
- CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), IPMC (Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), LabEx ICST (Laboratory of Excellence in Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics), FHU InovPain (Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire “Innovative Solutions in Refractory Chronic Pain”), Université Côte d’Azur, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, 06560 Nice, France
- Correspondence:
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7
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Periodontal acidification contributes to tooth pain hypersensitivity during orthodontic tooth movement. Neurosci Res 2021; 177:103-110. [PMID: 34808249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tooth movements associated with orthodontic treatment often cause tooth pain. However, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Here, we examined the involvement of periodontal acidification caused by tooth movement in mechanical tooth pain hypersensitivity. Elastics were inserted between the first and second molars to move the teeth in Sprague-Dawley rats. Mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and the pH of the gingival sulcus around the tooth were measured. The expression of acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in trigeminal ganglion neurons and phosphorylation of ASIC3 in the periodontal tissue were analyzed. The mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation and pH in the gingival sulcus decreased on day 1 after the elastic insertion. These decreases recovered to the sham level by buffering periodontal acidification. Periodontal inhibition of ASIC3 channel activity reversed the decreased mechanical head-withdrawal reflex threshold to first molar stimulation. On day 1 after elastic insertion, the tooth movement did not change the number of ASIC3 immunoreactive trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating the periodontal tissue but increased phosphorylated-ASIC3 levels in the periodontal tissue. Periodontal acidification induced by tooth movement causes phosphorylation of ASIC3, resulting in mechanical pain hypersensitivity in mechanically forced tooth.
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8
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Heusser SA, Pless SA. Acid-sensing ion channels as potential therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:1035-1050. [PMID: 34674886 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue acidification is associated with a variety of disease states, and acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) that can sense changes in pH have gained traction as possible pharmaceutical targets. An array of modulators, ranging from small molecules to large biopharmaceuticals, are known to inhibit ASICs. Here, we summarize recent insights from animal studies to assess the therapeutic potential of ASICs in disorders such as ischemic stroke, various pain-related processes, anxiety, and cardiac pathologies. We also review the factors that present a challenge in the pharmacological targeting of ASICs, and which need to be taken into careful consideration when developing potent and selective modulators in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Heusser
- Department for Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephan A Pless
- Department for Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Tang Z, Zhou J, Long H, Gao Y, Wang Q, Li X, Wang Y, Lai W, Jian F. Molecular mechanism in trigeminal nerve and treatment methods related to orthodontic pain. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 49:125-137. [PMID: 34586644 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orthodontic treatment is the main treatment approach for malocclusion. Orthodontic pain is an inevitable undesirable adverse reaction during orthodontic treatment. It is reported orthodontic pain has become one of the most common reason that patients withdraw from orthodontic treatment. Therefore, understanding the underlying mechanism and finding treatment of orthodontic pain are in urgent need. AIMS This article aims to sort out the mechanisms and treatments of orthodontic pain, hoping to provide some ideas for future orthodontic pain relief. MATERIALS Tooth movement will cause local inflammation. Certain inflammatory factors and cytokines stimulating the trigeminal nerve and further generating pain perception, as well as drugs and molecular targeted therapy blocking nerve conduction pathways, will be reviewed in this article. METHOD We review and summaries current studies related to molecular mechanisms and treatment approaches in orthodontic pain control. RESULTS Orthodontics pain related influencing factors and molecular mechanisms has been introduced. Commonly used clinical methods in orthodontic pain control has been evaluated. DISCUSSION With the clarification of more molecular mechanisms, the direction of orthodontic pain treatment will shift to targeted drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzi Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Gao M, Yan X, Lu Y, Ren L, Zhang S, Zhang X, Kuang Q, Liu L, Zhou J, Wang Y, Lai W, Long H. Retrograde nerve growth factor signaling modulates tooth mechanical hyperalgesia induced by orthodontic tooth movement via acid-sensing ion channel 3. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:18. [PMID: 34088898 PMCID: PMC8178420 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-021-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement elicits alveolar bone remodeling and orofacial pain that is manifested by tooth mechanical hyperalgesia. Nerve growth factor (NGF) is upregulated in periodontium and may modulate tooth mechanical hyperalgesia. The objectives were to examine the role of NGF in tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was induced by ligating closed coil springs between incisors and molars in Sprague-Dawley rats. Retrograde labeling was performed by periodontal administration of fluor-conjugated NGF and the detection of fluorescence in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Lentivirus vectors carrying NGF shRNA were employed to knockdown the expression of NGF in TG. The administration of agonists, antagonists, and virus vectors into TG and periodontium was conducted. Tooth mechanical hyperalgesia was examined through the threshold of biting withdrawal. Our results revealed that tooth movement elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by NGF neutralizing antibody and that NGF was upregulated in periodontium (mainly in periodontal fibroblasts) and TG. Retrograde labeling revealed that periodontal NGF was retrogradely transported to TG after day 1. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) and NGF were co-expressed in trigeminal neurons and the percentage of co-expression was significantly higher following tooth movement. The administration of NGF and NGF neutralizing antibody into TG could upregulate and downregulate the expression of ASIC3 in TG, respectively. NGF aggravated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be alleviated by ASIC3 antagonist (APETx2). Moreover, NGF neutralizing antibody mitigated tooth mechanical hyperalgesia that could be recapitulated by ASIC3 agonist (GMQ). NGF-based gene therapy abolished tooth mechanical hyperalgesia and downregulated ASIC3 expression. Taken together, in response to force stimuli, periodontal fibroblasts upregulated the expressions of NGF that was retrogradely transported to TG, where NGF elicited tooth mechanical hyperalgesia through upregulating ASIC3. NGF-based gene therapy is a viable method in alleviating tooth-movement-induced mechanical hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Orthodontics, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyun Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Guo R, Chen Y, Liu L, Wen J, Yang H, Zhu Y, Gao M, Liang H, Lai W, Long H. Nerve Growth Factor Enhances Tooth Mechanical Hyperalgesia Through C-C Chemokine Ligand 19 in Rats. Front Neurol 2021; 12:540660. [PMID: 34149584 PMCID: PMC8211465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.540660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) plays an important role in the regulation of neuropathic pain. It has been demonstrated that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a well-known contributor to neurogenic inflammation, increases neuroinflammatory pain induced by NGF. The inflammatory mediator that NGF most strongly induces is C-C chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19), which can recruit inflammatory cells by binding to the receptor CCR7 followed by promoting the response of neuroinflammation. However, the regulatory mechanism of NGF and CCL19 in tooth movement orofacial pain and the interaction between both are still unclear. In this study, male Sprague–Dawley rats were used to study the modulation of NGF on orofacial pain through CCL19 and the role of each in tooth movement pain in rats. The expression levels of CCL19 mRNA and protein were determined by real-time PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Pain levels were assessed by measuring the rats' bite force, which drops as pain rises. Meanwhile, by verifying the relationship between CGRP and CCL19, it was laterally confirmed that NGF could modulate tooth movement-induced mechanical hyperalgesia through CCL19. The results showed that the expression level of CCL19 rose with the increased NGF, and neurons expressing CGRP can express stronger CCL19. Compared with the baseline level, the bite force for all rats dropped sharply on day 1, reached its lowest level on day 3, and recovered gradually on day 5. All results indicated that NGF played an important role in tooth movement orofacial pain via positively regulating CCL19 expression in the trigeminal ganglia of rats. Additionally, CCL19 increased the sensitivity to experimental tooth movement orofacial pain. NGF can regulate CCL19 expression, although it may regulate other inflammatory pathways as well. This is the first report on the interactions and modulations of tooth movement orofacial pain by NGF through CCL19 in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Beijing Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yafen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiya Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Yan X, Han H, Zhang S, Lu Y, Ren L, Tang Y, Li X, Jian F, Wang Y, Long H, Lai W. N/OFQ modulates orofacial pain induced by tooth movement through CGRP-dependent pathways. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:25. [PMID: 33836649 PMCID: PMC8034138 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) has been revealed to play bidirectional roles in orofacial pain modulation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a well-known pro-nociceptive molecule that participates in the modulation of orofacial pain. We aimed to determine the effects of N/OFQ on the modulation of orofacial pain and on the release of CGRP. METHODS Orofacial pain model was established by ligating springs between incisors and molars in rats for the simulation of tooth movement. The expression level of N/OFQ was determined and pain level was scored in response to orofacial pain. Both agonist and antagonist of N/OFQ receptor were administered to examine their effects on pain and the expression of CGRP in trigeminal ganglia (TG). Moreover, gene therapy based on the overexpression of N/OFQ was delivered to validate the modulatory role of N/OFQ on pain and CGRP expression. RESULTS Tooth movement elicited orofacial pain and an elevation in N/OFQ expression. N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain and upregulated CGRP expression in TG, while UFP-101 alleviated pain and downregulated CGRP expression. N/OFQ-based gene therapy was successful in overexpressing N/OFQ in TG, which resulted in pain exacerbation and elevation of CGRP expression in TG. CONCLUSIONS N/OFQ exacerbated orofacial pain possibly through upregulating CGRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Han Han
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Shizhen Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yanzhu Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Linghuan Ren
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yufei Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Fan Jian
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hu Long
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Wenli Lai
- Department of Orthodontics, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Center for Oral Research, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, No. 14, Section 3, Ren Min Nan Road, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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