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Krohn F, Novello M, van der Giessen RS, De Zeeuw CI, Pel JJM, Bosman LWJ. The integrated brain network that controls respiration. eLife 2023; 12:83654. [PMID: 36884287 PMCID: PMC9995121 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiration is a brain function on which our lives essentially depend. Control of respiration ensures that the frequency and depth of breathing adapt continuously to metabolic needs. In addition, the respiratory control network of the brain has to organize muscular synergies that integrate ventilation with posture and body movement. Finally, respiration is coupled to cardiovascular function and emotion. Here, we argue that the brain can handle this all by integrating a brainstem central pattern generator circuit in a larger network that also comprises the cerebellum. Although currently not generally recognized as a respiratory control center, the cerebellum is well known for its coordinating and modulating role in motor behavior, as well as for its role in the autonomic nervous system. In this review, we discuss the role of brain regions involved in the control of respiration, and their anatomical and functional interactions. We discuss how sensory feedback can result in adaptation of respiration, and how these mechanisms can be compromised by various neurological and psychological disorders. Finally, we demonstrate how the respiratory pattern generators are part of a larger and integrated network of respiratory brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Krohn
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan J M Pel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Castro EM, Lotfipour S, Leslie FM. Nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106716. [PMID: 36868366 PMCID: PMC10392865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental periods such as gestation and adolescence have enhanced plasticity leaving the brain vulnerable to harmful effects from nicotine use. Proper brain maturation and circuit organization is critical for normal physiological and behavioral outcomes. Although cigarette smoking has declined in popularity, noncombustible nicotine products are readily used. The misperceived safety of these alternatives lead to widespread use among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and adolescents. Nicotine exposure during these sensitive developmental windows is detrimental to cardiorespiratory function, learning and memory, executive function, and reward related circuitry. In this review, we will discuss clinical and preclinical evidence of the adverse alterations in the brain and behavior following nicotine exposure. Time-dependent nicotine-induced changes in reward related brain regions and drug reward behaviors will be discussed and highlight unique sensitivities within a developmental period. We will also review long lasting effects of developmental exposure persisting into adulthood, along with permanent epigenetic changes in the genome which can be passed to future generations. Taken together, it is critical to evaluate the consequences of nicotine exposure during these vulnerable developmental windows due to its direct impact on cognition, potential trajectories for other substance use, and implicated mechanisms for the neurobiology of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Wollman L, Hill A, Hasse B, Young C, Hernandez-De La Pena G, Levine RB, Fregosi RF. Influence of developmental nicotine exposure on serotonergic control of breathing-related motor output. Dev Neurobiol 2022; 82:175-191. [PMID: 35016263 PMCID: PMC8940681 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin plays an important role in the development of brainstem circuits that control breathing. Here, we test the hypothesis that developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) alters the breathing-related motor response to serotonin (5HT). Pregnant rats were exposed to nicotine or saline, and brainstem-spinal cord preparations from 1- to 5-day-old pups were studied in a split-bath configuration, allowing drugs to be applied selectively to the medulla or spinal cord. The activity of the fourth cervical ventral nerve roots (C4VR), which contain axons of phrenic motoneurons, was recorded. We applied 5HT alone or together with antagonists of 5HT1A, 5HT2A, or 5HT7 receptor subtypes. In control preparations, 5HT applied to the medulla consistently reduced C4VR frequency and this reduction could not be blocked by any of the three antagonists. In DNE preparations, medullary 5HT caused a large and sustained frequency increase (10 min), followed by a sustained decrease. Notably, the transient increase in frequency could be blocked by the independent addition of any of the antagonists. Experiments with subtype-specific agonists suggest that the 5HT7 subtype may contribute to the increased frequency response in the DNE preparations. Changes in C4VR burst amplitude in response to brainstem 5HT were uninfluenced by DNE. Addition of 5HT to the caudal chamber modestly increased phasic and greatly increased tonic C4VR activity, but there were no effects of DNE. The data show that DNE alters serotonergic signaling within brainstem circuits that control respiratory frequency but does not functionally alter serotonin signaling in the phrenic motoneuron pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila Wollman
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Andrew Hill
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | - Brady Hasse
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Christina Young
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ
| | | | - Richard B Levine
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ,Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Ralph F. Fregosi
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ,Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Vivekanandarajah A, Nelson ME, Kinney HC, Elliott AJ, Folkerth RD, Tran H, Cotton J, Jacobs P, Minter M, McMillan K, Duncan JR, Broadbelt KG, Schissler K, Odendaal HJ, Angal J, Brink L, Burger EH, Coldrey JA, Dempers J, Boyd TK, Fifer WP, Geldenhuys E, Groenewald C, Holm IA, Myers MM, Randall B, Schubert P, Sens MA, Wright CA, Roberts DJ, Nelsen L, Wadee S, Zaharie D, Haynes RL. Nicotinic Receptors in the Brainstem Ascending Arousal System in SIDS With Analysis of Pre-natal Exposures to Maternal Smoking and Alcohol in High-Risk Populations of the Safe Passage Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:636668. [PMID: 33776893 PMCID: PMC7988476 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.636668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-natal exposures to nicotine and alcohol are known risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of post-neonatal infant mortality. Here, we present data on nicotinic receptor binding, as determined by 125I-epibatidine receptor autoradiography, in the brainstems of infants dying of SIDS and of other known causes of death collected from the Safe Passage Study, a prospective, multicenter study with clinical sites in Cape Town, South Africa and 5 United States sites, including 2 American Indian Reservations. We examined 15 pons and medulla regions related to cardiovascular control and arousal in infants dying of SIDS (n = 12) and infants dying from known causes (n = 20, 10 pre-discharge from time of birth, 10 post-discharge). Overall, there was a developmental decrease in 125I-epibatidine binding with increasing postconceptional age in 5 medullary sites [raphe obscurus, gigantocellularis, paragigantocellularis, centralis, and dorsal accessory olive (p = 0.0002-0.03)], three of which are nuclei containing serotonin cells. Comparing SIDS with post-discharge known cause of death (post-KCOD) controls, we found significant decreased binding in SIDS in the nucleus pontis oralis (p = 0.02), a critical component of the cholinergic ascending arousal system of the rostral pons (post-KCOD, 12.1 ± 0.9 fmol/mg and SIDS, 9.1 ± 0.78 fmol/mg). In addition, we found an effect of maternal smoking in SIDS (n = 11) combined with post-KCOD controls (n = 8) on the raphe obscurus (p = 0.01), gigantocellularis (p = 0.02), and the paragigantocellularis (p = 0.002), three medullary sites found in this study to have decreased binding with age and found in previous studies to have abnormal indices of serotonin neurotransmission in SIDS infants. At these sites, 125I-epibatidine binding increased with increasing cigarettes per week. We found no effect of maternal drinking on 125I-epibatidine binding at any site measured. Taken together, these data support changes in nicotinic receptor binding related to development, cause of death, and exposure to maternal cigarette smoking. These data present new evidence in a prospective study supporting the roles of developmental factors, as well as adverse exposure on nicotinic receptors, in serotonergic nuclei of the rostral medulla-a finding that highlights the interwoven and complex relationship between acetylcholine (via nicotinic receptors) and serotonergic neurotransmission in the medulla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Morgan E. Nelson
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Hannah C. Kinney
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Amy J. Elliott
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Rebecca D. Folkerth
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Forensic Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Hoa Tran
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jacob Cotton
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Perri Jacobs
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Megan Minter
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kristin McMillan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jhodie R. Duncan
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kevin G. Broadbelt
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kathryn Schissler
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hein J. Odendaal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyoti Angal
- Avera Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Lucy Brink
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elsie H. Burger
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Jean A. Coldrey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johan Dempers
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Theonia K. Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - William P. Fifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Elaine Geldenhuys
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Coen Groenewald
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ingrid A. Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and the Manton Center for Orphan Diseases Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Michael M. Myers
- Department of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bradley Randall
- Department of Pathology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Pawel Schubert
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mary Ann Sens
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, United States
| | - Colleen A. Wright
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Lancet Laboratories, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Drucilla J. Roberts
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Shabbir Wadee
- Division of Forensic Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University & Western Cape Forensic Pathology Service, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Dan Zaharie
- Division of Anatomical Pathology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin L. Haynes
- Department of Pathology, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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