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Li J, Yang D, Ge S, Liu L, Huo Y, Hu Z. Identifying hub genes of sepsis-associated and hepatic encephalopathies based on bioinformatic analysis-focus on the two common encephalopathies of septic cirrhotic patients in ICU. BMC Med Genomics 2024; 17:19. [PMID: 38212812 PMCID: PMC10785360 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01774-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the ICU ward, septic cirrhotic patients are susceptible to suffering from sepsis-associated encephalopathy and/or hepatic encephalopathy, which are two common neurological complications in such patients. However, the mutual pathogenesis between sepsis-associated and hepatic encephalopathies remains unclear. We aimed to identify the mutual hub genes, explore effective diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the two common encephalopathies and provide novel, promising insights into the clinical management of such septic cirrhotic patients. METHODS The precious human post-mortem cerebral tissues were deprived of the GSE135838, GSE57193, and GSE41919 datasets, downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Furthermore, we identified differentially expressed genes and screened hub genes with weighted gene co-expression network analysis. The hub genes were then subjected to Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway functional enrichment analyses, and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed. Receiver operating characteristic curves and correlation analyses were set up for the hub genes. Finally, we explored principal and common signaling pathways by using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and the association between the hub genes and immune cell subtype distribution by using CIBERSORT algorithm. RESULTS We identified seven hub genes-GPR4, SOCS3, BAG3, ZFP36, CDKN1A, ADAMTS9, and GADD45B-by using differentially expressed gene analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis method. The AUCs of these genes were all greater than 0.7 in the receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. The Gene Set Enrichment Analysis results demonstrated that mutual signaling pathways were mainly enriched in hypoxia and inflammatory response. CIBERSORT indicated that these seven hub genes were closely related to innate and adaptive immune cells. CONCLUSIONS We identified seven hub genes with promising diagnostic value and therapeutic targets in septic cirrhotic patients with sepsis-associated encephalopathy and/or hepatic encephalopathy. Hypoxia, inflammatory, and immunoreaction responses may share the common downstream pathways of the two common encephalopathies, for which earlier recognition and timely intervention are crucial for management of such septic cirrhotic patients in ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Emergency (Xiangjiang Hospital), The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, China
| | - Shengmei Ge
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Huo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenjie Hu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Hebei Key Laboratory of Critical Disease Mechanism and Intervention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
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Quan H, Zhang R. Microglia dynamic response and phenotype heterogeneity in neural regeneration following hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1320271. [PMID: 38094292 PMCID: PMC10716326 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1320271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury poses a significant threat to the neural niche within the central nervous system. In response to this pathological process, microglia, as innate immune cells in the central nervous system, undergo rapid morphological, molecular and functional changes. Here, we comprehensively review these dynamic changes in microglial response to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury under pathological conditions, including stroke, chronic intermittent hypoxia and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We focus on the regulation of signaling pathways under hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and further describe the process of microenvironment remodeling and neural tissue regeneration mediated by microglia after hypoxic-ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Quan
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Runrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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O'Carroll R, Reynolds JP, Al-Roqi M, Aiyegbusi ED, Dooley D. ThermoCyte: an inexpensive open-source temperature control system for in vitro live-cell imaging. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231037. [PMID: 38034122 PMCID: PMC10685113 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Live-cell imaging is a common technique in microscopy to investigate dynamic cellular behaviour and permits the accurate and relevant analysis of a wide range of cellular and tissue parameters, such as motility, cell division, wound healing responses and calcium (Ca2+) signalling in cell lines, primary cell cultures and ex vivo preparations. Furthermore, this can occur under many experimental conditions, making live-cell imaging indispensable for biological research. Systems which maintain cells at physiological conditions outside of a CO2 incubator are often bulky, expensive and use proprietary components. Here we present an inexpensive, open-source temperature control system for in vitro live-cell imaging. Our system 'ThermoCyte', which is constructed from standard electronic components, enables precise tuning, control and logging of a temperature 'set point' for imaging cells at physiological temperature. We achieved stable thermal dynamics, with reliable temperature cycling and a standard deviation of 0.42°C over 1 h. Furthermore, the device is modular in nature and is adaptable to the researcher's specific needs. This represents simple, inexpensive and reliable tool for laboratories to carry out custom live-cell imaging protocols, on a standard laboratory bench, at physiological temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross O'Carroll
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - James P. Reynolds
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Mazen Al-Roqi
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Emmanuelle Damilola Aiyegbusi
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
| | - Dearbhaile Dooley
- School of Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Zhang D, Chen X, Liu B, Yuan Y, Cui W, Zhu D, Zhu J, Duan S, Li C. The Temporal and Spatial Changes of Autophagy and PI3K Isoforms in Different Neural Cells After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:5366-5377. [PMID: 37316758 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03421-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
There are limited therapeutic options for patient with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Phosphoinositide 3-kinase family (PI3Ks) are the key molecules for regulating cell autophagy, which is a possible way of treating SCI. As we know, PI3K family are composed of eight isoforms, which are distributed into three classes. While the role of PI3Ks in regulating autophagy is controversial and the effects may be in a cell-specific manner. Different isoforms do not distribute in neural cells consistently and it is not clear how the PI3K isoforms regulate and interact with autophagy. Therefore, we explored the distributions and expression of different PI3K isoforms in two key neural cells (PC12 cells and astrocytes). The results showed that the expression of LC3II/I and p62, which are the markers of autophagy, changed in different patterns in PC12 cells and astrocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation injury (H/R). Furthermore, the mRNA level of eight PI3K isoforms did not change in the same way, and even for the same isoform the mRNA activities are different between PC12 cells and astrocytes. What is more, the results of western blot of PI3K isoforms after H/R were inconsistent with the relevant mRNA. Based on this study, the therapeutic effects of regulating autophagy on SCI are not confirmed definitely, and its molecular mechanisms may be related with different temporal and spatial patterns of activation and distributions of PI3K isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duo Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Capital Medical University Electric Power Hospital, Beijing, 100073, China
| | - Baoge Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, 100068, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Jichao Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuo Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
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Wang M, Liu M, Ma Z. Cannabinoid type 2 receptor activation inhibits MPP +-induced M1 differentiation of microglia through activating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signal pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:4423-4433. [PMID: 36977807 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence indicates that cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor activation inhibits neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Nonetheless, the precise mechanisms of CB2 receptor-mediated neuroprotection have not been fully elucidated. The differentiation of microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype plays a vital role in neuroinflammation. METHODS In the present study, we investigated the effect of CB2 receptor activation on the M1/M2 phenotypic transformation of microglia treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+). The M1 phenotype microglia markers, including inducible nitric oxide (iNOS), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and CD86, and the M2 phenotype microglia markers, including arginase-1 (Arg-1), IL-10, and CD206, were detected by western blots and flow cytometry. The levels of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) were determined by Western blots. Subsequent addition of Nrf2 inhibitors initially revealed the specific mechanism by which CB2 receptors affect phenotypic changes in microglia. RESULTS Our results showed that pretreatment with JWH133 significantly inhibited the MPP+-induced up-regulation of M1 phenotype microglia markers. Meanwhile, JWH133 increased the levels of M2 phenotype microglia markers. JWH133-mediated effects were blocked by co-treatment with AM630. Mechanism studies found that MPP+ treatment downregulated PI3K, Akt phosphorylated proteins, and nuclear Nrf2 protein. JWH133 pretreatment promoted PI3K/Akt activation and facilitated nuclear translocation of Nrf2, which was reversed by the PI3K inhibitor. Further studies showed that Nrf2 inhibitors inverted the effect of JWH133 on microglia polarization. CONCLUSION The results indicate that CB2 receptor activation promotes MPP+-induced microglia transformation from M1 to M2 phenotype through PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Man Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zegang Ma
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Brain Science and Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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