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Kagan KO, Tost F, Heling KS, Hoopmann M, Sonek J, Chaoui R. Fetal eye ultrasound: Normal anatomy, abnormal findings, and clinical impact. ULTRASCHALL IN DER MEDIZIN (STUTTGART, GERMANY : 1980) 2024. [PMID: 38848751 DOI: 10.1055/a-2318-5464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Until now, ultrasound examination of the fetal eyes has not played an important role in prenatal diagnosis. National and international guidelines are generally confined to documentation of the presence of the orbits and the lenses. However, in recent years, with the advent of high-resolution ultrasound technology and increasing knowledge of prenatal medicine and genetics, careful examination of the fetal eye has enabled the detection of many ocular malformations before birth. This article provides an overview of the anatomy related to the development of the fetal eye and covers the following conditions: hypertelorism, hypotelorism, exophthalmos, microphthalmos, coloboma, cataract, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, retinal detachment, dacryocystocele, and septooptic dysplasia, etc. It is designed to illustrate the spectrum of ocular malformations and their appearance on prenatal ultrasound and to discuss their clinical impact and association with various syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Oliver Kagan
- Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Women's Health, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Tost
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kai-Sven Heling
- Medical practice, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Hoopmann
- Prenatal Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Women's Health, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jiri Sonek
- Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton, United States
- Fetal Medicine Foundation USA, Dayton, United States
| | - Rabih Chaoui
- Medical Practice, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis and Human Genetics, Berlin, Germany
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Guarnera A, Valente P, Pasquini L, Moltoni G, Randisi F, Carducci C, Carboni A, Lucignani G, Napolitano A, Romanzo A, Longo D, Gandolfo C, Rossi-Espagnet MC. Congenital Malformations of the Eye: A Pictorial Review and Clinico-Radiological Correlations. J Ophthalmol 2024; 2024:5993083. [PMID: 38322500 PMCID: PMC10846927 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5993083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Congenital malformations of the eye represent a wide and heterogeneous spectrum of abnormalities that may be part of a complex syndrome or be isolated. Ocular malformation severity depends on the timing of the causative event during eye formation, ranging from the complete absence of the eye if injury occurs during the first weeks of gestation, to subtle abnormalities if the cause occurs later on. Knowledge of ocular malformations is crucial to performing a tailored imaging protocol and correctly reporting imaging findings. Together with the ophthalmologic evaluation, imaging may help frame ocular malformations and identify underlying genetic conditions. The purpose of this pictorial review is to describe the imaging features of the main ocular malformations and the related ophthalmologic findings in order to provide a clinico-radiological overview of these abnormalities to the clinical radiologist. Sight is a crucial sense for children to explore the world and relate with their parents from birth. Vision impairment or even blindness secondary to ocular malformations deeply affects children's growth and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Guarnera
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Paola Valente
- Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
- Neuroradiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York 10065, NY, USA
| | - Giulia Moltoni
- Neuroradiology Unit, NESMOS Department, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035-1039, Rome 00189, Italy
| | - Francesco Randisi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Chiara Carducci
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Alessia Carboni
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Giulia Lucignani
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Antonio Napolitano
- Medical Physics Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Romanzo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Daniela Longo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Carlo Gandolfo
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Rossi-Espagnet
- Neuroradiology Unit, Imaging Department, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, Rome 00165, Italy
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Tsyhykalo OV, Kuzniak NB, Dmytrenko RR, Perebyjnis PP, Oliinyk IY, Fedoniuk LY. FEATURES OF MORPHOGENESIS OF THE BONES OF THE HUMAN ORBIT. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2023; 76:189-197. [PMID: 36883509 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202301126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim: To find out the sources of origin, the chronology of ossification, the peculiarities of age-related topographical and anatomical changes in the bones of the human orbit. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and methods: The research was carried out on the specimens of 18 human embryos and prefetuses aged from 4th to 12th weeks of intrauterine development and 12 human fetuses aged from 4th to 9th months which were studied by microscopic examination and 3D reconstruction. RESULTS Results: The first signs of osteogenesis around the main nervous and visceral contents of the orbit rudiment are observed in 6-week-old embryos in the form of seven cartilaginous bone models. The first signs of ossification in the region of the orbit are found in the maxilla. During the 6th month of intrauterine development, intensive processes of ossification of the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal bones and maxilla are noticeable. From the beginning of the fetal pe¬riod of human ontogenesis, the ossification of bone rudiments that form the walls of the orbit continues. The processes of ossification of the structures of the sphenoidal bone continue, which leads to morphological transformations of the orbit in 5-month-old fetuses - it is separated from the sphenopalatine and infratemporal fossae by a bone layer, the optic canal is formed, and in 6-month-old fetuses, processes of ossification of the frontal, sphenoidal and ethmoidal bones and maxilla occur, Müller's muscle changes its structure to a fibrous one. CONCLUSION Conclusions: Critical periods of the orbit development are the 6th month of prenatal ontogenesis and the 8th month.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr V Tsyhykalo
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Nataliia B Kuzniak
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Roman R Dmytrenko
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Pavlo P Perebyjnis
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Igor Yu Oliinyk
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
| | - Larysa Ya Fedoniuk
- BUKOVINIAN STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, CHERNIVTSI, UKRAINE I. HORBACHEVSKY TERNOPIL NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, TERNOPIL, UKRAINE
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Abdu L, Bawahab N, Mohammed Hussain RW, Qary H, Saeedi A, Alhibshi N. Prevalence and Treatment Outcome of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Saudi Children with Down Syndrome. Cureus 2020; 12:e6672. [PMID: 31976186 PMCID: PMC6968829 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.6672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) is one of the most common congenital abnormalities encountered by pediatric ophthalmologists, occurring in 20-30% of all neonates (range: 6-84%). The majority of the cases (up to 90%) resolve within the first year of birth. Many syndromes, such as Down syndrome, are associated with congenital lacrimal anomalies. The prevalence of nasolacrimal anomalies in Down syndrome has been reported to be 22%. Methods This was a retrospective study of all children diagnosed with Down syndrome at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between 2010 and 2015. Result The total sample size was 175 patients; 15 patients were diagnosed with CNLDO with a prevalence of 8.57%. The prevalence among the gender was 53.3% male and 46.7% female, with a median age of eight years. Regarding ocular disorders, 20.0% cases were diagnosed with refractive error, 13.3% with nystagmus, and 13.3% with blepharitis. Myopia, strabismus, conjunctivitis, and cataract were observed in four different patients, and the remaining four cases reported no other ocular disorders. Tearing, alone or associated with other symptoms, was the main presentation of CNLDO (86.7%). Bilateral CNLDO was the most commonly observed abnormality, alone or associated with others. The median age at diagnosis was one year. Of the cases, 53.3% were treated medically, 26.7% by surgical correction, and 13.3% required both. Conclusion Bilateral CNLDO is the most observed disease pattern among children with Down syndrome. In our study, tearing was the most common clinical presentation and most cases were treated medically. Down syndrome patients should be carefully examined for nasolacrimal duct obstructions and treated medically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Abdu
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Noor Bawahab
- Pediatric, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
| | | | - Hesham Qary
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Asalh Saeedi
- Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Nizar Alhibshi
- Ophthalmology, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, SAU
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Khaku A, Patel V, Zacharia T, Goldenberg D, McGinn J. Guidelines for radiographic imaging of cranial neuropathies. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2018; 96:E23-E39. [PMID: 29121382 DOI: 10.1177/0145561317096010-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the complex pathways of the 12 cranial nerves can occur at any site along their course, and many, varied pathologic processes may initially manifest as dysfunction and neuropathy. Radiographic imaging (computed topography or magnetic resonance imaging) is frequently used to evaluate cranial neuropathies; however, indications for imaging and imaging method of choice vary considerably between the cranial nerves. The purpose of this review is to provide an analysis of the diagnostic yield and the most clinically appropriate means to evaluate cranial neuropathies using radiographic imaging. Using the PubMed MEDLINE NCBI database, a total of 49,079 articles' results were retrieved on September 20, 2014. Scholarly articles that discuss the etiology, incidence, and use of imaging in the context of evaluation and diagnostic yield of the 12 cranial nerves were evaluated for the purposes of this review. We combined primary research, guidelines, and best practice recommendations to create a practical framework for the radiographic evaluation of cranial neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliasgher Khaku
- Department of Surgery, Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Dr., MC H091, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA
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Facial Paralysis in Patients With Hemifacial Microsomia: Frequency, Distribution, and Association With Other OMENS Abnormalities. J Craniofac Surg 2018; 29:1633-1637. [PMID: 29771843 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000004618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although facial paralysis is a fundamental feature of hemifacial microsomia, the frequency and distribution of nerve abnormalities in patients with hemifacial microsomia remain unclear. In this study, the authors classified 1125 cases with microtia (including 339 patients with hemifacial microsomia and 786 with isolated microtia) according to Orbital Distortion Mandibular Hypoplasia Ear Anomaly Nerve Involvement Soft Tissue Dependency (OMENS) scheme. Then, the authors performed an independent analysis to describe the distribution feature of nerve abnormalities and reveal the possible relationships between facial paralysis and the other 4 fundamental features in the OMENS system. Results revealed that facial paralysis is present 23.9% of patients with hemifacial microsomia. The frontal-temporal branch is the most vulnerable branch in the total 1125 cases with microtia. The occurrence of facial paralysis is positively correlated with mandibular hypoplasia and soft tissue deficiency both in the total 1125 cases and the hemifacial microsomia patients. Orbital asymmetry is related to facial paralysis only in the total microtia cases, and ear deformity is related to facial paralysis only in hemifacial microsomia patients. No significant association was found between the severity of facial paralysis and any of the other 4 OMENS anomalies. These data suggest that the occurrence of facial paralysis may be associated with other OMENS abnormalities. The presence of serious mandibular hypoplasia or soft tissue deficiency should alert the clinician to a high possibility but not a high severity of facial paralysis.
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Abstract
This article reviews a variety of congenital and developmental disorders of the pediatric orbit with particular emphasis on ocular lesions, followed by a description of developmental and neoplastic orbital and ocular masses. The relationship of these diseases to various syndromes and/or known genetic mutations is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behroze A Vachha
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Caroline D Robson
- Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pahwa S, Sharma S, Das CJ, Dhamija E, Agrawal S. Intraorbital Cystic Lesions: An Imaging Spectrum. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol 2015; 44:437-48. [DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Britto FCCD, Rosier VV, Luz TV, Verde RCL, Lima CMFD, Lessa MM. Nasolacrimal duct mucocele: case report and literature review. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 19:96-8. [PMID: 25992160 PMCID: PMC4392515 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1366978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mucoceles are benign expansive cystic formations, composed of a mucus-secreting epithelium (respiratory or pseudostratified epithelium). Nasolacrimal mucocele occurs in a small proportion of children with nasolacrimal duct obstruction and is characterized by a cystic mass in the medial canthus with dilation of the nasolacrimal duct; although dacryocystoceles are rare in adults, they have been reported in patients with trachoma. Objective Discuss clinical aspects, diagnosis, and therapeutic management of mucocele of nasolacrimal duct based on literature review. Resumed Report The authors report a case of bilateral congenital nasolacrimal duct cysts in a 30-year-old man, identified as a tumor in the topography of both lacrimal sacs since birth without associated symptoms. The patient underwent successive surgical treatments, leading to recurrence of the tumor at the right side and recurrent local infections. Conclusion Endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy has been increasingly used with good results and success rates similar to the external access.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vitor Veloso Rosier
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos-Universidade Federal da Bahia (HUPES-UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Tovar Vicente Luz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Endoscopic Sinus Surgery, HUPES-UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus Miranda Lessa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; HUPES-UFBA, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Current management of Coats disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:30-46. [PMID: 24138893 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Since its original description in 1908, Coats disease has been recognized as an idiopathic cause of severe vision loss with a remarkable diversity in clinical presentation and morphology. Key clinical and imaging variables are helpful in differentiating Coats disease from life-threatening malignancies, and proper management revolves around a thorough knowledge of the differential diagnosis. Despite significant advancement in scientific understanding of the disease process and clinical spectrum, the underlying etiology remains obscure, and both primary and secondary forms are recognized. With the development of anti-VEGF therapy, vitreoretinal specialists have a new, effective adjunct to the clinical management of exudates, macular edema, and serous retinal detachment. We highlight the history, diagnostic challenges, evolving clinical spectrum, and current management of Coats disease.
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