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Strong N, Ostrosky-Zeichner L. Fusarium species central nervous system infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2024; 37:185-191. [PMID: 38518108 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000001009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fusarium species are an increasingly important cause of meningitis and invasive disease in immunocompromised patients as well as in otherwise healthy patients as observed in two recent healthcare-associated outbreaks. This review summarizes recently published information on treatment and diagnosis of this infection. RECENT FINDINGS Incidence of Fusarium species meningitis and invasive fusariosis are increasing. Molecular techniques are improving the speed of diagnosis. New antifungal agents in development show good in vitro activity against some Fusarium species. New technologies, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) filtration, may play a role in treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disease. Due to the continued prime importance of the host immune system in recovery, immunomodulatory treatments may play a role in treatment. SUMMARY The overall incidence of CNS fusariosis is increasing with a continued poor prognosis, but new diagnostic and treatment modalities are in development which may offer improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Strong
- McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Duong MT, Ungemach A, Malik F, Duong MT, Wasserman N, Cooper K, Pantel AR, O'Neil JC, Szep Z. Mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor of the spinal cord: Case report and literature review. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578329. [PMID: 38554665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
We report the first description of spinal cord mycobacterial spindle cell pseudotumor. A patient with newly diagnosed advanced HIV presented with recent-onset bilateral leg weakness and was found to have a hypermetabolic spinal cord mass on structural and molecular imaging. Biopsy and cultures from blood and cerebrospinal fluid confirmed spindle cell pseudotumor due to Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. Despite control of HIV and initial reduction in pseudotumor volume on antiretrovirals and antimycobacterials (azithromycin, ethambutol, rifampin/rifabutin), he ultimately experienced progressive leg weakness due to pseudotumor re-expansion. Here, we review literature and discuss multidisciplinary diagnosis, monitoring and management challenges, including immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tran Duong
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Adam Ungemach
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Faizan Malik
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Melissa T Duong
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Noah Wasserman
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kumarasen Cooper
- Department of Pathology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Austin R Pantel
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessica C O'Neil
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zsofia Szep
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Aslam Khan A, Anwar MS, Cherukuri PB, Abu-Shanab A, Fish PN. Community-Acquired Meningitis Complicated With Pyogenic Ventriculitis and Hydrocephalus in a Patient With Haematological Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e60800. [PMID: 38903366 PMCID: PMC11188013 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.60800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Meningitis, an infection of the meninges of the central nervous system (CNS), can advance quickly and carries a mortality rate reaching 30% among affected patients. It may become complicated by conditions such as hydrocephalus, ventriculitis, and cerebral abscess. Here, we describe a case of meningitis that was complicated by pyogenic ventriculitis and hydrocephalus in a patient with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) who underwent chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The patient presented with acute change in mental status and high-grade fever, with few episodes of non-bloody vomiting. Blood culture and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture grew Streptococcus pneumoniae, which was sensitive to ceftriaxone. CT scan of the head showed ventriculomegaly, pansinusitis, and a large left mastoid effusion. MRI of the brain showed layering in ventricles, hydrocephalus, and dural enhancement consistent with pachymeningitis. She was treated with ceftriaxone for 21 days with a meaningful outcome. She was discharged home with near-baseline mental capacity for further physical therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anosh Aslam Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, USA
| | | | | | - Amer Abu-Shanab
- Department of Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, USA
| | - Peter N Fish
- Department of Internal Medicine, Monmouth Medical Center, Long Branch, USA
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Michishita Y, Saito T, Uchiyama T. Myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-positive encephalitis in a patient with Sturge-Weber syndrome. Radiol Case Rep 2024; 19:1276-1279. [PMID: 38292807 PMCID: PMC10825592 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare congenital disorder associated with systemic vascular malformations characterized by port-wine stains, epilepsy, and glaucoma. Patients with SWS can develop stroke-like symptoms such as hemiparesis. We report a case of a 63-year old woman with SWS who developed left-sided hemiparesis and was finally diagnosed with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody-positive encephalitis. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed right-dominant bilateral leptomeningeal enhancement, thickened dura mater, and a cerebellar lesion. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination showed pleocytosis. Both serum and CSF proved positive for MOG antibodies. The patient recovered immediately after intravenous methylprednisolone administration. SWS and MOG antibody-positive encephalitis share similar clinical findings of stroke-like symptoms and leptomeningeal enhancement on MRI. However, MOG antibody-positive encephalitis is highly steroid-responsive in most cases. If a patient with SWS develops stroke-like symptoms accompanied by abnormal CSF findings or subtentorial lesions, testing for MOG antibodies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Michishita
- Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takuya Saito
- Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Uchiyama
- Department of Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Ganti L, Veluri SC, Stead TS, Rieck R. Ominous Causes of Headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2024; 28:73-81. [PMID: 38091239 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-023-01202-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While primary headaches like migraines or cluster headaches are prevalent and often debilitating, it's the secondary headaches-those resulting from underlying pathologies-that can be particularly ominous. This article delves into the sinister causes of headaches, underscoring the importance of a meticulous clinical approach, especially when presented with red flags. RECENT FINDINGS Headaches, one of the most common complaints in clinical practice, span a spectrum from benign tension-type episodes to harbingers of life-threatening conditions. For the seasoned physician, differentiating between these extremes is paramount. Headache etiologies covered in this article will include subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), cervical artery dissection, cerebral venous thrombosis, meningitis, obstructive hydrocephalus, and brain tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Ganti
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA.
- University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA.
- Envision Healthcare, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | | - Thor S Stead
- The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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