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Calpe-López C, Martínez-Caballero MA, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Resilience to the effects of social stress on vulnerability to developing drug addiction. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:24-58. [PMID: 35111578 PMCID: PMC8783163 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We review the still scarce but growing literature on resilience to the effects of social stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse. We define the concept of resilience and how it is applied to the field of drug addiction research. We also describe the internal and external protective factors associated with resilience, such as individual behavioral traits and social support. We then explain the physiological response to stress and how it is modulated by resilience factors. In the subsequent section, we describe the animal models commonly used in the study of resilience to social stress, and we focus on the effects of chronic social defeat (SD), a kind of stress induced by repeated experience of defeat in an agonistic encounter, on different animal behaviors (depression- and anxiety-like behavior, cognitive impairment and addiction-like symptoms). We then summarize the current knowledge on the neurobiological substrates of resilience derived from studies of resilience to the effects of chronic SD stress on depression- and anxiety-related behaviors in rodents. Finally, we focus on the limited studies carried out to explore resilience to the effects of SD stress on the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, describing the current state of knowledge and suggesting future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria P García-Pardo
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Teruel 44003, Spain
| | - Maria A Aguilar
- Department of Psychobiology, University of Valencia, Valencia 46010, Spain
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Fugazzotto F, Occhiuto F, García-Pardo MP, Aguilar MA. Hypericum perforatum L. prevents the acquisition of and promotes resilience against stress-induced reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by cocaine. Neurosci Lett 2021; 762:136164. [PMID: 34371124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine use disorder is a serious problem worldwide, and there are no approved medications for its treatment. A novel approach to the treatment of drug addiction is the use of natural products, and, in this context, preclinical evidence suggests that Hypericum perforatum L. (Hypericum) is effective against alcohol and other substance use disorders. We hypothesised that Hypericum could also be useful as a treatment for cocaine use disorder, and so we set out to test its effectiveness in a mice model of cocaine addiction. In the first experiment we evaluated its effects on the acquisition of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Adult male mice were conditioned with cocaine (25 mg/kg), cocaine with Hypericum (75, 150 or 300 mg/kg) or the plant extract alone (300 mg/kg). In the second experiment, we tested the effects of Hypericum on stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP. All the mice were conditioned with cocaine (25 mg/kg) and, after extinction of CPP, the reinstating effects of social defeat (alone or with 75, 150 or 300 mg/kg of Hypericum) were evaluated. All the doses of Hypericum prevented the acquisition of cocaine-induced CPP. Furthermore, the plant extract dose-dependently reduced the reinstating effects of social defeat. Therefore, Hypericum is effective in reducing the rewarding effects of cocaine and prevents the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine CPP in mice. The mechanisms underlying these positive effects of Hypericum perforatum L. need to be determined by future research. Our results endorse Hypericum as a natural treatment for cocaine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Fugazzotto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, A. Imbesi Foundation, University of Messina. Vill. SS. Annunziata 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Occhiuto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, A. Imbesi Foundation, University of Messina. Vill. SS. Annunziata 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria P García-Pardo
- Faculty of Social and Human Sciences, Teruel Campus, University of Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria A Aguilar
- Unit of Research "Neurobehavioral Mechanisms and Endophenotypes of Addictive Behavior", Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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Calpe-López C, Gasparyan A, Navarrete F, Manzanares J, Miñarro J, Aguilar MA. Cannabidiol prevents priming- and stress-induced reinstatement of the conditioned place preference induced by cocaine in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:864-874. [PMID: 33427014 DOI: 10.1177/0269881120965952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cocaine dependence is an important problem without any effective pharmacological treatment. Some preclinical studies have suggested that cannabidiol (CBD), a component of the Cannabis sativa plant, could be useful for the treatment of cocaine use disorders. AIMS This work aims to evaluate the ability of CBD to reduce priming- and stress-induced reinstatement of the conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by cocaine. METHODS Young adult CD-1 male mice were allocated to 10 groups (n = 12/group), conditioned with cocaine (10 mg/kg) and exposed to extinction of CPP (two sessions per week). When extinction was achieved, each group received the corresponding treatment before the reinstatement test. In experiment 1, six groups were used: vehicle+saline (Veh+Sal), 5 mg/kg cocaine alone (Veh+Coc) or with CBD 30 or 60 mg/kg (CBD30+Coc, CBD60+Coc) and CBD alone (CBD30+Sal, CBD60+Sal). In experiment 2, four groups were used: exploration (Veh+Expl), social defeat (Veh+SD) and social defeat with CBD (CBD30+SD and CBD60+SD). Furthermore, the relative gene expression of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the ventral tegmental area was measured. RESULTS All mice acquired cocaine CPP and extinguished it after three or four weeks. Only the groups treated with cocaine priming (Veh+Coc) or exposed to social defeat (Veh+SD) showed reinstatement of CPP. Interestingly, CBD itself did not induce reinstatement and blocked the reinstating effects of cocaine priming and social defeat. Furthermore, cocaine priming increased DAT gene expression in the ventral tegmental area and CBD completely reversed this effect. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CBD could reduce reinstatement to cocaine seeking after a period of abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calpe-López
- Unit of Research 'Neurobehavioural mechanisms and endophenotypes of addictive behaviour', Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ani Gasparyan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarrete
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Alicante, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Miñarro
- Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria A Aguilar
- Unit of Research 'Neurobehavioural mechanisms and endophenotypes of addictive behaviour', Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Salud (RETICS), Red de Trastornos Adictivos, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid, Spain
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Arabi M, Nasab SH, Lorigooini Z, Boroujeni SN, Mortazavi SM, Anjomshoa M, Amini-Khoei H. Auraptene exerts protective effects on maternal separation stress-induced changes in behavior, hippocampus, heart and serum of mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107436. [PMID: 33556667 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress is associated with various complications. Auraptene has significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to assess the probable underlying mechanisms that mediate changes in the behavior, hippocampus, heart and serum in the mouse model of maternal separation (MS) stress. We evaluated the possible protective effects of auraptene in these changes focusing on inflammatory response and oxidative state. Mice were treated with auraptene (5, 10, and 50 mg/kg). In addition, anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using behavioral tests; including open field test (OFT) and elevated plus maze (EPM). Hippocampus and heart samples were assessed histopathologically. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity, as well as nitrite levels, were measured in serum, heart, and hippocampal tissues. Moreover, gene expression of inflammatory markers (Il-1β and Tlr-4) was evaluated in the heart and hippocampus. Results showed that auraptene reversed the negative effects of MS on behavior (increased time spent in central zone of the OFT and time and entries to the open arms of the EPM). Auraptene mitigated adverse effects of MS on the hippocampus (increased diameter and decreased percentage of dark neurons in the CA3 area). Accordingly, auraptene decreased MDA and nitrite levels and increased the antioxidant capacity in serum, and hippocampal samples. However, we observed different effects for different doses of auraptene in the heart samples. We concluded that MS is associated with anxiety-like behavior and cellular/molecular modifications in the heart, hippocampus and serum. We found that auraptene exerted protective effects against these negative effects of MS in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehran Arabi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shohreh Hosseini Nasab
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Shakiba Nasiri Boroujeni
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mohsen Mortazavi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Maryam Anjomshoa
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hossein Amini-Khoei
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
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Mori T, Uzawa N, Masukawa D, Hirayama S, Iwase Y, Hokazono M, Udagawa Y, Suzuki T. Enhancement of the rewarding effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in orexin knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2020; 396:112802. [PMID: 32653557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Orexinergic neurons, which are closely associated with narcolepsy, regulate arousal and reward circuits through the activation of monoaminergic neurons. Psychostimulants as well as 5-HT-related compounds have potential in the treatment of human narcolepsy. Previous studies have demonstrated that orexin receptor antagonists as well as orexin deficiencies affect the pharmacological effects of psychostimulants. However, little information is available on the consequences of psychostimulant use under orexin deficiency. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the abuse liability of psychostimulants in orexin knockout (KO) mice. In the present study, conditioned place preferences induced by methamphetamine and methylphenidate were not altered in orexin KO mice. Interestingly, we found that MDMA induced a conditioned place preference in orexin KO mice, but not in wild type (WT) mice. In addition, MDMA produced methylphenidate/methamphetamine-like discriminative stimulus effects in orexin KO mice, but not WT mice. Increases in 5-HT and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens induced by MDMA were not altered by knockout of orexin; the steady-state level of G protein activation was higher in the limbic forebrain of orexin KO mice. In substitution tests using a drug discrimination procedure, substitution of 5-HT1A receptor agonist for the discriminative stimulus effects of methylphenidate was enhanced in orexin KO mice. These findings indicate that the orexinergic system is involved the rewarding effects of psychostimulants. However, there is a risk of establishing rewarding effects of psychostimulants even under orexin deficiency. On the other hand, deficiencies in orexin may enhance the abuse liability of MDMA by changing a postsynaptic signal transduction accompanied by changes in discriminative stimulus effects themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoki Uzawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hirayama
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iwase
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Mayuna Hokazono
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yuya Udagawa
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Suzuki
- Department of Toxicology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan; Institute of Drug Addiction Research, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
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