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Puig-Parnau I, Garcia-Brito S, Vila-Soles L, Riberas A, Aldavert-Vera L, Segura-Torres P, Kádár E, Huguet G. Intracranial Self-stimulation of the Medial Forebrain Bundle Ameliorates Memory Disturbances and Pathological Hallmarks in an Alzheimer's Disease Model by Intracerebral Administration of Amyloid-β in Rats. Neuroscience 2023; 512:16-31. [PMID: 36646411 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
No curative or fully effective treatments are currently available for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia. Electrical stimulation of deep brain areas has been proposed as a novel neuromodulatory therapeutic approach. Previous research from our lab demonstrates that intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) targeting medial forebrain bundle (MFB) facilitates explicit and implicit learning and memory in rats with age or lesion-related memory impairment. At a molecular level, MFB-ICSS modulates the expression of plasticity and neuroprotection-related genes in memory-related brain areas. On this basis, we suggest that MFB could be a promising stimulation target for AD treatment. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of MFB-ICSS on both explicit memory as well as the levels of neuropathological markers ptau and drebrin (DBN) in memory-related areas, in an AD rat model obtained by Aβ icv-injection. A total of 36 male rats were trained in the Morris water maze on days 26-30 after Aβ injection and tested on day 33. Results demonstrate that this Aβ model displayed spatial memory impairment in the retention test, accompanied by changes in the levels of DBN and ptau in lateral entorhinal cortex and hippocampus, resembling pathological alterations in early AD. Administration of MFB-ICSS treatment consisting of 5 post-training sessions to AD rats managed to reverse the memory deficits as well as the alteration in ptau and DBN levels. Thus, this paper reports both cognitive and molecular effects of a post-training reinforcing deep brain stimulation procedure in a sporadic AD model for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soleil Garcia-Brito
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Unitat Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Vila-Soles
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Unitat Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Riberas
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Laura Aldavert-Vera
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Unitat Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Segura-Torres
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Unitat Psicobiologia, Institut de Neurociències, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Elisabet Kádár
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Huguet
- Universitat de Girona, Departament de Biologia, 17003 Girona, Spain.
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Vila-Solés L, García-Brito S, Aldavert-Vera L, Kádár E, Huguet G, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Protocol to assess rewarding brain stimulation as a learning and memory modulating treatment: Comparison between self-administration and experimenter-administration. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1046259. [PMID: 36590922 PMCID: PMC9798322 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1046259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial electrical self-stimulation (ICSS) is a useful procedure in animal research. This form of administration ensures that areas of the brain reward system (BRS) are being functionally activated, since the animals must perform an operant response to self-administer an electrical stimulus. Rewarding post-training ICSS of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), an important system of the BRS, has been shown to consistently improve rats' acquisition and retention in several learning tasks. In the clinical setting, deep brain stimulation (DBS) of different targets is currently being used to palliate the memory impairment that occurs in some neurodegenerative diseases. However, the stimulation of the MFB has only been used to treat emotional alterations, not memory disorders. Since DBS stimulation treatments in humans are exclusively administered by external sources, studies comparing the efficacy of that form of application to a self-administered stimulation are key to the translationality of ICSS. This protocol compares self-administered (ICSS) and experimenter-administered (EAS) stimulation of the MFB on the spatial Morris Water Maze task (MWM). c-Fos immunohistochemistry procedure was carried out to evaluate neural activation after retention. Results show that the stimulation of the MFB improves the MWM task regardless of the form of administration, although some differences in c-Fos expression were found. Present results suggest that MFB-ICSS is a valid animal model to study the effects of MFB electrical stimulation on memory, which could guide clinical applications of DBS. The present protocol is a useful guide for establishing ICSS behavior in rats, which could be used as a learning and memory-modulating treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Vila-Solés
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soleil García-Brito
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,*Correspondence: Soleil García-Brito,
| | - Laura Aldavert-Vera
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Kádár
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Huguet
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morgado-Bernal
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Segura-Torres
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Ghafarimoghadam M, Mashayekh R, Gholami M, Fereydani P, Shelley-Tremblay J, Kandezi N, Sabouri E, Motaghinejad M. A review of behavioral methods for the evaluation of cognitive performance in animal models: Current techniques and links to human cognition. Physiol Behav 2022; 244:113652. [PMID: 34801559 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Memory is defined as the ability to store, maintain and retrieve information. Learning is the acquisition of information that changes behavior and memory. Stress, dementia, head trauma, amnesia, Alzheimer's, Huntington, Parkinson's, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (WKS) may be mentioned among the diseases in which memory and learning are affected. The task of understanding deficits in memory and learning in humans is daunting due to the complexity of neural and cognitive mechanisms in the nervous system. This job is made more difficult for clinicians and researchers by the fact that many techniques used to research memory are not ethically acceptable or technically feasible for use in humans. Thus, animal models have been necessary alternative for studying normal and disordered learning and memory. This review attempts to bridge these domains to allow biomedical researchers to have a firm grasp of "memory" and "learning" as constructs in humans whereby they may then select the proper animal cognitive test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Various tests (open field habituation test, Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, step-down inhibitory avoidance test, active avoidance test, 8-arms radial maze test, Morris water maze test, radial arm water maze, novel object recognition test and gait function test) have been designed to evaluate different kinds of memory. Each of these tests has their strengths and limits. Abnormal results obtained using these tasks in non-human animals indicate malfunctions in memory which may be due to several physiological and psychological diseases of nervous system. Further studies by using the discussed tests can be very beneficial for achieving a therapeutic answer to these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Ghafarimoghadam
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Mashayekh
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mina Gholami
- School of medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pardis Fereydani
- Department of pharmaceutical chemistry, faculty of pharmaceutical chemistry, pharmaceutical sciences branch, Islamic Azad University (IUAPS), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Niyoosha Kandezi
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Alabama, USA
| | - Erfan Sabouri
- Clinical Research Development Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Orexin-1 receptor blockade differentially affects spatial and visual discrimination memory facilitation by intracranial self-stimulation. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107188. [PMID: 32061874 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle is an effective treatment to facilitate memory. Performance in both explicit and implicit memory tasks has been improved by ICSS, and this treatment has even been capable of recovering loss of memory function due to lesions or old age. Several neurochemical systems have been studied in regard to their role in ICSS effects on memory, however the possible involvement of the orexinergic system in this facilitation has yet to be explored. The present study aims to examine the relationship between the OX1R and the facilitative effects of ICSS on two different types of memory tasks, both carried out in the Morris Water Maze: spatial and visual discrimination. Results show that the OX1R blockade, by intraventricular administration of SB-334867, partially negates the facilitating effect of ICSS on spatial memory, whereas it hinders ICSS facilitation of the discrimination task. However, ICSS treatment was capable of compensating for the severe detrimental effects of OX1R blockade on both memory paradigms. These results suggest different levels of involvement of the orexinergic system in the facilitation of memory by ICSS, depending on the memory task.
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Rewarding deep brain stimulation at the medial forebrain bundle favours avoidance conditioned response in a remote memory test, hinders extinction and increases neurogenesis. Behav Brain Res 2020; 378:112308. [PMID: 31629001 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) at the medial forebrain bundle consistently facilitates learning and memory in rats when administered post-training or when administered non-concurrent to training, but its scope regarding remote memory has not yet been studied. The present work aims to test whether the combination of these two forms of ICSS administration can cause a greater persistence of the facilitating effect on remote retention and affect neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus. Rats were trained in active avoidance conditioning and tested in two retention sessions (10 and 90 days) and later extinction. Subjects received an ICSS session after each of the five avoidance acquisition sessions (post-training treatment) and half of them also received ten additional ICSS sessions during the rest period between retention tests (non-concurrent treatment). All the stimulated groups showed a higher performance in acquisition and retention sessions, but only the rats receiving both ICSS treatments showed greater resistance to extinction. Remarkably, at seven months, rats receiving the non-concurrent ICSS treatment had a greater number of DCX-positive cells in the DG as well as a higher amount of new-born cells within the granular layer compared to rats that did not receive this additional ICSS treatment. Our present findings significantly extend the temporal window of the facilitating effect of ICSS on active avoidance and demonstrate a neurogenic effect of rewarding medial forebrain bundle stimulation.
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Roh M, Jang IS, Suk K, Lee MG. Spectral Modification by Operant Conditioning of Cortical Theta Suppression in Rats. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 17:93-104. [PMID: 30690944 PMCID: PMC6361045 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2019.17.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Brain activity is known to be voluntarily controllable by neurofeedback, a kind of electroencephalographic (EEG) operant conditioning. Although its efficacy in clinical effects has been reported, it is yet to be uncovered whether or how a specific band activity is controllable. Here, we examined EEG spectral profiles along with conditioning training of a specific brain activity, theta band (4–8 Hz) amplitude, in rats. Methods During training, the experimental group received electrical stimulation to the medial forebrain bundle contingent to suppression of theta activity, while the control group received stimulation non-contingent to its own band activity. Results In the experimental group, theta activity gradually decreased within the training session, while there was an increase of theta activity in the control group. There was a significant difference in theta activity during the sessions between the two groups. The spectral theta peak, originally located at 7 Hz, shifted further towards higher frequencies in the experimental group. Conclusion Our results showed that an operant conditioning technique could train rats to control their specific EEG activity indirectly, and it may be used as an animal model for studying how neuronal systems work in human neurofeedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mootaek Roh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Maan-Gee Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience ameliorates depression-induced cognitive deficits and restores aberrant plasticity in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:752-766. [PMID: 30765272 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multifactorial disease which often coexists with cognitive deficits. Depression-induced cognitive deficits are known to be associated with aberrant reward processing, neurochemical and structural alterations. Recent studies have shown that chronic electrical stimulation of brain reward areas induces a robust antidepressant effect. However, the effects of repeated electrical self-stimulation of lateral hypothalamus - medial forebrain bundle (LH-MFB) on depression-induced cognitive deficits and associated neurochemical and structural alterations in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are unknown. OBJECTIVES We investigated the effect of chronic rewarding self-stimulation of LH-MFB in neonatal clomipramine (CLI) model of depression. During adulthood, neonatal CLI and saline administered rats were implanted with bilateral electrodes stereotaxically in the LH-MFB and trained to receive intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) for 14 days. The rats were tested for depressive-like behaviors, learning and memory followed by estimation of PFC volumes, levels of monoamines and its metabolites in the PFC. RESULTS We found that chronic ICSS of LH-MFB reverses CLI-induced behavioral despair and anhedonia. Interestingly, self-stimulation normalizes the impaired novel object and location recognition memory in CLI rats. The amelioration of learning impairments in CLI rats was associated with the reversal of volume loss and restoration of monoamine metabolism in the PFC. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that repeated intracranial self-stimulation of LH-MFB ameliorates CLI-induced learning deficits, reverses altered monoamine metabolism and the atrophy of PFC. Our results support the hypothesis that chronic brain stimulation rewarding experience might be evolved as a potential treatment strategy for reversal of learning deficits in depression and associated disorders.
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Kádár E, Varela EV, Aldavert-Vera L, Huguet G, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Arc protein expression after unilateral intracranial self-stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle is upregulated in specific nuclei of memory-related areas. BMC Neurosci 2018; 19:48. [PMID: 30089460 PMCID: PMC6083502 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-018-0449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intracranial Self-Stimulation (ICSS) of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) is a deep brain stimulation procedure, which has a powerful enhancement effect on explicit and implicit memory. However, the downstream synaptic plasticity events of MFB-ICSS in memory related areas have not been described thoroughly. This study complements previous work studying the effect of MFB-ICSS on the expression of the activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein, which has been widely established as a synaptic plasticity marker. We provide new integrated measurements from memory related regions and take possible regional hemispheric differences into consideration. Results Arc protein expression levels were analyzed 4.5 h after MFB-ICSS by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus, habenula, and memory related amygdalar and thalamic nuclei, in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres to the stimulating electrode location. MFB-ICSS was performed using the same paradigm which has previously been shown to facilitate memory. Our findings illustrate that MFB-ICSS upregulates the expression of Arc protein in the oriens and radiatum layers of ipsilateral CA1 and contralateral CA3 hippocampal regions; the hilus bilaterally, the lateral amygdala and dorsolateral thalamic areas as well as the central medial thalamic nucleus. In contrast, the central amygdala, mediodorsal and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, and the habenular complex did not show changes in Arc expression after MFB-ICSS. Conclusions Our results expand our knowledge of which specific memory related areas MFB-ICSS activates and, motivates the definition of three functionally separate groups according to their Arc-related synaptic plasticity response: (1) the hippocampus and dorsolateral thalamic area, (2) the central medial thalamic area and (3) the lateral amygdala. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12868-018-0449-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Kádár
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain. .,Department of Biology, Sciences Faculty, University of Girona, C/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 40, Camous Montilivi, 17003, Girona, Spain.
| | - Eva Vico Varela
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Laura Aldavert-Vera
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Huguet
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, 17071, Girona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Morgado-Bernal
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Segura-Torres
- Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
Disorders of learning and memory have a large social and economic impact in today's society. Unfortunately, existing medical treatments have shown limited clinical efficacy or potential for modification of the disease course. Deep brain stimulation is a successful treatment for movement disorders and has shown promise in a variety of other diseases including psychiatric disorders. The authors review the potential of neuromodulation for the treatment of disorders of learning and memory. They briefly discuss learning circuitry and its involvement in Alzheimer disease and traumatic brain injury. They then review the literature supporting various targets for neuromodulation to improve memory in animals and humans. Multiple targets including entorhinal cortex, fornix, nucleus basalis of Meynert, basal ganglia, and pedunculopontine nucleus have shown a promising potential for improving dysfunctional memory by mechanisms such as altering firing patterns in neuronal networks underlying memory and increasing synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. Significant work remains to be done to translate these findings into durable clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K B Bick
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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García-Brito S, Morgado-Bernal I, Biosca-Simon N, Segura-Torres P. Intracranial self-stimulation also facilitates learning in a visual discrimination task in the Morris water maze in rats. Behav Brain Res 2017; 317:360-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhang Q, Kim YC, Narayanan NS. Disease-modifying therapeutic directions for Lewy-Body dementias. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:293. [PMID: 26347604 PMCID: PMC4542461 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second leading cause of dementia following Alzheimer's disease (AD) and accounts for up to 25% of all dementia. DLB is distinct from AD in that it involves extensive neuropsychiatric symptoms as well as motor symptoms, leads to enormous societal costs in terms of direct medical care and is associated with high financial and caregiver costs. Although, there are no disease-modifying therapies for DLB, we review several new therapeutic directions in treating DLB. We discuss progress in strategies to decrease the level of alpha-synuclein, to prevent the cell to cell transmission of misfolded alpha-synuclein, and the potential of brain stimulation in DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Young-Cho Kim
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Nandakumar S Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA ; Aging Mind and Brain Initiative, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa Iowa City, IA, USA
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Kádár E, Ramoneda M, Aldavert-Vera L, Huguet G, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Rewarding brain stimulation reverses the disruptive effect of amygdala damage on emotional learning. Behav Brain Res 2014; 274:43-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hardenacke K, Shubina E, Bührle CP, Zapf A, Lenartz D, Klosterkötter J, Visser-Vandewalle V, Kuhn J. Deep brain stimulation as a tool for improving cognitive functioning in Alzheimer's dementia: a systematic review. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:159. [PMID: 24363647 PMCID: PMC3850165 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established, in selected cases therapeutically effective, non-lesional treatment method delivering current rectangular pulses into dysfunctional brain structures via chronically implanted stimulation electrodes. DBS is a recognized method applied in movement disorders and is increasingly evaluated as a possible therapeutic option for psychiatric diseases such as refractory obsessive-compulsive disorders, Gilles de la Tourette syndrome, major depression, and substance-related addiction. Latest research indicates that DBS may be a method for improving cognitive functions in Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Translational data in healthy and AD animals appear to support this notion. Nevertheless, many aspects remain unclear, particularly with regard to the optimal target structure. The objective of this review is to present a systematic overview regarding published research on DBS and cognitive functioning in animal and human studies as well as to provide a systematic overview of the feasibility and efficacy of the treatment. We describe three studies investigating the effects of DBS in patients with dementia, using either the fornix or the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) as a target. In total, we identified 25 animal studies with 10 brain structures being targeted: fornix, NBM, anterior caudate nucleus, dorsal striatum, anterior thalamic nucleus, midline thalamic nuclei, central thalamus, lateral hypothalamus, hippocampus (entorhinal cortex, perforant path), and amygdala. Considering the wide and diverse spectrum of targets, we add to this review a supposition about possible underlying mechanisms of operation and recommendations for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hardenacke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Elena Shubina
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Christian Philipp Bührle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Alexandra Zapf
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Doris Lenartz
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Joachim Klosterkötter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Veerle Visser-Vandewalle
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Jens Kuhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
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Kádár E, Huguet G, Aldavert-Vera L, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Intracranial self stimulation upregulates the expression of synaptic plasticity related genes and Arc protein expression in rat hippocampus. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2013; 12:771-9. [PMID: 23898803 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Post-training lateral hypothalamus (LH) intracranial self stimulation (ICSS) has a reliable enhancing effect on explicit memory formation evaluated in hippocampus-dependent tasks such as the Morris water maze. In this study, the effects of ICSS on gene expression in the hippocampus are examined 4.5 h post treatment by using oligonucleotide microarray and real-time PCR, and by measuring Arc protein levels in the different layers of hippocampal subfields through immunofluorescence. The microarray data analysis resulted in 65 significantly regulated genes in rat ICSS hippocampi compared to sham, including cAMP-mediated signaling as one of the most significantly enriched Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) functional categories. In particular, expression of CREB-dependent synaptic plasticity related genes (c-Fos, Arc, Bdnf, Ptgs-2 and Crem and Icer) was regulated in a time-dependent manner following treatment administration. Immunofluorescence results showed that ICSS treatment induced a significant increase in Arc protein expression in CA1 and DG hippocampal subfields. This empirical evidence supports our hypothesis that the effect of ICSS on improved or restored memory functions might be mediated by increased hippocampal expression of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity related genes, including Arc protein expression, as neural mechanisms related to memory consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kádár
- Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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15
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Intracranial self-stimulation facilitates active-avoidance retention and induces expression of c-Fos and Nurr1 in rat brain memory systems. Behav Brain Res 2013; 250:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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16
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Ilango A, Shumake J, Wetzel W, Scheich H, Ohl FW. The role of dopamine in the context of aversive stimuli with particular reference to acoustically signaled avoidance learning. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:132. [PMID: 23049495 PMCID: PMC3442182 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Learning from punishment is a powerful means for behavioral adaptation with high relevance for various mechanisms of self-protection. Several studies have explored the contribution of released dopamine (DA) or responses of DA neurons on reward seeking using rewards such as food, water, and sex. Phasic DA signals evoked by rewards or conditioned reward predictors are well documented, as are modulations of these signals by such parameters as reward magnitude, probability, and deviation of actually occurring from expected rewards. Less attention has been paid to DA neuron firing and DA release in response to aversive stimuli, and the prediction and avoidance of punishment. In this review, we first focus on DA changes in response to aversive stimuli as measured by microdialysis and voltammetry followed by the change in electrophysiological signatures by aversive stimuli and fearful events. We subsequently focus on the role of DA and effect of DA manipulations on signaled avoidance learning, which consists of learning the significance of a warning cue through Pavlovian associations and the execution of an instrumental avoidance response. We present a coherent framework utilizing the data on microdialysis, voltammetry, electrophysiological recording, electrical brain stimulation, and behavioral analysis. We end by outlining current gaps in the literature and proposing future directions aimed at incorporating technical and conceptual progress to understand the involvement of reward circuit on punishment based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ilango
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany
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17
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Ilango A, Shumake J, Wetzel W, Scheich H, Ohl FW. Effects of ventral tegmental area stimulation on the acquisition and long-term retention of active avoidance learning. Behav Brain Res 2011; 225:515-21. [PMID: 21856334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of avoidance learning depends on dopamine release in forebrain regions. Previous studies indicated that rewarding brain stimulation facilitated two-way active avoidance learning. However, it is not clear whether the temporal relationship of brain stimulation to the training session (before, during or after) is important. To investigate the role of stimulation condition (no stimulation, self-stimulation only, or self-stimulation plus avoidance stimulation) and sequence of self-stimulation training (before or after avoidance training), we used a 3×2 factorial design, in which every level of stimulation was paired with every level of sequence for a total of 6 different groups. The results suggest that self-stimulation either before or after avoidance learning improved acquisition performance, but acquisition was maximal when stimulation was also given during acquisition trials. Importantly, the sequence of self-stimulation (before or after each acquisition session) was irrelevant to this beneficial effect. However, stimulation had no apparent effect on long-term retention when tested 10 days later under conditions of no stimulation, except that the performance of the group that had previously received avoidance-contingent stimulation deteriorated over the course of 60 trials. This may reflect frustration from the omission of expected reward. These results are relevant for optimizing brain stimulation to improve learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ilango
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brenneckestrasse. 6, D-39118 Magdeburg, Germany.
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18
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Kadar E, Aldavert-Vera L, Huguet G, Costa-Miserachs D, Morgado-Bernal I, Segura-Torres P. Intracranial self-stimulation induces expression of learning and memory-related genes in rat amygdala. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2010; 10:69-77. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Intracranial self-stimulation recovers learning and memory capacity in basolateral amygdala-damaged rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2010; 93:117-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2009] [Revised: 09/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Intracranial self-stimulation to the lateral hypothalamus, a memory improving treatment, results in hippocampal changes in gene expression. Neuroscience 2009; 162:359-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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21
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Ruiz-Medina J, Morgado-Bernal I, Redolar-Ripoll D, Aldavert-Vera L, Segura-Torres P. Intracranial self-stimulation facilitates a spatial learning and memory task in the Morris water maze. Neuroscience 2008; 154:424-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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