Transcriptomic signature of extinction learning in the brain of the fire-bellied toad, Bombina orientalis

Ecology, Cognition, and the Hippocampus: A Tale of Two Frogs

The underlying hypothesis that motivates research into the relationship between ecology, cognition, and the hippocampus is that selection to solve problems in nature shapes cognition through changes in the hippocampus. This hypothesis has been explored almost exclusively in mammals and birds. However, if one is interested in the principles that shape the evolution of vertebrate cognition, work in amphibians is essential. To address this gap, we have developed a research program contrasting cognitive abilities and hippocampal neurobiology in two species of frog with distinct social and spatial ecologies. We have found that the poison frog Dendrobates auratus, a diurnal species whose interactions with the physical and social environment are complex, is more adept and flexible at spatial learning and learned inhibition than the túngara frog, a nocturnal species that lacks complex interactions with the spatial and social environment. Because spatial learning and learned inhibition are closely associated with hippocampal function in other vertebrates, we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular differences in the hippocampus of the two species. We have found that D. auratus has greater levels of expression of genes associated with neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity, and cellular activity, and lower levels of expression of genes associated with apoptosis, compared to the túngara frog. Our studies are consistent with the idea that D. auratus, with their more complex social and spatial ecology, have enhanced hippocampally dependent cognitive abilities compared to túngara frogs. Further characterization of the features of hippocampal neurobiology that confer distinctive cognitive abilities will help elucidate the neural features that are necessary for the evolution of enhanced hippocampally dependent cognition.