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Martins-Bexiga A, Franconieri F, Oehler E. [Febrile ciguatera with corpus callosum involvment]. Rev Med Interne 2024:S0248-8663(24)00627-1. [PMID: 38890037 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2024.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ciguatera is a food poisoning caused by marine organisms and has a polymoprhic clinic. Differential diagnoses need to be eliminated. OBSERVATION A patient was hospitalized for a febrile syndrome a few days after the appearance of clinical signs suggestive of ciguatera after consuming lagoon fish. He also presented with central neurological signs and brain MRI revealed a lesion of the corpus callosum. A skin infection linked to the scratching lesions was the cause of this febrile state and a diagnosis of CLOCCS was made based on the lesions on MRI. CONCLUSION A central neurological involvement in ciguatera is possible but rare, CLOCCS may be one of them. On the other hand, a febrile syndrome should lead to consider an differential diagnosis or a complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Martins-Bexiga
- Service de médecine interne et polyvalente, centre hospitalier de Polynésie française, 98713 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - F Franconieri
- Service de médecine interne et polyvalente, centre hospitalier de Polynésie française, 98713 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - E Oehler
- Service de médecine interne et polyvalente, centre hospitalier de Polynésie française, 98713 Pirae, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
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Teiti I, Aubry M, Fernandes-Pellerin S, Patin E, Madec Y, Boucheron P, Vanhomwegen J, Torterat J, Lastère S, Olivier S, Jaquaniello A, Roux M, Mendiboure V, Harmant C, Bisiaux A, Rijo de León G, Liu D, Bossin H, Mathieu-Daudé F, Gatti C, Suhas E, Chung K, Condat B, Ayotte P, Conte E, Jolly N, Manuguerra JC, Sakuntabhai A, Fontanet A, Quintana-Murci L, Cao-Lormeau VM. Unravelling the determinants of human health in French Polynesia: the MATAEA project. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1201038. [PMID: 38455935 PMCID: PMC10911015 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Background French Polynesia is a French overseas collectivity in the Southeast Pacific, comprising 75 inhabited islands across five archipelagoes. The human settlement of the region corresponds to the last massive migration of humans to empty territories, but its timeline is still debated. Despite their recent population history and geographical isolation, inhabitants of French Polynesia experience health issues similar to those of continental countries. Modern lifestyles and increased longevity have led to a rise in non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Likewise, international trade and people mobility have caused the emergence of communicable diseases (CDs) including mosquito-borne and respiratory diseases. Additionally, chronic pathologies including acute rheumatic fever, liver diseases, and ciguatera, are highly prevalent in French Polynesia. However, data on such diseases are scarce and not representative of the geographic fragmentation of the population. Objectives The present project aims to estimate the prevalence of several NCDs and CDs in the population of the five archipelagoes, and identify associated risk factors. Moreover, genetic analyses will contribute to determine the sequence and timings of the peopling history of French Polynesia, and identify causal links between past genetic adaptation to island environments, and present-day susceptibility to certain diseases. Methods This cross-sectional survey is based on the random selection of 2,100 adults aged 18-69 years and residing on 18 islands from the five archipelagoes. Each participant answered a questionnaire on a wide range of topics (including demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and medical history), underwent physical measurements (height, weight, waist circumference, arterial pressure, and skin pigmentation), and provided biological samples (blood, saliva, and stool) for biological, genetic and microbiological analyses. Conclusion For the first time in French Polynesia, the present project allows to collect a wide range of data to explore the existence of indicators and/or risk factors for multiple pathologies of public health concern. The results will help health authorities to adapt actions and preventive measures aimed at reducing the incidence of NCDs and CDs. Moreover, the new genomic data generated in this study, combined with anthropological data, will increase our understanding of the peopling history of French Polynesia. Clinical trial registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/, identifier: NCT06133400.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iotefa Teiti
- Laboratory of Research on Emerging Viral Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Maite Aubry
- Laboratory of Research on Emerging Viral Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | | | - Etienne Patin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Yoann Madec
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Boucheron
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jessica Vanhomwegen
- Environment and Infectious Risk Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Torterat
- Institut de la Statistique de la Polynésie Française, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Stéphane Lastère
- Clinical Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de la Polynésie Française, Pirae, French Polynesia
| | - Sophie Olivier
- Clinical Laboratory, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Anthony Jaquaniello
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Data Management Core Facility, Paris, France
| | - Maguelonne Roux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Mendiboure
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
| | - Christine Harmant
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Bisiaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Gaston Rijo de León
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Dang Liu
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bossin
- Laboratory of Research in Medical Entomology, Institut Louis Malardé, Paea, French Polynesia
| | - Françoise Mathieu-Daudé
- Laboratory of Research in Medical Entomology, Institut Louis Malardé, Paea, French Polynesia
- UMR MIVEGEC-Infectious Diseases and Vectors, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Clémence Gatti
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR241-Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO) (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Edouard Suhas
- Unit on non-Communicable Diseases, UMR241-Ecosystèmes Insulaires Océaniens (EIO) (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, UPF), Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Kiyojiken Chung
- Laboratory of Research on Emerging Viral Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
| | - Bertrand Condat
- Department of Gastroenterology, Centre Hospitalier de la Polynésie Française, Pirae, French Polynesia
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Conte
- Maison des Sciences de l’Homme du Pacifique, Université de la Polynésie Française, Punaauia, French Polynesia
| | - Nathalie Jolly
- Center for Translational Sciences, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Environment and Infectious Risk Unit, Laboratory for Urgent Response to Biological Threats, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Functional Genetics of Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Global Health, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Epidemiology of Emerging Diseases Unit, Paris, France
- PACRI Unit, Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR2000, Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, Paris, France
- Chair Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | - Van-Mai Cao-Lormeau
- Laboratory of Research on Emerging Viral Diseases, Institut Louis Malardé, Papeete, French Polynesia
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Leynse AK, Mudge EM, Turner AD, Maskrey BH, Robertson A. Gambierone and Sodium Channel Specific Bioactivity Are Associated with the Extracellular Metabolite Pool of the Marine Dinoflagellate Coolia palmyrensis. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040244. [PMID: 37103383 PMCID: PMC10143066 DOI: 10.3390/md21040244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical epibenthic dinoflagellate communities produce a plethora of bioactive secondary metabolites, including the toxins ciguatoxins (CTXs) and potentially gambierones, that can contaminate fishes, leading to ciguatera poisoning (CP) when consumed by humans. Many studies have assessed the cellular toxicity of causative dinoflagellate species to better understand the dynamics of CP outbreaks. However, few studies have explored extracellular toxin pools which may also enter the food web, including through alternative and unanticipated routes of exposure. Additionally, the extracellular exhibition of toxins would suggest an ecological function and may prove important to the ecology of the CP-associated dinoflagellate species. In this study, semi-purified extracts obtained from the media of a Coolia palmyrensis strain (DISL57) isolated from the U.S. Virgin Islands were assessed for bioactivity via a sodium channel specific mouse neuroblastoma cell viability assay and associated metabolites evaluated by targeted and non-targeted liquid chromatography tandem and high-resolution mass spectrometry. We found that extracts of C. palmyrensis media exhibit both veratrine enhancing bioactivity and non-specific bioactivity. LC-HR-MS analysis of the same extract fractions identified gambierone and multiple undescribed peaks with mass spectral characteristics suggestive of structural similarities to polyether compounds. These findings implicate C. palmyrensis as a potential contributor to CP and highlight extracellular toxin pools as a potentially significant source of toxins that may enter the food web through multiple exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander K Leynse
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Mudge
- National Research Council of Canada, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3M3Z1, Canada
| | - Andrew D Turner
- Center for the Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Benjamin H Maskrey
- Center for the Environment, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Science, Barrack Road, Weymouth DT4 8UB, UK
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine & Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, 600 Clinic Drive, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Dauphin Island Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Boulevard, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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El-Kassas M, Mostafa T, Esmat G, Shouman SA, Kholoussi N, Ashour AM, Hamza AA, El-Sakka A, Radwan A, Soliman NA, El-Sayed KF, Mohktar A, Zaghloul S, Kassem AM, Tag Eldin MA. How can local medical communities reduce climate change. Arab J Gastroenterol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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5
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Chassagne F, Butaud JF, Torrente F, Conte E, Ho R, Raharivelomanana P. Polynesian medicine used to treat diarrhea and ciguatera: An ethnobotanical survey in six islands from French Polynesia. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 292:115186. [PMID: 35292376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In French Polynesia, many pathologies common or endemic to the territory cause diarrhea. This is the case for rotavirus gastroenteritis, salmonella food poisoning, ingestion of water contaminated by bacteria, and ciguatera. To treat these ailments, the population may employ traditional medicine for cultural reasons, geographical isolation, and poor health coverage. Polynesian remedies are often used without medical consultation and there is no data on their benefit-risk balance. A few ethnobotanical studies have been carried out in order to identify the traditional remedies used for various ailments, but few studies have focused on gastrointestinal pathologies. In this context, an ethnobotanical survey was carried out to identify treatments used for diarrhea and ciguatera, inventory the plants used, better understand the local representation of these remedies, and provide efficacy and safety data on these uses. MATERIALS AND METHODS From February to April 2021, a semi-structured survey was conducted on six islands in French Polynesia, including one island in the Windward Islands archipelago (Tahiti), three islands in the Marquesas archipelago (Hiva Oa, Nuku Hiva, Tahuata), and two islands in the Leeward Islands archipelago (Raiatea, Tahaa). A total of 133 people was interviewed including 34 specialists (of which 29 experts in herbalism). RESULTS These people mentioned the use of 27 plants for the treatment of diarrhea, and 24 for the treatment of ciguatera. Citrus aurantiifolia, Psidium guajava and Cordyline fruticosa were the three most cited plant species used for treating diarrhea, while Cocos nucifera, Punica granatum and Barringtonia asiatica were the most cited for ciguatera. A large majority of plants are widespread and introduced plants, which is congruent with the history of Polynesian people. While some plants are well known for similar uses (e.g. Psidium guajava for diarrhea, Heliotropium arboreum for ciguatera), others are less well known and may present toxicity risks (e.g. Barringtonia asiatica for ciguatera). CONCLUSION Traditional Polynesian medicine is an integral part of the local culture so important to be preserved and valued. However, more pharmacological and toxicological studies are still needed to determine the benefit-risk balance of some of these remedies and to allow their official integration into the Polynesian health system.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chassagne
- UMR 152 PharmaDev, Université de Toulouse, IRD, UPS, France; Maison des Sciences de l'Homme du Pacifique (USR 2003), Université de la Polynésie Française/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Tahiti, French Polynesia.
| | | | - Frédéric Torrente
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme du Pacifique (USR 2003), Université de la Polynésie Française/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Eric Conte
- Maison des Sciences de l'Homme du Pacifique (USR 2003), Université de la Polynésie Française/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Raimana Ho
- UMR 214 EIO, Université de Polynésie Française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, BP 6570, F-98702, Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Phila Raharivelomanana
- UMR 214 EIO, Université de Polynésie Française, IFREMER, ILM, IRD, BP 6570, F-98702, Faaa, Tahiti, French Polynesia
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Darius HT, Paillon C, Mou-Tham G, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Vigliola L, Ponton D, Chinain M. Evaluating Age and Growth Relationship to Ciguatoxicity in Five Coral Reef Fish Species from French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040251. [PMID: 35447924 PMCID: PMC9027493 DOI: 10.3390/md20040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) results from the consumption of coral reef fish or marine invertebrates contaminated with potent marine polyether compounds, namely ciguatoxins. In French Polynesia, 220 fish specimens belonging to parrotfish (Chlorurus microrhinos, Scarus forsteni, and Scarus ghobban), surgeonfish (Naso lituratus), and groupers (Epinephelus polyphekadion) were collected from two sites with contrasted risk of CP, i.e., Kaukura Atoll versus Mangareva Island. Fish age and growth were assessed from otoliths’ yearly increments and their ciguatoxic status (negative, suspect, or positive) was evaluated by neuroblastoma cell-based assay. Using permutational multivariate analyses of variance, no significant differences in size and weight were found between negative and suspect specimens while positive specimens showed significantly greater size and weight particularly for E. polyphekadion and S. ghobban. However, eating small or low-weight specimens remains risky due to the high variability in size and weight of positive fish. Overall, no relationship could be evidenced between fish ciguatoxicity and age and growth characteristics. In conclusion, size, weight, age, and growth are not reliable determinants of fish ciguatoxicity which appears to be rather species and/or site-specific, although larger fish pose an increased risk of poisoning. Such findings have important implications in current CP risk management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Christelle Paillon
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Gérard Mou-Tham
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - André Ung
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, Labex Corail, 98848 Nouméa, New Caledonia, France; (C.P.); (G.M.-T.); (L.V.)
| | - Dominique Ponton
- ENTROPIE, IRD-Université de la Réunion-CNRS-Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie-IFREMER, c/o Institut Halieutique et des Sciences Marines (IH.SM), Université de Toliara, Rue Dr. Rabesandratana, P.O. Box 141, Toliara 601, Madagascar;
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, Université de Polynésie Française), P.O. Box 30, Papeete 98713, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (A.U.); (P.C.); (T.R.); (J.V.); (M.C.)
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Tudó À, Rambla-Alegre M, Flores C, Sagristà N, Aguayo P, Reverté L, Campàs M, Gouveia N, Santos C, Andree KB, Marques A, Caixach J, Diogène J. Identification of New CTX Analogues in Fish from the Madeira and Selvagens Archipelagos by Neuro-2a CBA and LC-HRMS. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20040236. [PMID: 35447910 PMCID: PMC9031360 DOI: 10.3390/md20040236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is caused by consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). Presently CP is a public concern in some temperate regions, such as Macaronesia (North-Eastern Atlantic Ocean). Toxicity analysis was performed to characterize the fish species that can accumulate CTXs and improve understanding of the ciguatera risk in this area. For that, seventeen fish specimens comprising nine species were captured from coastal waters inMadeira and Selvagens Archipelagos. Toxicity was analysed by screening CTX-like toxicity with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). Afterwards, the four most toxic samples were analysed with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Thirteen fish specimens presented CTX-like toxicity in their liver, but only four of these in their muscle. The liver of one specimen of Muraena augusti presented the highest CTX-like toxicity (0.270 ± 0.121 µg of CTX1B equiv·kg−1). Moreover, CTX analogues were detected with LC-HRMS, for M. augusti and Gymnothorax unicolor. The presence of three CTX analogues was identified: C-CTX1, which had been previously described in the area; dihydro-CTX2, which is reported in the area for the first time; a putative new CTX m/z 1127.6023 ([M+NH4]+) named as putative C-CTX-1109, and gambieric acid A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Rambla-Alegre
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-74-54-27 (ext. 1824)
| | - Cintia Flores
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Núria Sagristà
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Paloma Aguayo
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Laia Reverté
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Regional Fisheries Management-Madeira Government, Direção de Serviços de Investigação das Pescas (DSI-DRP), Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Carolina Santos
- Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente e Recursos Naturais, Regional Government of Madeira, IFCN IP-RAM, 9050-027 Funchal, Portugal;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
| | - Antonio Marques
- Portuguese Institute of Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), Division of Aquaculture, Seafood Upgrading and Bioprospection (DivAV), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Josep Caixach
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Organic Pollutants, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.F.); (J.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Marine and Continental Waters Program, Carretera de Poble Nou, 43540 La Ràpita, Spain; (À.T.); (N.S.); (P.A.); (L.R.); (M.C.); (K.B.A.); (J.D.)
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An Extensive Survey of Ciguatoxins on Grouper Variola louti from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10030423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Ingesting fish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) originating from epibenthic dinoflagellates causes ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). CFP occurs mainly in the tropical and subtropical Indo–Pacific region and the Caribbean Sea. Furthermore, it occurs sporadically in Japan, especially in the Ryukyu Islands between Taiwan and Kyushu, Japan. Variola louti is the most frequently implicated fish with a suggested toxin profile, consisting of ciguatoxin-1B and two deoxy congeners. Therefore, using the liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we analyzed CTXs in the flesh of 154 individuals from various locations and detected CTXs in 99 specimens (64%). In 65 fish (43%), CTX levels exceeded the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance level (0.01 µg/kg). Furthermore, in four specimens (3%), the guideline level in Japan (>0.18 µg/kg) was met. Additionally, although the highest total CTX level was 0.376 µg/kg, the consumption of 180 g of this specimen was assumed to cause CFP. Moreover, only CTX1B, 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B were detected, with the relative contribution of the three CTX1B analogs to the total toxin content (35 ± 7.7 (SD)%, 27 ± 8.1%, and 38 ± 5.6%, respectively) being similar to those reported in this region in a decade ago. Subsequently, the consistency of the toxin profile in V. louti was confirmed using many specimens from a wide area. As observed, total CTX levels were correlated with fish sizes, including standard length (r = 0.503, p = 3.08 × 10−11), body weight (r = 0.503, p = 3.01 × 10−11), and estimated age (r = 0.439, p = 3.81 × 10−7) of the specimens. Besides, although no correlation was observed between condition factor (CF) and total CTX levels, a significance difference was observed (p = 0.039) between the groups of skinnier and fattier fish, separated by the median CF (3.04). Results also showed that the CF of four specimens with the highest CTX level (>0.18 µg/kg) ranged between 2.49 and 2.87, and they were skinnier than the average (3.03) and median of all specimens.
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Raposo-Garcia S, Louzao MC, Fuwa H, Sasaki M, Vale C, Botana LM. Determination of the toxicity equivalency factors for ciguatoxins using human sodium channels. Food Chem Toxicol 2022; 160:112812. [PMID: 35026329 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs) which are produced by dinoflagellates of the genus Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa and share a ladder-shaped polyether structure, are causative compounds of one of the most frequent foodborne illness disease known as ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). CFP was initially found in tropical and subtropical areas but nowadays the dinoflagellates producers of ciguatoxins had spread to European coasts. Therefore, this raises the need of establishing toxicity equivalency factors for the different compounds that can contribute to ciguatera fish poisoning, since biological methods have been replaced by analytical techniques. Thus, in this work, the effects of six compounds causative of ciguatera, on their main target, the human voltage-gated sodium channels have been analyzed for the first time. The results presented here led to the conclusion that the order of potency was CTX1B, CTX3B, CTX4A, gambierol, gambierone and MTX3. Furthermore, the data indicate that the activation voltage of sodium channels is more sensitive to detect ciguatoxins than their effect on the peak sodium current amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Raposo-Garcia
- Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - M Carmen Louzao
- Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Haruhiko Fuwa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Carmen Vale
- Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
| | - Luis M Botana
- Departamento de Farmacologı́a, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002, Lugo, Spain.
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Ciguatoxin Detection in Flesh and Liver of Relevant Fish Species from the Canary Islands. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010046. [PMID: 35051023 PMCID: PMC8781511 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Canary Islands are a ciguatoxin (CTX) hotspot with an established official monitoring for the detection of CTX in fish flesh from the authorised points of first sale. Fish caught by recreational fishermen are not officially tested and the consumption of toxic viscera or flesh could lead to ciguatera poisoning (CP). The objectives of this study were to determine the presence of CTX-like toxicity in relevant species from this archipelago, compare CTX levels in liver and flesh and examine possible factors involved in their toxicity. Sixty amberjack (Seriola spp.), 27 dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus), 11 black moray eels (Muraena helena) and 11 common two-banded seabream (Diplodus vulgaris) were analysed by cell-based assay (CBA) and Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) was detected by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in all these species. Most of the liver displayed higher CTX levels than flesh and even individuals without detectable CTX in flesh exhibited hepatic toxicity. Black moray eels stand out for the large difference between CTX concentration in both tissues. None of the specimens with non-toxic liver showed toxicity in flesh. This is the first evidence of the presence of C-CTX1 in the common two-banded seabream and the first report of toxicity comparison between liver and muscle from relevant fish species captured in the Canary Islands.
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Darius HT, Revel T, Cruchet P, Viallon J, Gatti CMI, Sibat M, Hess P, Chinain M. Deep-Water Fish Are Potential Vectors of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Gambier Islands, French Polynesia. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19110644. [PMID: 34822515 PMCID: PMC8621427 DOI: 10.3390/md19110644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) cases linked to the consumption of deep-water fish occurred in 2003 in the Gambier Islands (French Polynesia). In 2004, on the request of two local fishermen, the presence of ciguatoxins (CTXs) was examined in part of their fish catches, i.e., 22 specimens representing five deep-water fish species. Using the radioactive receptor binding assay (rRBA) and mouse bioassay (MBA), significant CTX levels were detected in seven deep-water specimens in Lutjanidae, Serranidae, and Bramidae families. Following additional purification steps on the remaining liposoluble fractions for 13 of these samples (kept at -20 °C), these latter were reanalyzed in 2018 with improved protocols of the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Using the CBA-N2a, the highest CTX-like content found in a specimen of Eumegistus illustris (Bramidae) was 2.94 ± 0.27 µg CTX1B eq. kg-1. Its toxin profile consisted of 52-epi-54-deoxyCTX1B, CTX1B, and 54-deoxyCTX1B, as assessed by LC-MS/MS. This is the first study demonstrating that deep-water fish are potential ciguatera vectors and highlighting the importance of a systematic monitoring of CTXs in all exploited fish species, especially in ciguatera hotspots, including deep-water fish, which constitute a significant portion of the commercial deep-sea fisheries in many Asian-Pacific countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Taiana Darius
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +689-40-416-484
| | - Taina Revel
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Cruchet
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Clémence Mahana iti Gatti
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, F-44000 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Institut Louis Malardé (ILM), Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, UMR 241-EIO (IFREMER, ILM, IRD, University of French Polynesia), P.O. Box 30, 98713 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (T.R.); (P.C.); (J.V.); (C.M.i.G.); (M.C.)
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Leite IDP, Sdiri K, Taylor A, Viallon J, Gharbia HB, Mafra Júnior LL, Swarzenski P, Oberhaensli F, Darius HT, Chinain M, Bottein MYD. Experimental Evidence of Ciguatoxin Accumulation and Depuration in Carnivorous Lionfish. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080564. [PMID: 34437435 PMCID: PMC8402466 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning is a food intoxication associated with the consumption of fish or shellfish contaminated, through trophic transfer, with ciguatoxins (CTXs). In this study, we developed an experimental model to assess the trophic transfer of CTXs from herbivorous parrotfish, Chlorurus microrhinos, to carnivorous lionfish, Pterois volitans. During a 6-week period, juvenile lionfish were fed naturally contaminated parrotfish fillets at a daily dose of 0.11 or 0.035 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1, as measured by the radioligand-receptor binding assay (r-RBA) or neuroblastoma cell-based assay (CBA-N2a), respectively. During an additional 6-week depuration period, the remaining fish were fed a CTX-free diet. Using r-RBA, no CTXs were detectable in muscular tissues, whereas CTXs were measured in the livers of two out of nine fish sampled during exposure, and in four out of eight fish sampled during depuration. Timepoint pooled liver samples, as analyzed by CBA-N2a, confirmed the accumulation of CTXs in liver tissues, reaching 0.89 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 after 41 days of exposure, followed by slow toxin elimination, with 0.37 ng CTX3C equiv. g−1 measured after the 6-week depuration. These preliminary results, which need to be pursued in adult lionfish, strengthen our knowledge on CTX transfer and kinetics along the food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel do Prado Leite
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná. Av. Beira-mar, s/n, Pontal do Paraná P.O. Box 61, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (I.d.P.L.); (M.-Y.D.B.)
| | - Khalil Sdiri
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ECOSEAS, UMR7035, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06103 Nice, France;
| | - Angus Taylor
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (A.T.); (P.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR EIO (IFREMER, IRD, ILM, UPF), P.O. Box 30 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Hela Ben Gharbia
- MMS Laboratory (EA 2160), Sciences and Techniques Faculty, Le Mans University, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France;
| | - Luiz Laureno Mafra Júnior
- Center for Marine Studies, Federal University of Paraná. Av. Beira-mar, s/n, Pontal do Paraná P.O. Box 61, Brazil;
- Visiting Scientist Ifremer, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de I’lle d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
| | - Peter Swarzenski
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (A.T.); (P.S.); (F.O.)
| | - François Oberhaensli
- Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (A.T.); (P.S.); (F.O.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR EIO (IFREMER, IRD, ILM, UPF), P.O. Box 30 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratory of Marine Biotoxins, Institut Louis Malardé, UMR EIO (IFREMER, IRD, ILM, UPF), P.O. Box 30 Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Marie-Yasmine Dechraoui Bottein
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ECOSEAS, UMR7035, Parc Valrose, CEDEX 2, 06103 Nice, France;
- Correspondence: (I.d.P.L.); (M.-Y.D.B.)
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Holmes MJ, Venables B, Lewis RJ. Critical Review and Conceptual and Quantitative Models for the Transfer and Depuration of Ciguatoxins in Fishes. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080515. [PMID: 34437386 PMCID: PMC8402393 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We review and develop conceptual models for the bio-transfer of ciguatoxins in food chains for Platypus Bay and the Great Barrier Reef on the east coast of Australia. Platypus Bay is unique in repeatedly producing ciguateric fishes in Australia, with ciguatoxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates (Gambierdiscus spp.) growing epiphytically on free-living, benthic macroalgae. The Gambierdiscus are consumed by invertebrates living within the macroalgae, which are preyed upon by small carnivorous fishes, which are then preyed upon by Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson). We hypothesise that Gambierdiscus and/or Fukuyoa species growing on turf algae are the main source of ciguatoxins entering marine food chains to cause ciguatera on the Great Barrier Reef. The abundance of surgeonfish that feed on turf algae may act as a feedback mechanism controlling the flow of ciguatoxins through this marine food chain. If this hypothesis is broadly applicable, then a reduction in herbivory from overharvesting of herbivores could lead to increases in ciguatera by concentrating ciguatoxins through the remaining, smaller population of herbivores. Modelling the dilution of ciguatoxins by somatic growth in Spanish mackerel and coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) revealed that growth could not significantly reduce the toxicity of fish flesh, except in young fast-growing fishes or legal-sized fishes contaminated with low levels of ciguatoxins. If Spanish mackerel along the east coast of Australia can depurate ciguatoxins, it is most likely with a half-life of ≤1-year. Our review and conceptual models can aid management and research of ciguatera in Australia, and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Holmes
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science, Brisbane 4102, Australia;
| | | | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Adt C, D’Araujo L. Gastroentérite atypique révélant une intoxication métropolitaine à la ciguatoxine. ANNALES FRANCAISES DE MEDECINE D URGENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.3166/afmu-2020-0290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tudó À, Toldrà A, Rey M, Todolí I, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Sureda FX, Diogène J. Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa as potential indicators of ciguatera risk in the Balearic Islands. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 99:101913. [PMID: 33218439 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa are genera of toxic dinoflagellates which were mainly considered as endemic to marine intertropical areas, and that are well known as producers of ciguatoxins (CTXs) and maitotoxins (MTXs). Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a human poisoning occurring after the consumption of fish or more rarely, shellfish containing CTXs. The presence of these microalgae in a coastal area is an indication of potential risk of CP. This study assesses the risk of CP in the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean Sea) according to the distribution of both microalgae genera, and the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in microalgal cultures as determined by neuro-2a cell based-assay (neuro-2a CBA). Genetic identification of forty-three cultured microalgal strains isolated from 2016 to 2019 revealed that all of them belong to the species G. australes and F. paulensis. Both species were widely distributed in Formentera, Majorca and Minorca. Additionally, all strains of G. australes and two of F. paulensis exhibited signals of CTX-like toxicity ranging respectively between 1 and 380 and 8-16 fg CTX1B equivalents (equiv.) • cell-1. Four extracts of F. paulensis exhibited a novel toxicity response in neuro-2a cells consisting of the recovery of the cell viability in the presence of ouabain and veratridine. In addition, G. australes showed MTX-like toxicity while F. paulensis strains did not. Overall, the low CTX-like toxicities detected indicate that the potential risk of CP in the Balearic Islands is low, although, the presence of CTX-like and MTX-like toxicity in those strains reveal the necessity to monitor these genera in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain; Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Anna Toldrà
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Maria Rey
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Irene Todolí
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Mònica Campàs
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc X Sureda
- Pharmacology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/St. Llorenç 21, E-43201, Reus (Tarragona), Spain
| | - Jorge Diogène
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Spain.
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Tudó À, Gaiani G, Rey Varela M, Tsumuraya T, Andree KB, Fernández-Tejedor M, Campàs M, Diogène J. Further advance of Gambierdiscus Species in the Canary Islands, with the First Report of Gambierdiscus belizeanus. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12110692. [PMID: 33142836 PMCID: PMC7693352 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a human food-borne poisoning that has been known since ancient times to be found mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, which occurs when fish or very rarely invertebrates contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) are consumed. The genus of marine benthic dinoflagellates Gambierdiscus produces CTX precursors. The presence of Gambierdiscus species in a region is one indicator of CP risk. The Canary Islands (North Eastern Atlantic Ocean) is an area where CP cases have been reported since 2004. In the present study, samplings for Gambierdiscus cells were conducted in this area during 2016 and 2017. Gambierdiscus cells were isolated and identified as G. australes, G. excentricus, G. caribaeus, and G. belizeanus by molecular analysis. In this study, G. belizeanus is reported for the first time in the Canary Islands. Gambierdiscus isolates were cultured, and the CTX-like toxicity of forty-one strains was evaluated with the neuroblastoma cell-based assay (neuro-2a CBA). G. excentricus exhibited the highest CTX-like toxicity (9.5-2566.7 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1) followed by G. australes (1.7-452.6.2 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1). By contrast, the toxicity of G. belizeanus was low (5.6 fg CTX1B equiv. cell-1), and G. caribaeus did not exhibit CTX-like toxicity. In addition, for the G. belizeanus strain, the production of CTXs was evaluated with a colorimetric immunoassay and an electrochemical immunosensor resulting in G. belizeanus producing two types of CTX congeners (CTX1B and CTX3C series congeners) and can contribute to CP in the Canary Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Àngels Tudó
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Greta Gaiani
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Maria Rey Varela
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Takeshi Tsumuraya
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka 599-8570, Japan;
| | - Karl B. Andree
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Margarita Fernández-Tejedor
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mònica Campàs
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
| | - Jorge Diogène
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologies Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, 43540 Tarragona, Spain; (À.T.); (G.G.); (M.R.V.); (K.B.A.); (M.F.-T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Epidemiology and Toxicology of Ciguatera Poisoning in the Colombian Caribbean. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18100504. [PMID: 33019517 PMCID: PMC7601626 DOI: 10.3390/md18100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera is a food intoxication caused by the consumption of primarily coral fish; these species exist in large numbers in the seas that surround the Colombian territory. The underreported diagnosis of this clinical entity has been widely highlighted due to multiple factors, such as, among others, ignorance by the primary care practitioner consulted for this condition as well as clinical similarity to secondary gastroenteric symptoms and common food poisonings of bacterial, parasitic or viral etiology. Eventually, it was found that people affected by ciguatoxins had trips to coastal areas hours before the onset of symptoms. Thanks to multiple studies over the years, it has been possible to identify the relation between toxigenic dinoflagellates and seagrasses, as well as its incorporation into the food chain, starting by fish primarily inhabiting reef ecosystems and culminating in the intake of these by humans. Identifying the epidemiological link, its cardinal symptoms and affected systems, such as gastrointestinal, the peripheral nervous system and, fortunately with a low frequency, the cardiovascular system, leads to a purely clinical diagnostic impression without necessitating further complementary studies; in addition, what would also help fight ciguatera poisoning is performing an adequate treatment of the symptoms right from the start, without underestimating or overlooking any associated complications.
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de Haro L, Schmitt C, Sinno-Tellier S, Paret N, Boels D, Le Roux G, Langrand J, Delcourt N, Labadie M, Simon N. Ciguatera fish poisoning in France: experience of the French Poison Control Centre Network from 2012 to 2019. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2020; 59:252-255. [PMID: 32633146 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2020.1788052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is a common Poisoning in the tropical countries. France is directly concerned with French tourists in endemic area and with French citizens living in the French overseas territories. METHOD Retrospective, descriptive study of CFP cases handled by the French Poison Control Centre Network from 2012 through 2019. RESULTS Fifty-two events were studied concerning 130 patients. The fish species was identified for 41 events, mainly belonging to five fish families: 14 groupers, 11 snappers, 5 jacks, 4 parrotfishes, 4 barracudas. The origin of the fish was the Atlantic Ocean (23 events), the Indian Ocean (17 events) and the Pacific Ocean (12 events). 91% of the poisonings occurring in the Atlantic Ocean began with gastrointestinal effects while in 44% of events occurring in the Pacific Ocean, the patients had no gastrointestinal effects (onset with neurological symptoms: paraesthesia and dysesthesia). The evolution of the 130 patients has been classic for CFP with persistent symptoms during 1 to 45 weeks. Numerous patients reported exacerbation of neurological signs several months after poisoning following consumption of alcoholic beverages (23 patients) or seafood (19 patients). DISCUSSION Medical practitioners in Europe must be trained to manage CFP as cases are reported with tourists returning from endemic areas but also with poisoned patients far from tropical areas after consumption of imported fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc de Haro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Corinne Schmitt
- Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, APHM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France
| | - Sandra Sinno-Tellier
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, Maisons Alfort, France
| | | | - David Boels
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Nantes University Hospital, Nantes, France.,Inserm UMRS1144, University of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Nicolas Delcourt
- Poison Control Centre & Inserm UMRS1214, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Nicolas Simon
- Clinical Pharmacology and Poison Control Centre, Université, APHM, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Hôpital Sainte Marguerite, Marseille, France
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Gray MJ, Gates MC. A descriptive study of ciguatera fish poisoning in Cook Islands dogs and cats: Treatment and outcome. Vet World 2020; 13:1269-1279. [PMID: 32848300 PMCID: PMC7429383 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1269-1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness caused by the ingestion of fish containing ciguatoxins. Dogs and cats are susceptible to CFP, but there is little published and much unknown about the condition in these species. This study aimed to document the treatment and outcome of canine and feline cases of CFP, and to look for prognostic indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six years of medical records from the Esther Honey Foundation Animal Clinic (the only veterinary clinic in the Cook Islands during the study period) were reviewed to identify cases of CFP. Data relating to treatment and outcome were collected. RESULTS Two hundred and forty-six cases of CFP were identified, comprising 165 dogs and 81 cats. The treatments most commonly administered to cases were fluid therapy and muscle relaxants. Mannitol was only given to five animals. The survival rate was >90% and almost all mortalities occurred in the first week of hospitalization. Recovery was slow, with hospitalization averaging 12.9 days. There was no significant difference in recovery times between dogs and cats. Prolonged periods of anorexia and recumbency were common in both species. Factors associated with prolonged recovery times included case severity, anorexia, and age (in dogs). CONCLUSION This article documented the treatment and outcome of animals afflicted by CFP in the Cook Islands. Therapy for CFP was primarily symptomatic and supportive. The survival rate was high, but recovery was often prolonged. The findings will assist veterinarians in giving prognoses and managing owner expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J. Gray
- Master of Veterinary Medicine Program, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - M. Carolyn Gates
- EpiCentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Assessment of the Chemical Diversity and Potential Toxicity of Benthic Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia). JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse8060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the last decades, an apparent increase in the frequency of benthic cyanobacterial blooms has occurred in coral reefs and tropical lagoons, possibly in part because of global change and anthropogenic activities. In the frame of the survey of marine benthic cyanobacteria proliferating in the lagoon of Moorea Island (French Polynesia), 15 blooms were collected, mainly involving three species—Anabaena sp.1, Lyngbya majuscula and Hydrocoleum majus-B. Their chemical fingerprints, obtained through high performance liquid chromatography combined with UV detection and mass spectrometry (HPLC-UV-MS) analyses, revealed a high extent of species-specificity. The chemical profile of Anabaena sp.1 was characterized by three major cyclic lipopeptides of the laxaphycin family, whereas the one of L. majuscula was characterized by a complex mixture including tiahuramides, trungapeptins and serinol-derived malyngamides. Toxicity screening analyses conducted on these cyanobacterial samples using Artemia salina and mouse neuroblastoma cell-based (CBA-N2a) cytotoxic assays failed to show any toxicity to a degree that would merit risk assessment with regard to public health. However, the apparently increasing presence of blooms of Lyngbya, Hydrocoleum, Anabaena or other benthic cyanobacteria on coral reefs in French Polynesia encourages the implementation of ad hoc monitoring programs for the surveillance of their proliferation and potential assessment of associated hazards.
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Abstract
The earth's atmosphere has warmed by about 1°C compared with preindustrial temperature. This is producing changes in the earth's climate and weather which have implications for gastrointestinal health and disease. Climate change will exacerbate current challenges with regard to provision of adequate nutrition and access to clean water. An increase in high rainfall events, flooding and droughts will be associated with an increase in enteric infections and hepatitis. Changes in habitat may result in altered distribution of gastrointestinal illness such as Vibrio cholera. Climate change will force migration between countries, and within countries, and will drive relocation from rural to urban areas, further straining sanitation and clean water provision. The infrastructure required to the delivery of gastrointestinal care is vulnerable to extreme weather events which will become more frequent. The Gastroenterology community needs to join the debate on climate change by organizing, educating, advocating, and supporting our political leaders as they face the enormous challenges posed by global warming.
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Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: The Risk from an Aotearoa/New Zealand Perspective. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12010050. [PMID: 31952334 PMCID: PMC7020403 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa species have been identified in Aotearoa/New Zealand's coastal waters and G. polynesiensis, a known producer of ciguatoxins, has been isolated from Rangitāhua/Kermadec Islands (a New Zealand territory). The warming of the Tasman Sea and the waters around New Zealand's northern subtropical coastline heighten the risk of Gambierdiscus proliferating in New Zealand. If this occurs, the risk of ciguatera fish poisoning due to consumption of locally caught fish will increase. Research, including the development and testing of sampling methods, molecular assays, and chemical and toxicity tests, will continue. Reliable monitoring strategies are important to manage and mitigate the risk posed by this emerging threat. The research approaches that have been made, many of which will continue, are summarised in this review.
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Kenny TA, Archambault P, Ayotte P, Batal M, Chan HM, Cheung W, Eddy TD, Little M, Ota Y, Pétrin-Desrosiers C, Plante S, Poitras J, Polanco F, Singh G, Lemire M. Oceans and human health—navigating changes on Canada’s coasts. Facets (Ott) 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2020-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean conditions can affect human health in a variety of ways that are often overlooked and unappreciated. Oceans adjacent to Canada are affected by many anthropogenic stressors, with implications for human health and well-being. Climate change further escalates these pressures and can expose coastal populations to unique health hazards and distressing conditions. However, current research efforts, education or training curriculums, and policies in Canada critically lack explicit consideration of these ocean–public health linkages. The objective of this paper is to present multiple disciplinary perspectives from academics and health practitioners to inform the development of future directions for research, capacity development, and policy and practice at the interface of oceans and human health in Canada. We synthesize major ocean and human health linkages in Canada, and identify climate-sensitive drivers of change, drawing attention to unique considerations in Canada. To support effective, sustained, and equitable collaborations at the nexus of oceans and human health, we recommend the need for progress in three critical areas: ( i) holistic worldviews and perspectives, ( ii) capacity development, and ( iii) structural supports. Canada can play a key role in supporting the global community in addressing the health challenges of climate and ocean changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiff-Annie Kenny
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Philippe Archambault
- Département de biologie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- ArcticNet, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
| | - Malek Batal
- Département de nutrition, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - William Cheung
- Institute of Oceans and Fisheries (IOF), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tyler D. Eddy
- Centre for Fisheries Ecosystems Research, Fisheries & Marine Institute, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1C 5R3, Canada
| | - Matthew Little
- School of Public Health and Social Policy, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Yoshitaka Ota
- Nippon Foundation Ocean Nexus Center, EarthLab, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5674, USA
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs (SMEA), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5685, USA
| | - Claudel Pétrin-Desrosiers
- Département de médecine familiale et de médecine d’urgence, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Association canadienne des médecins pour l’environnement/Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (ACME/CAPE), Toronto, ON M5T 2C2, Canada
| | - Steve Plante
- Département Sociétés territoires et développement, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Julien Poitras
- Département de médecine familiale et de médecine d’urgence, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Fernando Polanco
- School of Medicine, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada, West Indies
| | - Gerald Singh
- Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1S 4L8, Canada
- Institut de biologie intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Longo S, Sibat M, Viallon J, Darius HT, Hess P, Chinain M. Intraspecific Variability in the Toxin Production and Toxin Profiles of In Vitro Cultures of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis (Dinophyceae) from French Polynesia. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11120735. [PMID: 31861242 PMCID: PMC6950660 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11120735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of seafood contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs) produced by dinoflagellates in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. The toxin production and toxin profiles were explored in four clones of G. polynesiensis originating from different islands in French Polynesia with contrasted CP risk: RIK7 (Mangareva, Gambier), NHA4 (Nuku Hiva, Marquesas), RAI-1 (Raivavae, Australes), and RG92 (Rangiroa, Tuamotu). Productions of CTXs, maitotoxins (MTXs), and gambierone group analogs were examined at exponential and stationary growth phases using the neuroblastoma cell-based assay and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. While none of the strains was found to produce known MTX compounds, all strains showed high overall P-CTX production ranging from 1.1 ± 0.1 to 4.6 ± 0.7 pg cell−1. In total, nine P-CTX analogs were detected, depending on strain and growth phase. The production of gambierone, as well as 44-methylgamberione, was also confirmed in G. polynesiensis. This study highlighted: (i) intraspecific variations in toxin production and profiles between clones from distinct geographic origins and (ii) the noticeable increase in toxin production of both CTXs, in particular CTX4A/B, and gambierone group analogs from the exponential to the stationary phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Longo
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Manoella Sibat
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Jérôme Viallon
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Hélène Taiana Darius
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Laboratoire Phycotoxines, IFREMER, Rue de l’Ile d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire de recherche sur les Biotoxines Marines Institut Louis Malardé-UMR 241 EIO, 98713 Papeete-Tahiti, French Polynesia; (J.V.); (H.T.D.); (M.C.)
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