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Jabeen K, Saleem S, Jahan S, Nizamudin S, Arshad F, Huma ZE, Raza SM, Mehmood M, Roman M, Haq FU. Molecular Characterization of Extensively Drug Resistant Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi Clinical Isolates from Lahore, Pakistan. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2987-3001. [PMID: 37201126 PMCID: PMC10187657 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s406253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) typhoid in Pakistan has endangered the treatment options available to manage this infection. Third generation cephalosporin were the empiric choice to treat typhoid fever in Pakistan, but acquisition of ESBLs have knocked them out of the arsenal. The current empiric choice is azithromycin which is vulnerable to resistance too. This study aimed to assess the burden of XDR typhoid and the frequency of resistance determinants in blood culture samples collected from different hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Methods A total of 835 blood cultures were collected from different tertiary care hospitals in Lahore during January 2019 to December 2021. Among 835 blood cultures, 389 Salmonella Typhi were identified, and 150 were XDR S. Typhi (resistant to all recommended antibiotics). Antibiotics resistance genes of the first-line drugs (blaTEM-1, catA1, sul1, and dhfR7) and second line drugs (gyrB, gyrA, qnrS, ParC and ParE) were investigated among XDR S. Typhi. There were different CTX-M genes isolated using the specific primers, blaCTX-M-U, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-15, blaCTX-M-2, blaCTX-M-8 and blaCTX-M-9. Results Antibiotic resistant genes of the first-line drugs were isolated with different frequency, blaTEM-1 (72.6%), catA1 (86.6%), sul1 (70%), and dhfR7 (56%). Antibiotics resistance genes of second-line drugs were isolated as: gyrB (60%), gyrA (49.3%), qnrS (32.6%), parC (44%) and parE (28%). Among CTX-M genes, blaCTX-M-U (63.3%) was the most frequent followed by blaCTX-M-15 (39.3%) and blaCTX-M-1 (26%). Conclusion Our study concluded that XDR isolates circulating in Pakistan have acquired first-line and second-line antibiotic resistant genes quite successfully along with CTX-M genes (ESBLs) rendering them resistant to the third generation cephalosporins as well. Emergence of azithromycin resistance in XDR S. Typhi which is currently used as an empiric treatment option is worrisome and needs to be monitored carefully in endemic countries like Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kokab Jabeen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
- Correspondence: Kokab Jabeen, Tel +92 3128878893, Email
| | - Sidrah Saleem
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shah Jahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Summiya Nizamudin
- Department of Microbiology, Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital & Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Arshad
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zill-e Huma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Syed Mohsin Raza
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maria Mehmood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Roman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faiz Ul Haq
- Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nathania I, Nainggolan IM, Yasmon A, Nusatia ACM, Tjoa E, Gunardi WD, Moehario LH. Hotspots sequences of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes encoded for fluoroquinolones resistance from local Salmonella Typhi strains in Jakarta. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:250. [PMID: 36253712 PMCID: PMC9578181 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infection of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi is the primary etiology of typhoid fever globally and is common in many developing countries, especially those with dense populations and poor environmental sanitation. Antibiotic fluoroquinolones were used for the treatment in the 1980s due to the resistance to the first-line antibiotics. However, many cases of treatment failure of fluoroquinolones in typhoidal patients have been reported from numerous countries in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. Mutations in quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDR) genes, gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE, are found in fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella Typhi. Contrast reports came from the S. Typhi isolates in Indonesia, mainly Jakarta and the surroundings, obtained from patients with typhoid fever, with good sensitivity to the fluoroquinolones, i.e., nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin. The present study, therefore, aimed to identify the hotspot sequences of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes of the local S. Typhi strains based on their susceptibility to fluoroquinolones from patients with typhoid fever in Jakarta and its satellite cities. Results A total of 28 isolates were identified as S. Typhi. All isolates were susceptible to nalidixic acid, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Twenty-seven isolates (96.4%) were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, with one isolate (3.6%) being intermediate. The hotspot sequences of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes from all isolates were identical to the fluoroquinolone-sensitive reference sequence Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi Ty2 (NCBI GenBank AE014613.1), including the isolate with intermediate susceptibility. The mutation was not found, and amino acid deduced from all hotspots in susceptible and intermediate isolates showed no replacement in all reported codons. Conclusions This study showed that the local S. Typhi strains from Jakarta and surroundings were susceptible to fluoroquinolones (nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin), and the hotspot sequences of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes were all identical to the reference sequence. Thus, the hotspot sequences of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes seemingly were conserved in Jakarta’s local S. Typhi strains and could be considered wild type. The phenotypic susceptibility was consistent with the genotypic characteristic without non-synonymous mutations associated with drug resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02666-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignes Nathania
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Pluit Raya No. 2, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Ita M Nainggolan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Pluit Raya No. 2, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia.,Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, The National Research and Innovation Agency, Jalan Raya Jakarta Bogor No.46, Pakansari, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor, Jawa Barat, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Andi Yasmon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jalan Pegangsaan Timur 16, Jakarta, 10320, Indonesia
| | | | - Enty Tjoa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Pluit Raya No. 2, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia
| | - Wani D Gunardi
- Department of Microbiology, Krida Wacana Christian University, Jalan Arjuna Utara No. 6, Jakarta, 11510, Indonesia
| | - Lucky H Moehario
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Pluit Raya No. 2, North Jakarta, 14440, Indonesia.
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Integrated bioinformatics based subtractive genomics approach to decipher the therapeutic function of hypothetical proteins from Salmonella typhi XDR H-58 strain. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:279-298. [PMID: 35037232 PMCID: PMC8761513 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-021-03219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The efficacy of drugs against Salmonella infection have compromised due to emerging XDR H58 strain. There is a dire need to find novel antimicrobial drug targets as well as drug candidates to cure by the XDR strain of Salmonella. It is observed that the complete genome sequence of the XDR H58 strain contains a large number of hypothetical proteins with unknown cellular and biological functions. Hence, it is indispensable to annotate these proteins functionally as well as structurally to identify novel drug targets. Methods In the current study, a comparative genomics and proteomics based approach was applied to find the novel drug targets in XDR strain while comparing the MDR and NR strains of Salmonella typhi. Results The characterization of ~ 350 hypothetical proteins were performed through determination of their physio-chemical properties, sub-cellular localization, functional annotation, and structure-based studies. As a result, only five proteins were prioritized as essential, druggable, and virulent proteins. Moreover, only one protein i.e. WP_000916613.1 was functionally annotated with high confidence and subjected to further structure-based analysis. Conclusion The current study presents a hypothetical protein from the XDR S. typhi proteome as a potential pharmacological target against which novel therapeutic candidates may be predicted. The outcome of the current study may lead to formulate a general set of pipelines for better understanding of the role of hypothetical proteins in pathogenesis of not only Salmonella but also for other pathogens. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10529-021-03219-6.
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Yanto TA, Hatta M, Bukhari A, Natzir R. Molecular and Immunological Mechanisms of Miana Leaf (Coleus Scutellariodes [L] Benth) in Infectious Diseases. BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 13:1607-1618. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Infectious disease is still a massive world burden of disease. It causes premature mortality and morbidity. Regardless of antibiotic therapy, the increased numbers of antibiotic resistance bring emerging problems in infectious disease. Several pathogens have unique roles to deactivate host immune response causing difficulty to treat the infection. Alack of antibiotic efficacy is crucial to modulate the immune response as a brilliant strategy to face infectious disease in years to come. Various herbal medicine has been known to have a pivotal role in enhancing immune response at the molecular level. Miana leaves extract (MLE) has a potential role in regulating the immune response to the infection. Besides its antimicrobial effect, MLE has other properties such as anti-inflammation, antioxidant. Several studies have revealedthe molecular mechanism of MLE in immune response, such as enhancing IL 37, IL 10, regulating TLR 4, and IFN-g. The objectives of this article are to review the molecular and immunological mechanism of Miana in treating various infective diseases comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Audi Yanto
- Department of Internal Medicine Faculty Medicine Universitas Pelita Harapan, Tangerang, Indonesia
| | - Mochammad Hatta
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Faculty Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Agussalim Bukhari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty Medicine Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Rosdiana Natzir
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty Medicine Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, Indonesia
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