1
|
Carver JJ, Lau KM, Puckett AE, Didonna A. Autoimmune demyelination alters hypothalamic transcriptome and endocrine function. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:12. [PMID: 38178091 PMCID: PMC10768476 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-03006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus is a brain structure that is deputed to maintain organism homeostasis by regulating autonomic function and hormonal production as part of the neuroendocrine system. Dysfunction in hypothalamic activity results in behavioral alterations, depression, metabolic syndromes, fatigue, and infertility. Remarkably, many of these symptoms are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by focal demyelination, immune cell infiltration into the brain parenchyma, and neurodegeneration. Furthermore, altered hormonal levels have been documented in MS patients, suggesting the putative involvement of hypothalamic deficits in MS clinical manifestations. Yet, a systematic analysis of hypothalamic function in response to neuroinflammatory stress is still lacking. To fill this gap, here we performed a longitudinal profiling of the hypothalamic transcriptome upon experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-a murine disease model recapitulating key MS phenotypes at both histopathological and molecular levels. We show that changes in gene expression connected with an anti-inflammatory response start already at pre-onset and persist along EAE progression. Altered levels of hypothalamic neuropeptides were also detected, which possibly underlie homeostatic responses to stress and aberrant feeding behaviors. Last, a thorough investigation of the principal endocrine glands highlighted defects in the main steroidogenic pathways upon disease. Collectively, our findings corroborate the central role of hypothalamic dysfunction in CNS autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Carver
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kristy M Lau
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra E Puckett
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alessandro Didonna
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, 600 Moye Blvd., Greenville, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bu Shen Yi Sui Capsules Promote Remyelination by Regulating MicroRNA-219 and MicroRNA-338 in Exosomes to Promote Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Differentiation. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3341481. [PMID: 35463062 PMCID: PMC9020954 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3341481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Remyelination is a refractory feature of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Studies have shown that promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation, which cannot be achieved by currently available therapeutic agents, is the key to enhancing remyelination. Bu Shen Yi Sui capsule (BSYSC) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine over many years of clinical practice. We have found that BSYSC can effectively treat MS. In this study, the effects of BSYSC in promoting OPCs differentiation and remyelination were assessed using an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model in vivo and cultured OPCs in vitro. The results showed that BSYSC reduced clinical function scores and increased neuroprotection. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFR-α) was decreased and the level of 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) was increased in the brains and spinal cords of mice as well as in OPCs after treatment with BSYSC. We further found that BSYSC elevated the expression of miR-219 or miR-338 in the serum exosomes of mice with EAE, thereby suppressing the expression of Sox6, Lingo1, and Hes5, which negatively regulate OPCs differentiation. Therefore, serum exosomes of BSYSC-treated mice (exos-BSYSC) were extracted and administered to OPCs in which miR-219 or miR-338 expression was knocked down by adenovirus, and the results showed that Sox6, Lingo1, and Hes5 expression was downregulated, MBP expression was upregulated, OPCs differentiation was increased, and the ability of OPCs to wrap around neuronal axons was improved. In conclusion, BSYSC may exert clinically relevant effects by regulating microRNA (miR) levels in exosomes and thus promoting the differentiation and maturation of OPCs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghareghani M, Ghanbari A, Eid A, Shaito A, Mohamed W, Mondello S, Zibara K. Hormones in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal models. Transl Neurosci 2021; 12:164-189. [PMID: 34046214 PMCID: PMC8134801 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which activated immune cells attack the CNS and cause inflammation and demyelination. While the etiology of MS is still largely unknown, the interaction between hormones and the immune system plays a role in disease progression, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are incompletely understood. Several in vitro and in vivo experimental, but also clinical studies, have addressed the possible role of the endocrine system in susceptibility and severity of autoimmune diseases. Although there are several demyelinating models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the oldest and most commonly used model for MS in laboratory animals which enables researchers to translate their findings from EAE into human. Evidences imply that there is great heterogeneity in the susceptibility to the induction, the method of induction, and the response to various immunological or pharmacological interventions, which led to conflicting results on the role of specific hormones in the EAE model. In this review, we address the role of endocrine system in EAE model to provide a comprehensive view and a better understanding of the interactions between the endocrine and the immune systems in various models of EAE, to open up a ground for further detailed studies in this field by considering and comparing the results and models used in previous studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ghareghani
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Amir Ghanbari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Ali Eid
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit and Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Abdullah Shaito
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Wael Mohamed
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Menoufia Medical School, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm, Egypt
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Kulliyyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Kazem Zibara
- PRASE, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences – I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
González-Torres ML, Calderón-Vallejo D, Quintanar JL. Chronic administration of gonadotropin releasing-hormone improves learning in old gonadectomized rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 157:35-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
5
|
Díaz Galindo C, Gómez-González B, Salinas E, Calderón-Vallejo D, Hernández-Jasso I, Bautista E, Quintanar JL. Leuprolide acetate induces structural and functional recovery of injured spinal cord in rats. Neural Regen Res 2016; 10:1819-24. [PMID: 26807118 PMCID: PMC4705795 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.170311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its synthetic analog leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, have neurotrophic properties. This study was designed to determine whether administration of leuprolide acetate can improve locomotor behavior, gait, micturition reflex, spinal cord morphology and the amount of microglia in the lesion epicenter after spinal cord injury in rats. Rats with spinal cord compression injury were administered leuprolide acetate or saline solution for 5 weeks. At the 5th week, leuprolide acetate-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery by 38%, had improvement in kinematic gait and exhibited voiding reflex recovery by 60%, as compared with the 1st week. By contrast, saline solution-treated rats showed locomotor activity recovery only by 7%, but voiding reflex did not recover. More importantly, leuprolide acetate treatment reduced microglial immunological reaction and induced a trend towards greater area of white and gray matter in the spinal cord. Therefore, leuprolide acetate has great potential to repair spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Díaz Galindo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Beatriz Gómez-González
- Area of Neuroscience, Department of Reproductive Biology, CBS, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México
| | - Eva Salinas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Irma Hernández-Jasso
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - Eduardo Bautista
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| | - J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, México
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guzmán-Soto I, Salinas E, Quintanar JL. Leuprolide Acetate Inhibits Spinal Cord Inflammatory Response in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Suppressing NF-κB Activation. Neuroimmunomodulation 2016; 23:33-40. [PMID: 26445405 DOI: 10.1159/000438927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent findings have shown that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) administration in an animal model of multiple sclerosis (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE) improves clinical signs of locomotion. The present study was designed to determine whether the administration of the synthetic analog of GnRH, leuprolide acetate (LA) - besides its effects on clinical signs of locomotion - also has an effect on the activation/expression levels of molecular markers of EAE, namely transcription nuclear factor (NF)-κB and the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-23 and TNF-α. METHODS EAE spinal cords were collected from control and LA-administered rats. Lumbar sections were processed at four different time points during the course of the disease to analyze NF-κB activation by chemiluminescent Western blot, and during the EAE recovery phase to evaluate proinflammatory cytokine levels by quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS It was found that LA administration to EAE rats promoted a significant reduction of NF-κB activation during the course of the disease and also decreased the mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-17A and TNF-α in the EAE recovery phase; both effects are consistent with the decrease in the severity of clinical signs of locomotion induced by the treatment. CONCLUSION LA causes a reduction in the severity of locomotor activity, as well as in the activation of NF-κB and the number of proinflammatory markers in rats with EAE. These results suggest the use of this agonist as a potential therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Soto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Bx00E1;sicas, Universidad Autx00F3;noma de Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Calderón-Vallejo D, Quintanar-Stephano A, Hernández-Jasso I, Jiménez-Hernández V, Ruiz-Ornelas J, Jiménez I, Quintanar JL. Functional and structural recovery of the injured spinal cord in rats treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:455-62. [PMID: 25618391 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1486-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) have extra-pituitary roles, including neurotrophic effects. This study was to evaluate the effects of GnRH treatment on the spinal cord injury (SCI) of rats. Ovariectomized rats were divided into: sham SCI surgery (Sham), SCI treated with saline solution (SCI + SS), and SCI treated with GnRH (SCI + GnRH). The SCI was induced by compression. One day after the lesion, SCI + GnRH group was injected with GnRH (60 µg/kg/twice/day; i.m.) for 15 days and the other groups with saline solution. To kinematic gait analysis, length and velocity of the stride were measured. In spinal cord, axonal morphometry and spared white and gray matter were analyzed by histochemistry. Protein expression of spinophilin was evaluated by western blot. The results showed that, 5 weeks after the injury, the group of animals treated with GnRH, significantly increased the length and velocity of the stride compared to SCI + SS group and they were similar to Sham group. In spinal cord, GnRH treatment increased the number and caliber of nerve axons and in the case of white matter, spared tissue was significantly higher than those animals treated with saline solution. The expression of spinophilin in spinal cord of SCI + GnRH group was slightly increased with respect to those not treated. In conclusion, GnRH treatment improves recovery of gait and decreases histopathological damage in the injured spinal cord of rat. These findings suggest that GnRH acts as a neurotrophic factor and can be used as a potential therapeutic agent for treatment of SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denisse Calderón-Vallejo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Depto. de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Col. Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 20131, Aguascalientes, AGS, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xue H, Gai X, Sun W, Li C, Liu Q. Morphological changes of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the rat preoptic area across puberty. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1303-12. [PMID: 25221583 PMCID: PMC4160857 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.137578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the preoptic area may undergo morphological changes during the pubertal period when their activities are upregulated. To clarify the regulatory mechanism of puberty onset, this study aimed to investigate the morphological changes of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area of GnRH-enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic rats. Under confocal laser microscopy, pubertal GnRH neurons exhibited an inverted Y distribution pattern. Prepubertal GnRH neurons were generally unipolar and bipolar, and were distinguished as smooth type cells with few small processes or irregular type cells with many spine-like processes in the proximal dendrites. The number of GnRH neurons in the preoptic area and spine-like processes were increased during the course of reproductive maturation. There was no significant difference between male and female rats. Immunofluorescence staining revealed synaptophysin punctae close to the distal end of GnRH neurons, indicating that some presynaptic terminals may form a synaptic linkage with these neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haogang Xue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Xiaodong Gai
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Weiqi Sun
- College of Public Health, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Chun Li
- Department of Pathology, Beihua University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that immune-mediated processes affect female reproductive success at multiple levels. Crosstalk between endocrine and immune systems regulates a large number of biological processes that affect target tissues, and this crosstalk involves gene expression, cytokine and/or lymphokine release and hormone action. In addition, endocrine-immune interactions have a major role in the implantation process of the fetal (paternally derived) semi-allograft, which requires a reprogramming process of the maternal immune system from rejection to temporary tolerance for the length of gestation. Usually, the female immune system is supportive of all of these processes and, therefore, facilitates reproductive success. Abnormalities of the female immune system, including autoimmunity, potentially interfere at multiple levels. The relevance of the immune system to female infertility is increasingly recognized by investigators, but clinically is often not adequately considered and is, therefore, underestimated. This Review summarizes the effect of individual autoimmune endocrine diseases on female fertility, and points towards selected developments expected in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aritro Sen
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Vitaly A Kushnir
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David H Barad
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Norbert Gleicher
- The Center for Human Reproduction (CHR), 21 East 69th Street, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Quintanar JL, Guzmán-Soto I. Hypothalamic neurohormones and immune responses. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:56. [PMID: 23964208 PMCID: PMC3741963 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive examination of the current literature describing the neural-immune interactions, with emphasis on the most recent findings of the effects of neurohormones on immune system. Particularly, the role of hypothalamic hormones such as Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In the past few years, interest has been raised in extrapituitary actions of these neurohormones due to their receptors have been found in many non-pituitary tissues. Also, the receptors are present in immune cells, suggesting an autocrine or paracrine role within the immune system. In general, these neurohormones have been reported to exert immunomodulatory effects on cell proliferation, immune mediators release and cell function. The implications of these findings in understanding the network of hypothalamic neuropeptides and immune system are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Luis Quintanar
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes Aguascalientes, México
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Feng J, Zhang G, Hu X, Si Chen C, Qin X. Estrogen inhibits estrogen receptor α-mediated rho-kinase expression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis rats. Synapse 2013; 67:399-406. [PMID: 23401288 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhou Feng
- Department of Neurology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- Department of Neurology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang; 471003; China
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Neurology; the Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital; Guizhou; 550002; China
| | - Cindy Si Chen
- Department of Medicine; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia; Pennsylvania; 19129
| | - Xinyue Qin
- Department of Neurology; the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; 400016; China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guzmán-Soto I, Salinas E, Hernández-Jasso I, Quintanar JL. Leuprolide acetate, a GnRH agonist, improves experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a possible therapy for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2190-7. [PMID: 22832949 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), a well known hypothalamic neuropeptide, has been reported to possess neurotrophic properties. Leuprolide acetate, a synthetic analogue of GnRH is considered to be a very safe and tolerable drug and it has been used for diverse clinical applications, including the treatment of prostate cancer, endometriosis, uterine fibroids, central precocious puberty and in vitro fertilization techniques. The present study was designed to determine whether Leuprolide acetate administration, exerts neurotrophic effects on clinical signs, body weight gain, neurofilaments (NFs) and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, axonal morphometry and cell infiltration in spinal cord of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) rats. In this work, we have found that Leuprolide acetate treatment decreases the severity of clinical signs of locomotion, induces a significantly greater body weight gain, increases the MBP and NFs expression, axonal area and cell infiltration in EAE animals. These results suggest the use of this agonist as a potential therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Guzmán-Soto
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, C.P. 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
A dried yeast fermentate prevents and reduces inflammation in two separate experimental immune models. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:973041. [PMID: 22548124 PMCID: PMC3328167 DOI: 10.1155/2012/973041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diverse and significant benefits against cold/flu symptoms and seasonal allergies have been observed with a dried fermentate (DF) derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (EpiCor) in multiple published randomized trials. To determine if DF may influence other immune conditions, two separate animal studies were conducted. Study 1 examined the ability of DF to prevent or reduce inflammation when given orally for 14 days to rats prior to receiving 1% carrageenan (localized inflammation model). DF significantly (P < 0.05) reduced swelling at all time points (1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours) versus the control. Edema severity and PGE2 levels were reduced by approximately 50% and 25% (P < 0.05), respectively. Study 2 examined the ability of DF to treat established inflammation induced by type-2 collagen in mice over 4 weeks (autoimmune arthritis model). Significantly reduced arthritis scores, antibody response to type-2 collagen, and interferon-gamma levels were observed compared to controls (all parameters P < 0.05). DF favorably impacts multiple acute and potentially chronic immunologic inflammatory control mechanisms and should be further tested in clinical trials.
Collapse
|
14
|
Calderón-Vallejo D, Quintanar JL. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone treatment improves locomotor activity, urinary function and neurofilament protein expression after spinal cord injury in ovariectomized rats. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:187-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|